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The physics of electron backscatter diffraction
Maarten VosAMPL, RSPHYSSE, Australian National University,Acton 0200, Canberra
Aimo WinkelmannMax Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics,Halle, Germany
We are here(John Curtin Medical School)
Our Laboratory
If you want to have a look, just ask!
“standard EBSD set up”
schematic view
sample
phosphor screen
e-
Perfect for practical applications!
Limited use for understanding questions like:-Is the level of contrast of the pattern in agreement with theory?-What is the energy of the electrons that contribute to the contrast?-What is the depth of the sample that contributes to the contrast?-For compounds, do atoms at different sites generate the same contrast?
Our focus: Electron spectroscopy using high-energy (up to 40 keV)electrons.
slit lens
Hemisphericalanalyser 0.5 eV resolution
Measure simultaneously quantitatively intensity along a line with good energy resolution.
We use single crystals and a 0.3mm diameter beam
case 1: contrastSilicon
Greyscale image:calculated using the dynamical theory of diffraction(Winkelmann).We measure in between the yellow arrows.
(022) plane
spectrum of Si for two different outgoing directions(incoming beam along surface normal)
nocontrast
contrast
(on average) increasing depth
Contrast always maximum for zero energy loss? No!
Energy loss is determined bylength of incoming and outgoing path
Outgoing path has to be long enough to build up diffraction pattern.
Energy loss along incoming path does not affect contrast, energy loss along outgoing path does!
Glancing in: incoming trajectorymuch longer than outgoing trajectory. For zero energy loss outgoing trajectory too short to build up contrast.
Momentum p0
Energy p02/2m
After collision (for scattering over 180° momentum transfer q 2p0)
small ball (e.g. electron mass m) hits very large ball (e.g. nucleus mass M) (m << M)
Momentum -p0
Energy p02/2m- q2/2M
Momentum 0
Momentum = q
Energy q2/2M
•What is the recoil effect?:
This can be used to detect (large amounts of) hydrogen
polymer filmscattering angle 45 degree
Difference in elastic peak widthis due to momentum of the scattering atoms (Doppler broadening)
elastic peaks
C
H
H
H
C
C
For larger scattering angles we can separate even heavier elements
spectra of sapphire with some Au impurities at the surface.Cross section proportional to Z2 .Changing the crystal orientation appears to change the relative intensity.Here the Al intensity is enhanced in orientation “b”
A comparison of the Al and O Kikuchiband for different orientations
Why the difference?
Al2O3 total Al2O3 Al only Al2O3 O only
calculated patterns
similar behaviourtotally differentbehaviour
Easiest understood using the reciprocity principle (due to time reversal symmetry): diffraction along an outgoing direction affects the experiment in the same way as diffraction of an incoming beam along that direction would.
Near diffraction conditions standing waves forms in the crystal.For some diffracting plane, the standing waves cause preferentialinteraction with either O or Al,in other cases no such preferential interaction occurs.
-Is the level of contrast of the pattern in agreement with theory?quite good: Ultramicroscopy Vol. 109 , pp. 1211 2009
-What is the energy of the electrons that contribute to the contrast?-What is the depth of the sample that contributes to the contrast?These are 2 related questions. Answer depends on geometry.New Journal of Physics Vol. 12 , pp. 053001 2010
-For compounds, do atoms at different sites generate the same contrast?Yes, when the crystal structure is favourable.(Physical Review Letters, in press)
Answers to our question
Thanks for your attention!