The phylogeny of Ptiliidae (Staphylinoidea, Coleoptera) – the smallest
beetles and their evolutionary transformations
ALEXEY A. POLILOV *, 1, 2, IGNACIO RIBERA 3, MARGARITA I. YAVORSKAYA
4, ANABELA CARDOSO 3 ,
VASILY V. GREBENNIKOV 5 & ROLF G. BEUTEL
4
1 Department of Entomology, Biological faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow,
Russia; Alexey A. Polilov * [[email protected]] — 2 Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research
and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam — 3 Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat
Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain; Ignacio Ribera * [[email protected]]; Anabela
Cardoso * [[email protected]] — 4 Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, FSU Jena, Jena,
Germany; Margarita I. Yavorskaya * [[email protected]]; Rolf G. Beutel * [rolf.beutel@uni-
jena.de] — 5 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada; Vasily v. Grebennikov *
[[email protected]] — * Corresponding author
Supporting Information
Table S1. Studied specimens, localities and GenBank accession numbers.
Table S2. Primers used for DNA amplification.
Table S3. Data matrix of 68 morphological characters scored for 33 terminals and used for the
phylogenetic analysis of Ptiliidae beetles.
Figures S1- S7. SEM habitus images of Ptiliidae.
Figure S8. Maximum Likelihood inference phylogram of Ptiliidae obtained with RAxML with
the molecular data only. Digits at internodes are bootstrap values when higher than 50%.
Figure S9. Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian analysis (obtained with BEAST) of the
molecular characters, with the simplest models (analysis C, see Methods). Numbers in nodes are
posterior probabilities when higher than 0.5.
Table S1: Material used for the morphological (yellow) and molecular analyses (green – our sequences and grey – sequences obtained from Genbank),
with current classification, voucher numbers, locality, collector and Genbank accession numbers (in bold, new sequences). "16S" refers to the
fragment16S+tRNA-Leu+NAD1.
(1) Sequences of both specimens were pooled in all analyses.
(2) Sequences were pooled in the combined analyses.
species voucher country locality collector morphology COI 12S 16S 18S 28S
F. Ptiliidae
sF. Acrotrichinae
T. Acrotrichini
Acrotrichis MNCN-AI413 Germany Thuringia, Jena, Pennickental, 19.7.2005 R.G. Beutel LT991584 - LT990832 LT991036 -
Acrotrichis atomaria GBK2 BMNH:676883 DQ156008 - - - -
Acrotrichis grandicollis Russia
Russia, Moscow region, ZBS MSU field station,
55°41′58″N 36°43′57″E, 18.10.2015, compost
sifting
A.A. Polilov
Acrotrichis insularis GBK4 isolate 104 DQ313374 - - - -
Acrotrichis intermedia GBK5 BMNH:676119 DQ155930 - - - -
Acrotrichis intermedia Russia Russia, Moscow region, Morozki, 56°12′26″N
37°29′53″E, 2.10.2007, sifting A.A. Polilov
Acrotrichis sitkaensis GBK7 BMNH:676167 DQ155969 - - - -
Acrotrichis xanthocera GBK9 haplotype AA AY550881 - - - -
T. Nephanini
Baeocrara variolosa IBE-AN416 Russia Moscow region, ZBS MSU field station, 55°41′58″N
