THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN RELATION TO SURFACE WATER POLLUTION IN MAJIDUN AREA...

7/31/2019 THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN RELATION TO SURFACE WATER POLLUTION IN MAJIDUN AREA OF IKORODU, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.

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THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITYOF GROUNDWATER IN RELATION TO

SURFACE WATER POLLUTION INMAJIDUN AREA OF IKORODU, LAGOSSTATE, NIGERIA.

AWOYEMI OLUSHOLA MOSES

2012


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1.0. INTRODUCTION

Much of the current concern with regardsto environmental quality is focused onwater because of its importance inmaintaining the human health and health

of the ecosystem. Fresh water is finiteresource, essential for agriculture, industryand even human existence, without fresh

water of adequate quantity and quality,sustainable development will not bepossible (Kumar, 1997).


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1.1. Statement of Research Problem

The quality of surface and groundwater isoften affected by increasing population,urbanization and/or anthropogenic activities inthe environment. Surface water in the area of

study is also being polluted and this can causevariation in the groundwater quality in thearea.

However, there is limited documentation of the

changes that take place on the physico-chemical quality of surface and groundwater,hence this study.


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1.2. Specific Objectives of the Research

The specific objectives of the study are:

to determine the physico-chemical waterquality of groundwater resource in Majidun

area of Ikorodu, Lagos State;

determine the seasonal variation pattern ingroundwater quality in the area; and

assess the effect of surface water pollutionon the physico-chemical quality of the

groundwater resource.


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3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Geographical Location of the Study Area

The study area Majidun-ilaje community islocated in Ikorodu west area of LagosState between longitudes 3o 27' E and 3o

28' E and latitude 6o 37' N. It is situatedalong the Coast of Majidun River, anextension of Oba River which channelsinto Lagos lagoon. The area is populated

and covers 1.71 km2 area of land. Themaps of the sample location (majidunarea) and sampling points are shown inFigures 3.1 and 3.2.


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Fig. 3.1 Map of Lagos State indicating Fig. 3.2 Map of the samplingMajidun area, Ikorodu. points in Majidun area.

. RUS


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3.2. ExperimentalTABLE 3.1: Water Sample Sources and GPS Location

Sample

No.

Water Source Symbol GPS Location Distance

(m)

Depth of water (m) Total depth

(m)

Dry Wet

01 River (Upstream) RUS N 6o 37' 9.3'' E 3o

28' 8.7''

0.0

02 River (Downstream) RDS N 6o 37' 7.1'' E 3o

28' 8.4''

70.38

03 Hand-dug Well HDW-1 N 6o 37' 10.0'' E 3o

28' 4.7''

127.62 9.7 5.8 12.0


28' 3.9''

139.82 4.8 1.5 8.0

05 Hand-dug Well HDW-3 N 6o 37' 9.0'' E 3o28' 2.4''

189.76 3.6 0.7 6.0


28' 1.9''

203.08 3.8 0.8 6.6

07 Borewell BW-1 N 6o 37' 11.1'' E 3o

28' 11.2''

79.90

08 Borewell BW-2 N 6o 37' 12.6'' E 3o

28' 0.4''

254.12


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Parameter Method Procedure/ Equipment Sample

volume(ml)

Unit

Temperature

pH

Conductivity

Colour

(True and

Apparent)

Instrumentation

Instrumentation

Instrumentation

Colorimetric

Mercury-in-glass

bulb thermometer

pH-meter

Conductivity meter

Colorimeter (Wavelength =

430nm)

-

-

-

10

oC

-

uS/cm

Pt-Co

Turbidity

Total dissolved

solids (TDS)

Nephelometric

Gravimetric

Colorimeter (Wavelength =

540 nm)

Difference in weights of filtered

and unfiltered sample after

evaporation of to constant

weight at at 105 2 oC.

10

100

NTU

mgL-1

TABLE 3.2: Methods for the Analysis of Physical Parameters of WaterQuality

Source: APHA et al., (1995).


