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THE PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF PHYLLANTHUS
AMARUS FOR ANTIDIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY
Priyanka Chaurasia*, Shubham Chaurasia and Prashant Gupta
Department of Pharmacology, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science,
Chhatarpur (M.P.) 471001.
ABSTRACT
Diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of preventable death in
developing countries and mainly affects children and infants. Diarrhea
occurs in whole world and causes four percentages of all death and five
percentages of strength defeat to disability. The antidiarrhoeal effects
of the aqueous extract of phyllanthus amarus were evaluated in rats.
Antidiarrhoeal activity was screened by using castor oil induced
diarrhea, charcoal meal assay and PGE2 induced assay the extracts of
leaves phyllanthus amarus exhibited pronounced antidiarrhoeal effects
in dose dependent manner. Aqueous extract was prepared and
phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Flavonoids and
tannins or major constituents like flavonoids, tannins, terpenes are
reported to possess antiulcer and antidiarrhoeal activity. From the acute
toxicity study of the aqueous extracts was establish to be non-lethal up to 2000mg/kg body
weight of animals. Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus possessed significant anti-
diarrhoeal activity against different diarrhoeal induced models.
KEYWORDS: Antidiarrhoeal Activity, Intestinal Motility, Phyllanthus amarus, Dysentery,
Castor Oil, Enterotoxin, PGE2.
INTRODUCTION
As per WHO 3 or more excretion of loose or watery stools in 24 hour period are considered
as diarrhoea. In pathological terms, diarrhoea occurs due to passage of excess water in faeces.
Diarrhoea is mainly caused by gastrointestinal infection which destroys approximately 2.2
million individuals global in every year, mainly infants in developing country. Utilization of
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 9, Issue 5, 1158-1170 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
Article Received on
01 March 2020,
Revised on 22 March 2020,
Accepted on 10 April 2020
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20205-16039
*Corresponding Author
Priyanka Chaurasia
Assistant Professor,
Department of
Pharmacology, Smt.
Vidyawati College of
Pharmacy Jhansi, (U. P.)
284121.
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drinking water in sanitation is an important preventive criteria but infected water is too a
significant reason of diarrhoea. Cholera and dysentery cause strict, from time to time life
intimidating forms of diarrhoea.
The communicable agents that cause diarrhoea are infrequently introduced all through the
universe. Around the world 1.1 billion public need admittance to enhanced water resources
and 2.4 billion have no basic hygiene. In Southeast Asia and Africa, diarrhoea is liable for as
greatly as 8.5% and 7.7% of all deaths correspondingly. Diarrhoea due to illness is prevalent
all over the developing nation. Diarrhoea is the transient of improved amount (greater than
300g in 24 hours) of wobbly stools. Mainly persons are pretentious by diarrhoea at several
times in their live. It is frequently accompany by abdomen pain, emotion ill and sickness. It is
frequently due to use of drinking water infected with bacterial, undercooked beef and eggs or
insufficient kitchen hygiene-in other words, an illness
It is basis by a virus commonly or bacteria and can be acute (short period of time) or chronic
(huge period i.e. more than two or three weeks).
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Symptoms of diarrhoea
1. Numerous diluted motions.
2. Decrease in appetite.
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Stomach pain.
5. Agitation.
6. Dryness.
Warning signs
1. Blood in the action.
2. Pus in the action (Yellow Mucus).
3. Incapability to drink liquid since of vomiting.
4. Dehydration –Where Symptoms comprise excreting little amount of shady urine,
sleepiness, dehydrated mucous membranes and dryness. Dehydration as a consequence of
diarrhoea is a meticulous hazard for young brood and the old.
5. Prominent sleepiness appropriate to dryness or intoxication.
6. Sharp diarrhea in infant.
7. Sensitive diarrhoea in elderly.
Diagnosis of diarrhoea
Indicative test to found the causes of diarrhoea can comprise the follow
1. Due to therapeutic record and physical test: The physician will be asking patient
regarding their intake behavior and medicine apply and will be inspect you for symbols of
sickness.
2. Due to Stool background: A trial of bench is analyzed in a laboratory to ensure for
bacterial, parasites or additional symbols of infection and illness.