36°43′57″E, 18.10.2015, compost sifting A.A. Polilov LR742629 LR742613 - LR742664 LR742688
Nephanes titan IBE-AN415 Russia Moscow region, ZBS MSU field station, 55°41′58″N
36°43′57″E, 18.10.2015, compost sifting A.A. Polilov LR742639 - - LR742675 LR742697
Rioneta uluguruensis IBE-AN360 Tanzania East slope southern Uluguru Mts., S07º07'20"
E037º38'37", 18.xi.2010, 2038m, sifting17 V.V. Grebennikov LR742647 LR742626 - LR742683 LR742705
Rioneta uluguruensis MNCN-AI415 Tanzania Uluguru Mts. H. 2200 m W slope between
Tchenzema vil. and Lukvangule Plateau, 2002 V.V. Grebennikov LT991586 - - LR74264 -
Smicrus filicornis IBE-AN423 Russia Voronezh region, Venevitinovo, 51°48′48″N
39°23′5″E, 2.10.2006, light trap A.A. Polilov - LR742628 - - -
sF. Cephaloplectinae
Limulodes parki (1) IBE-AN819 Wisconsin (US) Co., Barcevel Prairie, Aphaenogaster / ant nest,
2006, 42.9926 / -89.9043, 343m J. Gruber LR742635 LR742617 LR742655 - -
Limulodes parki (1) GBK DDM0287 - - - - KJ844893
Limulodes parki USA USA, Illinois, Willow Springs, 1943 C. Seevers
sF. Ptiliinae
T. Discheramocephalini
Cissidium sp. IBE-AN362 Tanzania East slope southern Uluguru Mts., S07º07'20"
E037º38'37", 18.xi.2010, 2038m, sifting17 V.V. Grebennikov LR742630 LR742614 - LR742665 LR742689
Dacrysoma
usamabarensis IBE-AN359 Tanzania
E USambara Mts., Amani NR, 5º10'34"S
38º36'01"E. 15.xii.2011, 1004m, sift. 05 V.V. Grebennikov LR742631 LR742615 LR742652 LR742666 LR742690
Discheramocephalus sp. IBE-AN361 Tanzania East slope southern Uluguru Mts., S07º07'20"
E037º38'37", 18.xi.2010, 2038m, sifting17 V.V. Grebennikov LR742632 LR742616 - LR742667 LR742691
T. Nanosellini
Cylindroselloides dybasi MNCN-AI564 Canada Eastern ON, vicinity of Westport, S.&J. Peck
cottage on Ridaeu Canal, from bracket fungus, 2005 V.V. Grebennikov LT991585 - LT990833 LT991037 LT991250
Mikado sp. IBE-AN419 Vietnam
Cat Tien national park, 11º 26' 32"N 107º 25' 53"E,
27.09.2010, polypore №3 Abundisporus
fuscopurpureus
A.A. Polilov LR742637 LR742619 - LR742672 LR742695
Nanosellini gen. MNCN-AI414 Tanzania E. Usambara Mts. H 450 m. Amani Nat. Res., Zigo
Lodge, 2002 V.V. Grebennikov - - - LR742674 -
Porophila cedri IBE-AN417 Russia Far East, i. Russkiy, 43°3′3″N 131°51′39″E,
22.09.2015, polypore A.A. Polilov LR742642 LR742621 LR742659 LR742678 LR742700
Primorskiella anodonta IBE-AN418 Russia Far East, i. Russkiy, 43°3′3″N 131°51′39″E,
22.09.2015, polypore A.A. Polilov LR742643 LR742622 LR742660 LR742679 LR742701
Scydosella musawasensis GBK27 GBK27 KU302777 - KU302777 - -
Scydosella musawasensis IBE-AN424 Colombia Chicaque National Park, 4°37′8″N 74°18′43″W,
2200 m, 8.02.2015, polypore Steccherinum sp A.A. Polilov LR742650 LR742627 - LR742686 -
T. Ptenidiini
Motschulskium
sinuatocolle IBE-AN357 California (US)
Del Norte Co., Coast Redwood St. Pk, False
Klamath Cove, 2m., N41º36'13" W124º06'06",
17.vi.2006, sandy beach
A. Newton &
M. ThayerLR742638 LR742620 LR742656 LR742673 LR742696
Nossidium sp. GBK13 DDM0127 - - - KP419188 KJ845037
Nossidium pilosellum Krim Krim, Krimsky n.p., July 1956 M. Tihonravov
Sindosium sp. China