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TABLE 3.3: Titrimetric methods for the analysis of Chemicalparameters of Water Quality

Water

quality Parameter

Method Titrant and

Indicator

Volume

Used(ml)

Colour Change Unit

Alkalinity Acid-Base

Titration

H2SO4

and

Mixed indicator

(Bromocresol green

and Methyl red)

50 Light blue to Pink mgL-1

Chloride (Cl-) Mohr-

Titration

Hg(NO3)2

and Diphenylcarbazone-

bromo phenol blue

50 Yellow to

Purple

mgL-1

Calcium Complexio-metric

Titration

Na2EDTA

and

Calcon indicator

50 Purple to

Light blue

mgL-1

Magnesium

Total hardness

Organic carbon,

Organic matter

(TOM), and Chemical

oxygen demand

(COD)

Complexio-

metric

titration

Complexio-metric

titration

Chromic acid wet

digestion titration

Na2EDTA

and

Eriochrome

Black-T indicator

Na2EDTAand

Eriochrome

Black-T indicator

Ferrous ammonium

sulphate

and

Barium diphenylamine

sulphonate

50

25

100

Purple to

Light blue

Wine red toLight blue

Yellow to

Light green

mgL-1

mgL-1

mgL-1

TABLE 3.3: Titrimetric methods for the analysis of Chemical parameters of Water Quality

Source: Ademoroti (1996b); APHA et al(1995).


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TABLE 3.4: Instrumentation Methods Used in the ChemicalAnalyses of Water Quality Parameters.

Water

Quality parameter

Instrument used Wavelength (nm) Unit

Sodium (Na+) Flame emission

Spectrophotometer (FES)

589.0 mgl-1

Potassium (K+) Flame emission

Spectrophotometer (FES)

766.0 mgl-1

Sulphate (SO42-) Turbidimetric

(Turbidity meter)

540.0 mgl-1

Phosphate (PO43-

)

Nitrate (NO32-)

Turbidimetric(Turbidity meter)

Turbidimetric

(Turbidity meter)

882.0

420.0

mgl-1

mgl-1

Source: Golterman et al., (1978); APHA et al., (1995).


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4.0.RESULTTABLE 4.1: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables investigated in dryseason for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu, Lagos

Parameters Permissible

Limit

(WHO)

RUS RDS HDW-1 HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2

Temp (oC) Ambient 28.050.05 28.100.10 27.800.10 28.000.10 27.650.15 27.700.10 28.100.10 27.650.05

pH 6.5-8.5 6.900.10 6.850.25 7.150.15 6.800.00 7.450.05 7.350.05 6.850.25 6.900.40

App.C (Pt.Co) 15 139.9632.

01

171.5832.

33

171.5832.

33

27.9815.9

9

27.9815.9

9

43.970.00 43.970.00 0.000.00

Tr.C (Pt.Co) 15 27.9815.9

9

43.970.00 27.9815.9

9

11.990.00 6.006.00 11.990.00 11.990.00 0.000.00

Turb (NTU) 5 8.534.90 11.804.90 21.601.63 3.643.26 11.801.63 3.643.26 6.900.00 0.370.00

EC (S/cm) 1000 13880.00

5350.00

13730.00

5090.00

4290.001

50.00

2040.003

0.00

1880.001

0.00

1900.008

0.00

1620.000.

00

60.000.00

TDS (mg/L) 500 8883.204

324.00

8787.003

257.60

2745.696.

00

1305.601

9.20

1203.206.

40

1216.005

1.20

1036.800.

00

38.400.00

Alk (mg/L) 50-200 48.008.00 44.008.00 33.001.00 27.001.00 29.001.00 24.002.00 25.001.00 23.001.00

TH (mg/L) 500 1470.232

38.62

1494.435

4.32

1366.302

76.85

1039.852

27.65

1393.632

18.28

1276.482

18.28

981.2826

7.48

842.6549.

20

TOC (mg/L) 1.0 0.130.00 0.240.02 0.180.02 0.660.12 0.110.01 0.120.00 0.130.01 0.070.00

TOM (mg/L) 3.0 0.280.04 0.420.04 0.320.02 1.130.21 0.190.02 0.200.01 0.220.02 0.130.01

COD (mg/L) 5.0 0.360.02 0.650.06 0.490.04 1.750.32 0.290.03 0.310.02 0.340.03 0.200.02


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TABLE 4.1 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variablesinvestigated in dry season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu,Lagos

Parameters Permiss

ibleLimit

(WHO)


K+ (mg/L) 50 45.501

5.50

45.501

5.25

26.000

.00

27.751

.25

17.630

.88

30.381

.12

14.250

.25

1.380.