3. Due to Blood test: Blood test can be useful in decision out definite disease.
4. Due to Fasting tests: To get out if a food bigotry or sensitivity is cause the diarrhoea, the
physician can inquire you to evade lactose, carbohydrates, wheat or other food to see
whether the diarrhoea react to a change in diet.
5. Due to Sigmoidoscopy: For this test, the physician uses a particular tool to seem at the
within of the rectum and lower part of the colon.
6. Due to Colonoscopy: This trial is analogous to a sigmoidoscopy, other than it allows the
physician to sight the whole colon.
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7. Imaging tests: These tests can regulation out structural abnormality as the causes of
diarrhoea.
Mechanism of intestinal ion and water transport
Figure: Action of cyclic nucleotides on electrolyte transport of intestinal mucosal cells.
Water and electrolytes are absorbed as well as secreted in the intestine. Jejunum is liberally
porous to saline and water which is inertly absorbed secondary to the nutrients (glucose,
amino acids etc.) absorption. In the ileum and colon lively Na+K
+ATPase mediate salt
absorption occur, mainly in the established cells liner the villous tips, water follow iso-
osmotically. In addition glucose facilitated Na+ takes place in the ileum: one Na
+ ion is
transported along with each molecule of glucose absorbed. This mechanism remains intact
even in severe diarrhoea.
Absorption of Cl- and HCO3 is passive (par cellular) as well as by exchange of HCO3
- Cl
-
(transcellular). Bicarbonate is engrossed also by the discharge of H+ (connected to that in
proximal tubule of kidney) and Na+
accompanies it. K+ is excretion by faecal water by
alternative with Na+, as well as by discharge in to mucus and in desquamated cell. The
osmotic deposit of luminal stuffing acts a significant position in formative final stool volume.
When non-absorbable solutes are presentence in disaccharides deficit (which occur in
starvation), the stool water is improved. Reticence of Na+ K
+ ATPase and structural injure to
mucosal cell (by rota virus) cause diarrhoea by falling absorption. Intracellular cyclic
nucleotides are significant regulator of absorptive and secretary progression. Stimuli
increasing cAMP or cGMP cause grid defeat of salty and wet, together by inhibit sodium
chloride absorption in villous cells and by promote anion secretion (Na+
accompany) in the
crypt cells which are primarily secretary. So many bacterial toxinseg. Cholera toxin, exotoxin
elaborated by Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), Staph. aureus, Salmonella etc. activate
adenylyl cyclase which enhances secretion that reaches its peak after 3-4 hrs and persist until
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the stimulated cells are shade in the normal turnover i.e. thirty 36 h gone single coverage.
Simultaneous reserve of absorption adds to the speed of salt and water. Prostaglandins (PGs)
and intracellular Ca2+
encourage the secretary method. Every acute enteric illness produces
secretary diarrhoea. The heat established toxin (ST) of ETEC, Clostridium diffcile and E.
histolytica base enhance of cGMP which stimulate anion discharge (less strong than cAMP)
and reduce Na+ inclusion. Diarrhoea linked with characinoid (secreting 5-HT) and modularly
carcinoma of thyroid (secreting calcitonin) is mediate by cAMP. Excess of bile acid also
caused diarrhoea by activating adenylyl cyclase. Traditionally hyper motility of bowel has
been ascribed a crucial role in diarrhoea. However, changes in intestinal motility are now
thought to be of secondary importance and may be due to fluid accumulation in lumen.
Decreased segmenting activity in the intestine may promote diarrhoea by allowing less time
for absorptive processes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals and reagents
All the chemicals of analytical grade were obtained from different places. Atropine were
purchased from Medly pharmaceuticals Ltd. Daman. Anesthetic ether, Pet.ether, Chloroform,
Naoh was purchased from Karnataka Fine Chemicals, Bangalore. Loperamide was purchased
from Merck, Mumbai. Oxalic acid, Toffers reagent, Phenol reagent as purchased from Nice
Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. All the chemicals used were of analytical grade.
Plant authentication
The whole parts of plants (Phyllanthus amarus) were collected locally in Chhatarpur (M.P.)
authenticated by Dr. Amita Arjariya Department of Botany, Govt. Maharaja PG College,
Chhatarpur (M. P.). A voucher specimen no. is (013/Bot/2018).