P.R. China, Yunnan, E slope Cangshan at Dali,
N25º40'18.6" E100º08'00.7", 11.v.2010, 2690m,
sifting 06
V.V. Grebennikov
Ptenidium sp. GBK22 BMNH:679236 DQ221987 - DQ202584 - DQ202645
Ptenidium formicetorum GBK14 BMNH:833149 HQ165580 - - - -
Ptenidium fuscicorne GBK15 BMNH:833160 HQ164997 - - - -
Ptenidium pusillum GBK21 BMNH:677424 HQ165269 - - - -
Ptenidium pusillum MNCN-AI515 Morocco 21.4.2001 /30º39’456”N 9º21’134”W /Immouzèr-
des-Ida-Outanane/Assif Tanit, 550 m
I. Ribera &
A. CieslakHE970847 LR742623 HE971079 HE970959 HE970997
Ptenidium pusillum Russia Russia, Moscow region, ZBS MSU field station,
55°41′58″N 36°43′57″E, 5.10.2015 compost sifting A.A. Polilov
T. Ptiliini
Micridium vittatum IBE-AN427 Russia Moscow region, Snigeri, 55°54′27″N 37°2′21″E,
16.11.2015, Formica rufa nest A.A. Polilov LR742636 LR742618 - LR742671 LR742694
Ptilum myrmecophilum IBE-AN426 Russia Moscow region, Snigeri, 55°54′27″N 37°2′21″E,
16.11.2015, Formica rufa nest A.A. Polilov LR742644 LR742624 LR742661 LR742680 LR742702
Actidium boudieri Russia Russia, Moscow region, Zaharovo, 55°47′53″N
37°1′16″E, 26.06.2002, in flight A.A. Polilov
Ptiliola kunzei Russia Russia, Far East, Lazovsky national park, 43°15′N
134°07E, 13.07.2005, Laetiporus A.A. Polilov
Oligella foveolata Russia Russia, Voronezh region, Venevitinovo, 51°48′48″N
39°23′5″E, 2.10.2006, light trap A.A. Polilov
Ptiliolum sp. MNCN-AI649 Spain Córdoba, Cabra, La Nava, 22.1.2006 A. Castro
T. Ptinellini
Pteryx suturalis GBK23 724636 - - - EF362983 -
Pteryx suturalis Russia Russia, Moscow region, 94 km, 56°34′15″N
37°32′52″E, 30.06.2002, in rotting wood A.A. Polilov
Ptinella sp. (2) IBE-AN439 Australia QLD, Brisbane, St Lucia, Oct 2015, J. Maté LR742646 - - LR742682 LR742704
Ptinella aptera (2) GBK25 BMNH:833134 HQ165077 - - - -
Ptinella aptera Russia Russia, Moscow region, 94 km, 56°34′15″N
37°32′52″E, 30.06.2002, in rotting wood A.A. Polilov
Ptinellini gen. IBE-AN356 Tanzania Uluguru Mts. at Bunduki vil., S07º03'50"
E037º36'55" 23.xi.2010 2263m, Sifting 22 V.V. Grebennikov LR742645 LR742625 - LR742681 LR742703
F. Hydraenidae
Adelphydraena
orchymonti MNCN-AI356 Venezuela
100m, Tobogan de la Selva, S Puerto Ayacucho,
2004 M. Balke HM588358 - HM588502 HM588573 HM588430
Hydraena monikae MNCN-AI455 South Africa W Cape 25.3.2001/Franschhoek, rd. R45/river 3 km
SE Franschhoek
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HM588375 - HM588519 HM588580 HM588437
Hydraena paeminosa IBE-AN91 Suriname
SR10-0818-01A; Sipaliwini District; 2º19.280'N,
56º52.595'W, 224 m; Rapids on Kutari rRiver;
18.viii.2010
A. Short LR742634 - LR742654 LR742669 LR742693
Hydraena palawanensis MNCN-
AH133 Philippines
N Palawan, Taytay; Barangay, Manguao Stream,
near sitio Danao, c.30m asl, 10°46'19''N 119°31'13'',
2007
H. Freitag HM588309 - HM588454 HM588546 HM588403
Hydraena palustris MNCN-AI309 Austria
02.07.2001 Voralberg / Pfänderstock, Bodensee.
Hörbranz vic. / Leiblach-Mündung / 400 m
N47º32'01" E 9º43'46"
I. Ribera HM588342 - HM588486 HM588566 HM588423
Hydraena pygmaea MNCN-AI346 Austria
Nieder Österreich 6.8.2005 /Schwarzenbach, lat. rd.