12

Na+ (mg/L) 200 926.00

238.00

1009.00

274.00

434.50

35.50

151.00

11.00

145.50

5.50

150.00

5.00

162.00

6.00

11.000

.00

Mg2+ (mg/L) 250 306.00

30.00

318.00

18.00

318.00

66.00

246.00

54.00

330.00

54.00

306.00

54.00

234.00

66.00

204.00

12.00

Ca2+ (mg/L) 200 86.254

6.25

76.255

1.25

25.002

.50

12.502

.50

16.251

.25

8.751.

25

8.751.

25

2.500.

00

Cl- (mg/L) 250 32684.9

010138

.70

37438.3

07937.

70

4573.06

63.81

1396.73

35.45

1318.74

155.98

1191.12

85.08

1474.72

28.36

247.33

34.63

SO42- (mg/L) 100 6.141.3

5

8.525.

10

1.270.

03

1.600.

76

3.820.

06

4.080.

87

1.100.

08

1.020.

28

PO43- (mg/L) 100 1.571.1

4

1.101.

07

0.720.

10

0.860.

16

1.480.

55

1.200.

46

0.580.

18

1.260.

55

NO3- (mg/L) 45 0.960.0

0

0.330.

12

0.960.

25

0.580.

12

0.460.

00

0.230.

23

0.230.

23

0.100.

10


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TABLE 4.2: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables investigated in wetseason for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu, Lagos.

Parameters Permissib

le Limit

(WHO)


Temp (oC) Ambient 26.550.

35

26.350.

35

26.150.

05

26.100.

20

26.200.

00

26.200.

10

26.300.

20

26.300.

10

pH 6.5-8.5 6.650.55

6.450.4

5

6.400.4

0

6.700.0

0

7.100.2

0

6.600.0

0

6.800.3

0

6.100.2

0

App.C (Pt.Co) 15 219.9016.00

251.871

5.99

59.9716

.00

11.990.

00

6.006.0

0

27.9815

.99

91.9616

.00

6.006.0

0

Tr.C (Pt.Co) 15 75.9631.99

107.953

1.99

11.990.

00

11.990.

00

0.000.0

0

11.990.

00

11.990.

00

0.000.0

0

Turb (NTU) 5 18.341.64

18.334.90

13.443.26

2.001.63

3.643.26

5.261.64

8.942.04

2.001.63

EC (S/cm) 1000 3050.002690.00

2925.00

2525.00

3350.00

510.00

1860.00

330.00

2340.00

410.00

1620.00

320.00

1540.00

140.00

165.009

5.00

TDS (mg/L) 500 1830.001614.00

1755.00

1515.00

2010.00

306.00

1116.00

198.00

1404.00

246.00

972.001

92.00

924.008

4.00

99.0057

.00

Alk (mg/L) 50-200 13.001.

00

16.505.

50

73.0017

.00

80.007.

00

92.0012

.00

93.0020

.00

74.0010

.00

13.002.

00TH (mg/L) 500 258.141

72.10

241.321

26.58

358.071

47.03

402.921

70.78

534.561

20.24

452.782

08.14

229.404

4.88

365.202

39.32

TOC (mg/L) 1.0 4.570.22

4.180.3

3

4.340.0

6

4.820.1

2

4.260.2

1

4.160.2

0

4.340.0

2

3.640.8

4

TOM (mg/L) 3.0 7.880.3

7

7.210.5

7

7.480.1

0

8.320.2

0

7.340.3

6

7.180.3

4

7.480.0

3

6.271.4

4

COD (mg/L) 5.0 12.200.58

11.160.88

11.570.16

12.880.31

11.360.56

11.100.52

11.580.04

9.702.23


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TABLE 4.2 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variablesinvestigated in wet season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu,Lagos.

Parameters Permissi

ble

Limit(WHO)

RUS RDS HDW-

1

HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2

K+ (mg/L) 50 13.751

0.00

13.009

.25

34.13

1.62

26.123

.88

24.003

.50

30.252

.25

15.000

.00

3.382.

12

Na+ (mg/L) 200 265.50

234.50

259.00

231.00

219.00

121.0

0

112.00

43.00

140.50

30.50

105.50

24.50

139.50

13.50

9.751.

25

Mg2+ (mg/L) 250 52.293

2.83

49.712

3.25

58.37

38.91

69.314

0.13

89.983

1.62

81.475

2.29

49.861

0.94

87.555

8.37

Ca2+ (mg/L) 200 17.501

5.00

15.001

2.50

47.50

5.00

47.502

.50

66.253

.75

47.502

.50

10.000

.00

2.500.