IAEC approval for animal studies
In this study, Swiss albino mice (25–35 g) and Wistar rats of either sex (male and female)
weighing between 150 to 250 gm were obtained from the DRDO, Gwalior and used
randomly. The animals were in-housed in Poly propylene cages and maintain at 24˚C ± 2˚C
less than 12hrs light/dark cycles and were nourished with paradigm pellet diet and had
liberated entrance to water. The animals were procured from standard diet supplied by Godrej
Agrovet Ltd. Pune. The composition of the diet has been protein (10%), Arachis oil (4%),
Fibers (1%), Calcium (1%), Vitamin A 1000 IU/gm and Vitamin D 500 IU/gm.
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Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approves the experimental protocol. Animals were
maintained in standard circumstances in an animal house which has been approved by
Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals
(CPCSEA).
Extraction of plants & phytochemical screening
The leaves of Phyllanthus amarus were shadow dried and compact to coarse fine particles in
a motorized dicer. The powdered products obtain were then subjected to extraction in batch
by various solvents such as, n-Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Aqueous in a
soxhlet extractor. The different extracts found were evaporated at 45°C to get a semisolid
mass. Then the various extracts were exposed to phytochemical study.
Acute toxicity study
In this study Swiss albino mice (healthy adult female)weigh among 25 to 35 g. Animals were
separated into five groups of six animals in each extracts and were reserved fast during the
night (OECD 420 no. guideline). The various doses (5, 50, 100, 500 and 2000) mg/kg b. w.
were administered to the Group I, II, III, IV and V correspondingly. After that administering
the extracts to various groups the behavioral change like body temperature, CNS action,
micturition, defection etc were experiential for 24 h.
Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity
Castor oil induced diarrhoea
Rats of either sex (150-200 gm) were fasted for 18 h. They were divided into five groups
(n=4). The first group, which served as control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanth
suspension. The second group received standard drug, Loperamide (2 mg/kg) orally as
suspension. The Phyllanthus amarus extract was administered orally at 100 mg/kg dose to
third group and 200 mg/kg dose to fourth group and 400 mg/kg to fifth group as suspension.
After 60 min of drug treatment, the animals of each group received 1 ml of castor oil orally
and the watery fecal material and number of defecation was noted up to 4 h in the transparent
metabolic cages with filter paper at the base. Weight of paper before and after defecation was
noted.
Charcoal meal test
Rats of either sex (150-200gm) were fasted for 18 h. They were divided into five groups
(n=4). The first group which served as control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanth
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suspension. The second group receives standard drug atropine (0.1 mg/kg) subcutaneously.
The extract was administered orally at 100 mg/kg to third group, 200 mg/kg to fourth group
and 400 mg/kg to fifth group as suspension. The animals were given 1 ml of 10% activated
charcoal suspended in 10% aqueous tragacanth powder p. o., 30 min after treatment. Animals
were anesthesia 30 min after charcoal meal administration by ether anesthesia. The abdomen
was cut off and the small intestine carefully removed. The distance travelled by charcoal plug
from pylorus to caecum was measured.
PGE2 induced diarrhoea
Rats of either sex (150-200gm) were fasted for 18 h. They were then divided into five groups
(n=4). A solution of PGE2 was made in the 5%v/v in the normal saline. The first group,
which served as control, was administered with PGE2 (100 µg/kg p. o.) only. The second
group, which served as vehicle control was administered with aqueous 1% tragacanth
suspension by oral route. The extract was administered orally at 100 mg/kg to third group,
200 mg/kg to fourth group and 400 mg/kg to fifth group as suspension. Immediately after
extract administration PGE2 was administered. After 30 min following administration of
PGE2 each rat was sacrificed and whole length of the intestine from pylorus to caecum was
dissected out, its content collected in measuring cylinder and volume measured.
Statistical analysis
The data are represented as mean ± S.E.M, and statistical significance between treated and
control groups was analyzed using of ANOVA, followed by Tukey where P<0.05 was
considered statistically different.