18 W Sankt Veit an der Gölsen /448m N48º04’42.4”
E15º40’42.9”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HM588353 - HM588497 HM588572 HM588429
Hydraena quadricollis IBE-RA323 Tanzania Nguru Mts. at Turiani, S06°06'24" E037°32'31",
30.x.2010, 933m, hand pick, V.V. Grebennikov HE970786 - HE971021 LR742670 HE970977
Hydraena scintillabella MNCN-AI688 Peru Lima. Huarochiri. Surco / Quebrada catarata
Huanano / 11.09.2005
P. Aguilera &
Huamantinco HE970859 - HE971089 HE970969 HE971006
Hydraena testacea MNCN-AI566 Morocco 25.4.2000 / Oued Massa, Assif-Oumarhouz /
29º47'53"N 9º05'59"W / 1500m I. Ribera HM588386 - HM588530 HM588587 HM588444
Hydraena truncata MNCN-AI357 France Haute Provence 30.7.2005/rd. N202 2km N Moriez,
stream/834m N43º57’43.4” E6º26’14.4”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HM588359 - HM588503 HM588574 HM588431
Laeliaena sahlbergi MNCN-HI19 India
14.XI.2006 UTTARANCHAL 20: River Falda at
Falda, ca. 15 km north of Bageshwar, Bageshwar
District 1010 m a.s.l.; 29°55'11''N/79°52'08''E
M.A. Jäch LN995232 - LN995260 LN995286 LT991039
Limnebius cordobanus IBE-PA275 Spain Teruel, Beceite/r. Matarranya, El Parrisal/680m
N40º47’12.5” E0º12’13.5”/3.6.2006 I. Ribera HF931292 - HF931527 LN995319 LN995368
Limnebius myrmidon MNCN-AI703 Corsica (France) Corte, river Restonica, 1999 I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak LN995240 - LN995267 LN995293 LN995359
Limnebius nitidus MNCN-AI377 Spain
Barcelona 25.7.2005/La Pobla de Lillet. Te. de
Solls/Rd. to S. Jaume. de Frontanyà/1055m N
42º12’26.2” E2º00”23.5”
I. Ribera HE610238 - HF931415 LN995335 LN995392
Limnebius truncatellus MNCN-AI451 Spain
Avila, Puerto Pico de Gredos/N. side, rd. N502 pk
53, stream on left/1280m N40º20’14” W5º00’48”.
15.5.2005
I. Ribera HF931201 - HF931426 LN995338 LN995397
Limnebius wewalkai IBE-RA108 Oman 6.4.2010 J. Al-Akhdar, wadi Bani Awf residual
pools, N23 13 42.9 E57 25 25.8 660m
I. Ribera,
C. Hernando & A.
Cieslak
LN995241 - LN995269 LN995295 LN995365
Limnebius zaerensis MNCN-AC14 Morocco
10.4.2007/gorges Rd. Rommani-Ben Slimane/str. in
Nerium, afl. Oued Korifla/265m N33º32'59.4"
W6º44'54.9"
I. Ribera,
P. Aguilera &
C. Hernando
EU365868 -
EU365865+
EU365866+
EU365867
HE970937 HE970984
Asiobates aeneus MNCN-AI914 Morocco 24.4.2000 / Ou-Maghous, Amaghouz / 29º43'62.6"N
9º10'10.9"W / 600m
I. Ribera,
P. Aguilera,
C. Hernando & A.
Millán
HF931240 - HF931472 LT990865 LT991070
Asiobates dilatatus MNCN-AI792 Turkey
BARTIN 25.4.2006, Rd. to Topallar from Kakraz,
calcareous stream in mixed forest, 25m
N41º45’50.5” E32º29’11”
I. Ribera HF931227 - HF931456 LT990849 LT991054
Aulacochthebius exaratus MNCN-AI453 Tunisia 24.10.2001 /Rd. Jendouba-Makthar/O. 1 km NW
cross to Jb. Kebbouch
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HF931202 - HF931427 LT990878 LT991085
Enicocerus aguilerai MNCN-AI387 Spain Avila, Arenas de S. Pedro/r. Pelayo, rd. AV924
/500m N40º12’06” W5º06’42”. 15.5.2005 I. Ribera GU143761 - GU143728 GU143770 GU143778
Ochthebius anxifer MNCN-AI945 Morocco 21.4.2001 /30º39’456”N 9º21’134”W /Immouzèr-
des-Ida-Outanane/Assif Tanit, 550 m
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HF931247 - HF931482 LT990910 LT991117
Ochthebius gereckei MNCN-PA141 Sicily (Italy) Vallone Torto, Caltanissetta, 2007 P. Abellán &
F. Picazo FJ944176 - LT990803 LT990991 LT991204
Ochthebius
quadrifoveolatus MNCN-AI636
Gran Canaria
(Spain)
15.4.2001 /Moya: Bco. de Azuaje/stream and ponds
w. veget.