00

Cl- (mg/L) 250 2906.90

2495.6

8

3417.38

2991.9

8

2396.4

21020

.96

1120.22

70.90

1155.67

475.03

744.45

177.25

1269.06

347.44

233.97

21.27

SO42- (mg/L) 100 24.968

.11

19.667

.80

22.46

7.48

16.220

.00

53.200

.80

21.720

.74

6.242.

50

7.182.

80

PO43- (mg/L) 100 1.420.

42

1.680.

56

2.942.

16

1.200.

84

2.211.

46

1.641.

22

1.680.

36

1.640.

81

NO3- (mg/L) 45 1.080.

12

1.080.

37

1.580.

87

1.450.

99

1.330.

87

1.700.

25

0.830.

12

0.830.

12


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TABLE 4.3: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variablesinvestigated in dry and wet seasons for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells.

Parameters Permissibl

e Limit

(WHO)


Temp (oC) Ambient 27.300.4

6

27.220.5

3

26.980.

48

27.050.5

6

26.920.4

2

26.950.4

4

27.200.5

3

26.980.3

9

pH 6.5-8.5 6.780.24 6.650.24 6.780.28

6.750.03 7.280.13 7.020.19 6.820.16 6.500.29

App.C (Pt.Co) 15 179.9327.31

211.732

7.46115.773

5.43

19.988.0

0

16.999.4

3

35.988.0

0

67.9615.

31

3.003.00

Tr.C (Pt.Co) 15 51.9720.12

75.9622.

62

19.998.

00

11.990.0

0

3.003.00 11.990.00

11.990.0

0

0.000.00

Turb (NTU) 5 13.433.53

15.063.40

17.522.79

2.821.56 7.722.79 4.451.56 7.921.02 1.180.82

EC (S/cm) 1000 8465.003968.69

8327.50

3887.113820.00

347.471950.00

144.912110.00

213.701760.00

157.061580.00

61.64112.504

9.22

TDS (mg/L) 500 5356.602556.12

5271.102

504.43

2377.80

249.471210.80

97.931303.60

115.991094.00

107.43980.404

7.2968.7029.

11

Alk (mg/L) 50-200 30.5010.

63

30.258.8

7

53.0013

.48

53.5015.

57

60.5018.

84

58.5021.

54

49.5014.

73

18.003.0

3TH (mg/L) 500 864.183

69.94867.873

66.09862.193

17.94721.382

17.50964.092

68.05864.632

67.77605.342

43.66603.931

70.13

TOC (mg/L) 1.0 2.351.28 2.211.14 2.261.20

2.741.20 2.191.20 2.141.17 2.231.22 1.861.08

TOM(mg/L) 3.0 4.082.20 3.821.97 3.902.0

7

4.722.08 3.772.07 3.692.02 3.852.10 3.201.87

COD(mg/L) 5.0 6.283.42 5.903.06 6.023.20

7.313.22 5.833.20 5.703.12 5.963.24 4.952.89


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TABLE 4.3 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemicalvariables investigated in dry and wet seasons for river water, hand-dug wells and borewells

Parameters Permissibl

e Limit

(WHO)


K+ (mg/L) 50 29.6211.86

29.2511.

88

30.062.

44

26.941.

73

20.812.

36

30.311.

03

14.620.

24

2.381.0

4

Na+ (mg/L) 200 595.75234.44

634.002

61.31326.758

0.75131.502

1.33143.001

2.73

127.751

6.41

150.758

.86

10.380.

62

Mg2+ (mg/L) 250 179.1475.46

183.867

8.37188.188

1.21

157.665

7.93

209.997

3.84

193.747

1.71

141.935

9.76

145.774

1.50

Ca2+ (mg/L) 200 51.8828.07

45.6227.

86

36.256.

88

30.0010

.21

41.2514

.52

28.1211

.24

9.380.6

2

2.500.0

0

Cl- (mg/L) 250 17796.009595.

02

20428.00

10413.7

0

3484.70

754.461258.50

86.131237.20

209.48967.781

51.881371.90

154.20240.651

7.03

SO42- (mg/L) 100 15.556.39

14.094.98

11.876.84

8.914.23

28.5214.26

12.905.11

3.671.80

4.102.12

PO43-(mg/L) 100 1.500.

501.390.52 1.831.0

91.020.3

6

1.840.6

71.420.5

51.120.3

6

1.450.4

1

NO3- (mg/L) 45 1.020.