RESULTS
Extraction of plant materials
The percentage yield of the successive extraction of Phyllanthus amarus leaves are presented.
Table 1: Description of different extracts of phyllanthus amarus (L.) leaves.
On the basis of above results, three solvents i.e. Chloroform, Ethanol and Aqueous extract for
further studies.
Extracts Colour Odour Consistency % yield(w/w)
Hexane Extract Dark Brown Characteristic Waxy 0.5
Chloroform Extract Bluish Brown Characteristic Sticky 2.3
Ethyl Acetate Extract Yellowish Brown Characteristic Waxy 0.7
Ethanol Extract Dark Brown Characteristic Dry 2.7
Aqueous Extract Dark Brown Characteristic Dry 4.3
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Acute toxicity studies
The acute toxicity studies of the different plants were performed. Aqueous extract of
Phyllanthus amarus (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg), orally was selected for different diarrhoea
induced models.
Table 2: Preliminary acute toxicity levels of crude extracts.
Group
Extracts
Dose Levels (mg/kg) N
N0
dead
CPAE
N0 dead
EPAE
N0
dead
APAE CPAE EPAE APAE
Group 1 5 5 5 6 0 0 0
Group 2 50 50 50 6 0 0 0
Group 3 100 100 100 6 0 0 0
Group 4 500 500 500 6 2 2 0
Group 5 2000 2000 2000 6 2 2 0
Control 1 ml dH2O 1 ml dH2O 1 ml dH2O 6 0 0 0
CPAE = Chloroform Phyllanthus amarus Extract.
EPAE = Ethanolic Phyllanthus amarus Extract.
APAE =Aqueous Phyllanthus amarus Extract.
On the basis of above result’s that aqueous extract for further studies and doses 100, 200 and
400 mg/kg.
Preliminary phytoconstituents
Table 3: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of extract revealed that the presence
of various phyto constituents.
Constituents Chemical test Phyllanthus amarus Extract
Alkaloids
Hager's Test + ve
Mayer's Test + ve
Dragendroff’s Test ve
Wagner's Test + ve
Carbohydrates
Molish’s Test + ve
Fehling's Test + ve
Benedict's Test + ve
Cardiac glycosides Baljet's test ve
Legal's test ve
Anthraquinone glycosides Borntrager’s test + ve
Modified Borntrager’s test + ve
Saponin glycosides Foam test ve
Fixed oil Stain Test ve
Proteins and Amino acids
Million’s Test + ve
Biuret Test + ve
Ninhydrin Test + ve
Triterpenoids Liebermann-Burchard Test + ve
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Constituents Chemical test Phyllanthus amarus Extract
Flavonoids Shinoda test + ve
Sodium hydroxide test + ve
Tannin and Polyphenols
Lead acetate solution + ve
5% FeCl3 solution + ve
Bromine water test + ve
Potassium dichromate test + ve
Evaluation of Anti-diarrhoeal activity
Table 4 (a): Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of phyllanthus
amarus by castor oil induced diarrhoea.
Group Treatment Total number of
faeces
Total number of
diarrheal faeces
Delay in defecation
time (min)
I Control 9.21±0.51 6.42±0.35 5.41±0.06
II Loperamide (2 mg/kg) 4.25±0.15 3.25±0.15 3.56±0.15
III Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) 5.83±0.52 6.01±0.75 5.05±0.40
IV Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) 5.63±0.22 5.45±0.77 4.52±0.42
V Aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) 4.64±0.08 3.95±0.25 3.86±0.12
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. Control group. Number of animals (N) =4, values are expressed as
mean±SEM.
Table 4(b): Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of phyllanthus
amarus by charcoal meal test.
Group Treatment Movement of charcoal
I Control 89.04 ± 0.16
II Atropine sulphate (2 mg/kg) 18.48 ± 0..24**
III Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) 45.25 ± 0.70**
IV Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) 54.80 ± 0.82**
V Aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) 71.64 ± 0.16**
Number of animals (N) =4, values are expressed as mean±SEM, **=P<0.01= very
significant.
Table 4(c): Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of phyllanthus
amarus by PGE2 induced enteropooling.