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HF931218 - HF931446 LT991018 LT991232
Ochthebius semisericeus MNCN-
AI1064 Spain
Teruel, Beceite 7.8.2006/r. Matarranya, El
Parrisal/680m N40º47’12.5” E0º12’13.5”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HF931151 - HF931370 LT990983 LT991196
Ochthebius subpictus MNCN-AI452 France Bouches du Rhone/Salin du Girau 29.7.2005/0m
N43º24’15.9” E4º45’07.5”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HE970844 - HE971076 HE970957 HE970996
F. Leiodidae
Anillochlamys
subtruncata NHM-IRC1 Spain Castellón, Montan, Cova Cirat, 1998 J. Fresneda GU356850 - GU356745 GU356904 GU356941
Catops subfuscus MNCN-AI550 France F-09, Illartein, Ravin de la Tire, MSS, 2004 Ph. Déliot &
A. Faille GU356861 - GU356757 GU356912 GU356951
Quaestus noltei NHM-IRC3 Spain Guipúzcoa, Olatz, Sima Kobeta, 1998 J. Fresneda HE572816 - HE576716 GU356928 HE572869
Speonemadus
angusticollis MNCN-AI551 Spain Jaén, Siles, Cueva Nacimiento de San Blas, 2002 M. Baena GU356889 - GU356787 GU356933 GU356980
Stygiophyes akarsticus NHM-IRC7 Spain Lleida, Altron, Forat del Tincatinc, 1999 J. Fresneda GU356899 - GU356798 GU356940 GU356990
F. Staphylinidae
Euaesthetus ruficapillus MNCN-AI831 England (UK) Moccas Park, Her. D. Lott LR742633 - LR742653 LR742668 LR742692
Micropeplus MNCN-AI521 Bhutan
Mo Chhu river, ca. 16 km NW of Punakha; Punakha
Prov./Timphu Prov.; ca. 1450 m a.s.l.;
27°41'54''N/89°46'01''E; 28.XI.2005
M.A. Jäch HE572804 - HE576707 HE572837 HE572859
Lesteva MNCN-AI450 Spain
Avila, Puerto Pico de Gredos/N. side, rd. N502 pk
53, stream on left/1280m N40º20’14” W5º00’48”.
15.5.2005
I. Ribera HE572803 - HE576706 HE572836 HE572858
Osoriinae MNCN-AI647 Spain Córdoba, Sierras Sub-béticas, Carcabuey, suelo en
base de lentisco, 2006 A. Castro LR742641 - LR742658 LR742677 LR742699
Thinodromus MNCN-AI554 Switzerland Pfyn 2.8.2005 /stream in village/408m N47º35’43.8”
E8º57’17.4”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HE572807 - HE576709 HE572839 HE572861
Paederus MNCN-AI552 Italy Liguria 31.7.2005 lat. rd SS28/2Km E Cosio di
Arriscia, stream/819m N44º04’41.6” E7º50’41.5”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HE572806 - HE576708 HE572838 HE572860
Phloeocharis diecki MNCN-AI880 Spain Guipuzkoa, Pagoeta, pista a Legarrola, 2006 C. Hernando HE572813 - HE576714 HE572842 HE572864
Scydmaenus insidiosus MNCN-AI646 Spain Córdoba, Cabra, 2006 A. Castro LR742649 - LR742662 LR742685 LR742706
Oiceoptoma thoracicum MNCN-AI837 England (UK) Norfolk, Ludham 6.5.2006 , How Hill Marsh I. Ribera LR742640 - LR742657 LR742676 LR742698
Thanatophilus MNCN-AI838 England (UK) Norfolk, Ludham 6.5.2006 , How Hill Marsh I. Ribera LR742651 - LR742663 LR742687 LR742707
Coprophilus striatulus MNCN-AI839 England (UK) Norfolk, Ludham 6.5.2006 , How Hill Marsh I. Ribera HE572812 - HE576713 HE572841 HE572863
Tachyporus hypnorum MNCN-AI555 Switzerland Pfyn 2.8.2005 /stream in village/408m N47º35’43.8”
E8º57’17.4”
I. Ribera &
A. Cieslak HE572808 - HE576710 HE572840 HE572862
Table S2. Primers used in the amplificantion and sequencing.
Gene Name Sense Sequence Ref.