060.710.27 1.270.4

11.020.4

80.890.4

40.960.4

50.530.2

00.470.2

2


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Fig. 4.1. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-

chemical parameters of the water samples for Temp., pH, Total hardness andTrue color.

4.1. Mean Seasonal Variation


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chemical parameters of the water samples for App.color, Turbidity, Conductivity, andAlkalinity.


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Fig. 4.3. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-chemical parameters of the water samples for TDS, TOC, TOM and COD.


20/30


chemical parameters of the water samples for Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphateand Nitrate ions.


21/30


chemical parameters of the water samples for Potassium, Sodium, Magnssiumand Calcium ions.

TABLE 4 4 ANOVA of the physico chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for River


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Samples

Parameters

Upstream river (RUS)

F Sig.

Downstream river (RDS)

F Sig.

Temperature (oC) 18.000 0.051 23.113 0.041*

pH 0.200 0.698 0.604 0.518

Conductivity (S/cm) 3.271 0.212 3.616 0.198

Organic Carbon (mg/l) 426.380 0.002** 139.449 0.007**

Organic matter (mg/l) 417.040 0.002** 141.207 0.007**

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 423.713 0.002** 141.980 0.007**

Chloride ion (mg/l) 8.134 0.104 16.084 0.057

Sulphate ion (mg/l) 5.240 0.149 1.428 0.355

Phosphate ion (mg/l) 0.015 0.913 0.231 0.678

Nitrate ion (mg/l) 1.000 0.423 3.606 0.198

Potassium ion (mg/l) 2.963 0.227 3.320 0.210

Sodium ion (mg/l) 3.908 0.187 4.380 0.171

Magnessium ion (mg/l) 32.545 0.029* 83.255 0.012*

Calcium ion (mg/l) 1.999 0.293 1.348 0.365

Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 3.472 0.203 3.381 0.189

Turbidity (NTU) 3.306 0.198 0.888 0.445

Alkalinity (mg/l) 18.846 0.049* 8.024 0.105

Total hardness (mg/l) 16.973 0.054 82.767 0.012*

Apparent color (Pt.Co) 4.991 0.115 4.958 0.156

True color (Pt.Co) 1.800 0.312 4.000 0.184

TABLE 4.4. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for RiverMajidun.

TABLE 4 5 ANOVA of the physico chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for Hand dug wells


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Samples

Parameters

HDW-1

F Sig.

HDW-2

F Sig.

HDW-3

F Sig.

HDW-4

F Sig.

Temp (oC) 217.800 0.005** 72.200 0.014* 93.444 0.011* 112.500 0.009**

pH 3.082 0.221 - - 2.882 0.232 169.000 0.006**

E. C (S/cm) 3.127 0.219 0.295 0.641 1.258 0.379 0.721 0.485

TOC (mg/l) 4584.000 0.000** 602.735 0.002** 381.014 0.003** 431.078 0.002**

TOM (mg/l) 4400.000 0.000** 614.698 0.002** 383.117 0.003** 433.124 0.002**

COD (mg/l) 4315.000 0.000** 615.817 0.002** 383.149 0.003** 430.603 0.002**

Cl-(mg/l) 4.528 0.167 12.168 0.073 0.106 0.775 5.161 0.151

SO42-(mg/l) 8.018 0.105 370.056 0.003** 3840.000 0.000** 238.536 0.004**

PO43-(mg/l) 1.040 0.415 0.157 0.731 0.219 0.686 0.111 0.771

NO3- (mg/l) 0.472 0.563 0.753 0.477 1.000 0.423 18.962 0.049*

K+(mg/l) 25.000 0.038* 0.159 0.728 3.122 0.219 0.002 0.965

Na+ (mg/l) 2.921 0.230 0.772 0.472 0.026 0.887 3.167 0.217

Mg2+ (mg/l) 11.483 0.077 6.897 0.120 14.713 0.062 8.922 0.096

Ca2+ (mg/l) 16.200 0.057 98.000 0.010* 160.000 0.006** 192.200 0.005**

TDS (mg/l) 5.261 0.149 0.908 0.441 0.666 0.500 1.508 0.344

Turb (NTU) 5.006 0.155 0.201 0.698 5.006 0.155 0.199 0.699

Alk (mg/l) 5.517 0.143 56.180 0.017* 27.372 0.035* 11.785 0.075

TH (mg/l) 10.345 0.085 5.009 0.155 11.883 0.075 7.459 0.112

AC (Pt.Co) 9.575 0.090 1.000 0.423 1.657 0.327 1.000 0.423

TC (Pt.Co) 1.000 0.423 - - 1.000 0.423 - -

TABLE 4.5. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for Hand dug wells

TABLE 4 6 ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and


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Samples

Parameters

BW-1

F Sig.