Group Treatment Volume of intestinal fluid (ml)
I PGE2 control 3.1 ± 0.97
II Vehicle control 2.98 ± 0.10
III Aqueous extract (100 mg/kg) 2.09 ± 0.10**
IV Aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) 1. 89 ± 0.19**
V Aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) 1.10 ± 0.11**
Number of animals (N) =4, Values are expressed as mean±SEM,**=P<0.01= very
significant.
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DISCUSSION
In research of Phyto-chemistry, plant products and also its isolated constituents some of the
chief gorgeous source of novel drugs, and have been shown promising effect for the action of
diarrheal in various induced experimental models for evaluating anti-diarrhoeal agents. In the
present investigation plants were selected that was used traditionally as ulcer-protective and
anti-diarrhoeal but not screened for antiulcer activity and anti-diarrhoeal action. The
preliminary phytochemical evaluation plant extract shown the occurrence of flavonoids,
saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and lipids. In qualitative analysis indicate that the aqueous and
ethanolic extract is extremely wealthy in flavonoids, tannins, lipid and alkaloids. Tannins and
flavonoids are identified as in nature occurring complex having gastro-protective and anti-
diarrhoeal action.
Aqueous extract were prepared and phytochemical analysis revealed presence of flavonoids
and tannins as a major constituent. Many phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, tannins,
terpenes that are reported to possess antiulcer and anti-diarrhoeal activity are also present in
extract. These phytochemicals have been proposed to explain their gastro protective and
antidiarrhoeal effects by several mechanisms in the present study.
Every doses of plant extract shown active against PGE2 induced enteropooling, which
strength be owing to the reserve of mixture of prostaglandins. Anti-enteropooling action of
the extract is more pertinent since the avoidance of enteropooling help in the reserve of
diarrheal. Aqueous extract and the anti-muscarinic drug, atropine (0.1 mg/kg) decrease the
propulsive group in the charcoal meal test. The original mechanism appears to be spasmolytic
and an anti-enteropooling action by which the extract formed release in diarrhoea. The
complex created coat above the intestinal mucosa and make the intestinal mucosa
extraopposed to and reduce discharge. The tannin there in the plant extracts may be
conscientious for the anti-diarrhoeal action.
CONCLUSION
Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed that extract contains the Carbohydrates,
flavanoid, saponin, tannin/polyphenol and fat, phyto-sterols and tri-terpenoids. From the
acute toxicity study of the hydro-alcoholic extract was established to be non-lethal up to
dosesup to 2000 mg/kg body weight of the animals.
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Anti-diarrhoeal action was screened by using castor oil induced diarrhoea, charcoal meal
assay and PGE2 induced enteropooling assay. The extract of leaves Phyllanthus amarus
exhibited pronounced anti-diarrhoeal effect in a dose-dependent manner following oral pre-
treatment on castor oil-induced diarrhoea compare with the positive standard. The effect of
extract increases the onset time of diarrhoea. Though the action is important but relatively it
is smaller than the loperamide 2 mg/kg. The extract considerably (P < 0.01) reserved together
the incidence of defecation as well as the wetness of the faecal dung of rat. Effect of plant
extract on intestinal transit was observed using charcoal meal test. Distance travel by the
charcoal meal was compact in the extract treated test groups with the dose of 100 mg/kg, 200
mg/kg and 500 mg/kg correspondingly, compare to control group. Anti-enteropooling action
was assess by using PGE2induce diarrhoea. The extract reserved PGE2-induced enteropooling
notably (P<0.01) in mice at every doses. The anti-diarrhoeal result of it might also due to the
occurrence of tannins and flavanoids in the extract and may be which are accountable for the
overproperty.
In conclusion, aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus possessed significant anti-diarrhoeal
activity against different diarrhoeal induced models. The anti-diarrhoeal result of aqueous
extract is outstanding to decrease of GIT motility, reserve of the synthesis of prostaglandin
and NO. The extract has potential effect on the reduction of gastrointestinal motility than the
other effects. The above effects of it may also be due to the presence of tannins and
flavonoids in the extract.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Assosiate Prof. Prashant Gupta, Head of Department of
Pharmacology, Daksh Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Chhatarpur (M.P) for providing
all necessary facilities and moral support to carry out this research work.
Conflict of interest: Nil.
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