COI Jerry (M202) F CAACATTTATTTTGATTTTTTGG 4
Pat (M70) R TCCA(A)TGCACTAATCTGCCATATTA 4
Chy F T(A/T)GTAGCCCA(T/C)TTTCATTA(T/C)GT 2
Tom R AC(A/G)TAATGAAA(A/G)TGGGCTAC(T/A)A 2
16S-tRNA-NAD1 16saR (M14) F CGCCTGTTTA(A/T)CAAAAACAT 4
ND1A (M223) R GGTCCCTTACGAATTTGAATATATCCT 4
16Sbi F ACATGATCTGAGTTCAAACCGG 4
FawND1 R TAGAATTAGAAGATCAACCAGC 4
12S 12Sai F AAACTAGGATTAGATACCCTATTAT 4
12Sbi R AAGAGCGACGGGCGATGTGT 4
18S 5’ F GACAACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGT 3
b5.0 R TAACCGCAACAACTTTAAT 3
28S Ka F ACACGGACCAAGGAGTCTAGCATG 1
Kb R CGTCCTGCTGTCTTAAGTTAC 1
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Cieslak, A., 2010. Ancient origin of a Western Mediterranean radiation of
subterranean beetles. BMC Evol. Biol. 10, 1–14.
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adephagan beetles: evidence for monophyly of aquatic families and the
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A B C
D E F
G JIH
Fig. S1. General views, SEM: A-C – Sindosium sp.; D, E – Nossidium pilosellum; F – Motschulskium sinuatocolle; G,H – Limulodes parki; I, J – Cephaloplectus sp. Scale: A-H – 200 µm; I-J – 500 µm.
A
B
C
D
E
F
Fig. S2. General views, SEM: A-C – Discheramocephalus sp.; D-F – Ptenidium pusillum. Scale: A-C – 100 µm; D-E – 250 µm.
A B C
D EF
G IH
Fig. S3. General views, SEM: A-C – Mikado sp.; D, E – Porophila cedri; F – Scydosella musawasensis; G-I – Primorskiella anodonta. Scale: A-C, G-I – 100; D-I – 150 µm; F – 50 µm.
A B
C
D
E
Fig. S4. General views, SEM: A – Cissidium sp. B – Actidium boudieri; C-E – Oligella foveolata. Scale: A,B – 200 µm; C-E – 150 µm.
AB C
D E
F G H
Fig. S5. General views, SEM: A,B – Micridium vittatum; C-E – Ptilium myrmecophilum; F-H – Ptiliola kunzei. Scale: 200 µm.
A
B
C D
E F G
JIH
Fig. S6. General views, SEM: A, B – Smicrus filicornis; C,D – Acrotrichis grandicollis; E-G – Baeocrara variolosa; H-J – Nephanes titan. Scale: A-G – 200 µm; H-J – 150 µm.
A
B
C D E
F G
Fig. S7. General views, SEM: A,B – Pteryx suturalis; C-E – Ptinellini gen.; F-G – Rioneta uluguruensis. Scale: 200 µm.
TABLE S3. Data matrix of 68 morphological characters scored for 33 terminals and used for the phylogenetic analysis of Ptiliidae beetles
10 20 30 40 50 60 68
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0110000121 1010101010 1000000001 0010001000 1000011000 1011100110 10011000
0110000121 1010101110 1100110000 0002400020 2010011000 1121211220 10012020
0110000121 1010201110 1201100002 0002100020 2010011000 1121211320 10011021
0110000121 1010101110 1001100002 0002100020 2010011000 1121211320 10113020
0110000121 1011201110 1201100002 0002100110 2010011000 1121211320 10014021
0110000121 1010101110 1101100002 0002100010 2010011000 1121211320 10113020
0110000121 1010101110 1201000002 0002100110 2010011000 1121211320 10114021
0110000121 1010201110 1101120002 0002100110 2010011000 1121211320 10114021
0110100121 1010101110 1101100002 1002100020 2010011001 1121211320 10013020
0110100121 1010101110 1001100002 1002100020 2010011001 1121211320 10013020
0110100121 1010101110 1101100002 1002100020 2010011001 1121211320 10013020
0110100121 1010101110 1001100002 1002100020 2010011002 -------0-0 10014020
0110000121 1010101110 1200000002 0012100020 2010011000 1121211320 10011020
0110000121 1010101110 1101120002 0012400000 2000011000 1121211320 10012020
0110000121 1010101110 1100010002 0012100020 2010011000 1121211320 10011020
0110000121 1110301111 1001100012 0002500031 2020011000 1121221220 10015020
0110000121 1110301111 1001100012 0002300231 2020011000 1121222220 10215020
0110001121 2110311211 1001100002 0102300241 2020011010 1121222220 10215020
0110001121 2110311211 1101100002 0102300241 2021011010 1121222220 10215020
0110001121 2110311211 1101100002 0102200241 2020011010 1121222220 10215020
0110000121 1010101110 1001100002 1002100020 2110011000 1121211320 10316122
0110000121 1010101110 1101100002 1002100020 2110011000 1121211320 10317122
0110000121 1010101110 1001100002 1002100020 2110011000 1121211320 10317122
Necrophilus
Catops
Ochthebius
Hydraena
Nossidium
Motschulskium
Sindosium
Ptenidium
Actidium
Ptiliola
Oligella
Ptilioloum
Micridium
Ptilium
Ptinella
Pteryx
Ptinellini sp.