BW-2

F Sig.

Temperature (oC) 64.800 0.015* 145.800 0.007**

pH 0.016 0.910 3.200 0.216

Conductivity (S/cm) 0.327 0.625 1.222 0.384

Total Organic Carbon (mg/l) 36900 0.000** 18.174 0.051

Total Organic matter (mg/l) 40540 0.000** 18.180 0.051

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 43150 0.000** 18.190 0.051

Chloride ion (mg/l) 0.348 0.615 0.108 0.774

Sulphate ion (mg/l) 4.230 0.176 4.773 0.161

Phosphate ion (mg/l) 7.226 0.115 0.151 0.735

Nitrate (mg/l) 5.344 0.147 20.332 0.046*

Potassium ion (mg/l) 9.000 0.095 0.883 0.447

Sodium ion (mg/l) 2.320 0.267 1.000 0.423

Magnessium ion (mg/l) 7.576 0.111 3.819 0.190

Calcium ion (mg/l) 1.000 0.423 - -

Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 1.803 0.311 1.130 0.399

Turbidity (NTU) 1.000 0.423 1.000 0.423

Alkalinity (mg/l) 23.772 0.040* 20.000 0.047*

Total hardness (mg/l) 7.685 0.109 3.819 0.190

Apparent color (Pt.Co) 9.000 0.095 1.000 0.423

True color (Pt.Co) - - - -

TABLE 4.6. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry andwet) for Bore wells


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Samples

Parameters

River and HDW

Sig.

River and BW

Sig.

BW and HDW

Sig.

Temperature (oC) 0.751 0.923 0.957

pH 0.429 0.973 0.297

Conductivity (S/cm) 0.003** 0.001** 0.619

Total Organic Carbon (mg/l) 0.999 0.976 0.955

Total Organic matter (mg/l) 0.999 0.975 0.955

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 0.999 0.976 0.955

Chloride ion (mg/l) 0.001** 0.002** 0.973

Sulphate ion (mg/l) 0.992 0.288 0.158

Phosphate ion (mg/l) 0.984 0.963 0.885

Nitrate (mg/l) 0.825 0.536 0.174

Potassium ion (mg/l) 0.897 0.006** 0.005**

Sodium ion (mg/l) 0.001** 0.001** 0.633

Magnessium ion (mg/l) 0.994 0.837 0.729

Calcium ion (mg/l) 0.517 0.025* 0.109

Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 0.003** 0.001** 0.639

Turbidity (NTU) 0.101 0.018* 0.440

Alkalinity (mg/l) 0.112 0.971 0.184

Total hardness (mg/l) 0.998 0.612 0.555

Apparent color (Pt.Co) 0.000** 0.000** 0.869

True color (Pt.Co) 0.000** 0.000** 0.833

TABLE 4.7. Post-Hoc multivariate comparism (Sheffe) to compare betweenphysico-chemical parameters of water sources


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5.0. DISCUSSION

The physico-chemical water quality of surfaceand groundwater resources in Majidun area ofIkorodu, Lagos State.

The seasonal variation pattern in surface and

groundwater quality in the area.

The effect of surface water pollution on thephysico-chemical quality of the groundwater

resource.

Interrelationship study between the physico-chemial parameters of the water sources.

5 1 CONCLUSION


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5.1. CONCLUSION

The result of the river water quality

indicated that it is highly polluted andunsafe (above WHO limits) for human use.The hand dug wells and the closest borewell to the river are relatively polluted withsignificant variations between the two majorseasons. The quality of farthest bore well(BW-2) to the river indicated that it is within

the WHO permissible limit to be used forvarious purposes.

Concl sion cotin ed


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Conclusion cotinued

The polluted surface water also hadsignificant influence on the groundwaterquality which varied with distance awayfrom the polluted river and depth of thegroundwater. Based on this, it is therefore

adviced that the anthropogenic activitiescausing the pollution of the water bodiesshould be avoided.


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5.2. Contribution to knowledge

The study has provided information on thequality of surface and groundwater and theimpact of anthropogenic activities on the

groundwater quality in relation to surfacewater pollution in Majidun community ofIkorodu, Lagos State.


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THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN RELATION TO SURFACE WATER POLLUTION IN MAJIDUN AREA...

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