Rioneta
Dacrysoma
Discheramocephalus
Cissidium
Mikado
Porophila
Primorskiella
Scydosella
Cylindroselloides
Nephanes
Smicrus
Baeocrara
Acrotrichis intermedia 0110000121 1011101110 1001100002 1002100020 2110011000 1121211320 10317122
Acrotrichis grandicollis 0110000121 1011101110 1001100002 1002100020 2110011000 1121211320 10317122
Limulodes 1110221121 1110101010 1011100003 1002410020 1030111002 -------0-1 11014020
Cephaloplectus 1110221231 1110101010 1011101003 1000410020 1030111102 -------0-1 11014020
0.06
Ochthebius gereckei PA141Ochthebius subpictus AI452
Osoriinae AI647
Cissidium AN362
Baeocrara variolosa AN416
Euaesthetus AI831
Ptenidium formicetorum GBK14
Coprophilus AI839Thinodromus AI554
Ochthebius anxifer AI945
Thanatophilus AI838
Micridium vitalum AN427
Limnebius truncatellus AI451
Rioneta uluguroensis AI415
Asiobates dilatatus AI792
Scydmaenus AI646
Scydosella musawasensis AN424
Hydraena truncata AI357
Oiceoptoma AI837
Cylindroselloides dybasi AI564
Hydraena testacea AI566
Limnebius nitidus AI377
Ochthebius semisericeus AI1064
Laeliaena sahlbergi HI19
Limnebius wewalkai RA108
Discheramocephalus AN361
Limnebius myrmidon AI703
Ochthebius quadrifoveolatus AI636
Primorskiella anodonta AN418
Scydosella musawasensis GBK27
Pteryx suturalis GBK23
Stygiophies IRC7
Ptinella aptera GBK25
Adelphydraena orchymonti AI356
Acrotrichis atomaria GBK2
Hydraena paeminosa AN91
Acrotrichis xanthocera GBK9
Speonemadus angusticollis AI551
Rioneta uluguroensis AN360
Ptenidium fuscicorne GBK15
Aulacochthebius exaratus AI453
Motschulskium AN357
Smicrus filicornis AN423
Acrotrichis insularis GBK4
Hydraena scintillabella AI688
Asiobates aeneus AI914
Nossidium sp GBK13
Porophila cedri AN417
Mikado AN419
Quaestus IRC3Anillochlamys IRC1
Catops tristis AI550
Ptenidium sp GBK22
Dacrysoma AN359
Lesteva AI450
Paederus AI552
Hydraena palawanensis AH133
Phloeocharis AI880
Micropeplus AI521
Limnebius zaerensis AC14
Hydraena monikae AI455
Tachyporus AI555
Hydraena pygmaea AI346
Hydraena quadricollis nr RA323
Limnebius cordobanus PA275
Enicocerus aguilerai AI387
Hydraena palustris AI309
Nephanes titan AN415
Ptinellini AN356Ptinella AN439
Nanosellini AI414
Acrotrichis AI413
100
83
86
100
80
97
90
52
55
78
Limulodes parki AN819 GBKPtilium myrmecophilum AN426
Ptenidium AI515100Ptenidium pusillum GBK21
100
98
100
100
100
99
70
77
100
67
72
89
99
58
69
100
97
100
100
100
84
77
73
59
100
55
98
100
92
35
97
92
100
96
89 Acrotrichis intermedia GBK5Acrotrichis sitkaensis GBK7
81
99
47
100
73
88
69
32
85
57
100
93
Figure S8. Maximum Likelihood inference phylogram of Ptiliidae obtained with RAxML with the molecular data only. Digits at internodes are bootstrap values when higher than 50%.
05 0100150200 Ma
Acrotrichis AI413
Micropeplus AI521
Hydraena pygmaea AI346
Motschulskium AN357
Paederus AI552
Limnebius nitidus AI377
Anillochlamys IRC1
Ptenidium sp GBK22
Quaestus IRC3
Porophilla cedri AN417
Mikado AN419
Stygiophies IRC7
Ochthebius quadrifoveolatus AI636
Cissidium AN362
Enicocerus aguilerai AI387
Hydraena quadricollis nr RA323
Acrotrichis xanthocera GBK9
Baeocrara variolosa AN416
Hydraena palawanensis AH133
Asiobates dilatatus AI792
Thinodromus AI554
Oiceoptoma AI837
Hydraena monikae AI455
Ptinella AN439
Catops tristis AI550
Limnebius cordobanus PA275
Ptenidium fuscicorne GBK15
Ochthebius gereckei PA141
Asiobates aeneus AI914
Limulodes parki AN819 GBK
Hydraena palustris AI309
Ochthebius anxifer AI945
Acrotrichis intermedia GBK5
Laeliaena sahlbergi HI19
Aulacochthebius exaratus AI453
Ptinellini AN356Ptinella aptera GBK25
Ochthebius semisericeus AI1064
Ochthebius subpictus AI452
Scydosella musawasensis AN424
Ptenidium pusillum GBK21
Rioneta uluguroensis AN360
Nanosellini AI414
Coprophilus AI839
Ptenidium formicetorum GBK14
Hydraena truncata AI357
Ptilum myrmecophilum AN426
Euaesthetus AI831
Discheramocephalus AN361
Nossidium sp GBK13
Acrotrichis sitkaensis GBK7
Smicrus filicornis AN423
Pteryx suturalis GBK23
Lesteva AI450
Limnebius zaerensis AC14
Rioneta uluguroensis AI415
Micridium vitalum AN427
Hydraena testacea AI566
Adelphydraena orchymonti AI356
Acrotrichis insularis GBK4
Dacrysoma AN359
Scydosella musawasensis GBK27
Speonemadus angusticollis AI551
Limnebius wewalkai RA108
Tachyporus AI555
Ptenidium AI515
Cylindroselloides dybasi AI564
Thanatophilus AI838
Hydraena scintillabella AI688
Scydmaenus AI646
Hydraena paeminosa AN91
Limnebius myrmidon AI703
Phloeocharis AI880
Nepanes titan AN415
Acrotrichis atomaria GBK2
Limnebius truncatellus AI451
Primorskiella anodonta AN418
Osoriinae AI647
1
0.77
1
0.98
1
0.98
0.49
0.37
0.68
1
0.91
1
1
0.98
1
1
1
0.48
1
1
0.73
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.38
1
1
0.52
0.99
0.89
0.77
0.89
1
1
0.54
0.79
1
0.38
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.61
1
0.58
1
0.98
1
0.96
1
1
0.99
0.99
1
1
0.99
0.99
0.84
0.98
1
0.46
1
1
0.39
1
1
0.95
11
0.51
1
0.77
113.4
175.1
109.5
32.2
123.36
17.4
96.4
70.7
30.3
48.5
32.3
102.2
54.8
33.8122.9
0
45.8
141.8
157.2
80.7
72.8
47.7
43.5
118.7
93.0
187.8
47.6
61.5
131.0
28.3
148.6
110.1
112.9
110.7
57.8
81.7
117.8
132.6
60.2
103.6
14.4
79.6
64.3
27.3
21.7
96.2
0.15
57.7
60.0
93.7
42.0
39.2
39.2
59.5
12.9
46.2
38.1
32.9
83.0
100.5
131.6
150.5
51.6
1.9
37.7
71.9
133.9
43.4
100.8
145.5
154.6
0.37
55.8
79.4164.8
57.9
Figure S9. Majority rule consensus tree of the Bayesian analysis (obtained with BEAST)of the molecular characters, with the simplest models (analysis C, see Methods). Numbers in nodes are posterior probabilities when higher than 0.5; numbersin branches estimated age of divergence (Ma).