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The Epistle to the ROMANS
Introduction
It is commonly agreed that the Epistle to the Romans is one of the greatest Christian
writings. Its power has been demonstrated again and again at critical points in the his-
tory of the Christian church. Augustine of Hippo, for example, was converted through
reading a passage from this letter, and thus began a period of the greatest importance
for the church. It is not too much to say that at a later time Martin Luther’s spiritual
experience was shaped by his coming to grips with what Paul says in this epistle. The
Reformation may be regarded as the unleashing of new spiritual life as a result of a
renewed understanding of the teaching of Romans. Again, John Wesley’s conversion
was triggered by hearing Luther’s Preface to Romans read, a Preface, of course, inspired
by the epistle. Nearer to our own day it was Karl Barth’s coming to grips with the mes-
sage of the book that ended an era of sterile liberalism and ushered in a more fruitful
period of biblical theology. But Romans is not for great minds only. The humble
believer also finds inspiration and direction in these pages. Romans is not an easy
book. But it has always yielded rich dividends to anyone who has taken the time to
study it seriously, and it does so still.1
It is one of a large number of letters, some 14,000 in all, that have come down to us
from antiquity. Many are in copies only, but quite o0en we have the originals. Some let-
ters are very private, being intimate communications within the family or among
friends; others are plainly meant for a wider public. In the papyri private letters range in
length from 18 words to 209.2 More literary letters3 tend to be longer, the subject matter
obviously having an influence on length. Cicero’s 796 letters average 295 words with a
1 The continuing relevance of Romans is illustrated by the articles in the January 1980 issue of
Interpretation. This whole number is given over to Romans. The articles cover a wide range and
leave no doubt about the fact that this epistle still plays a vital role in the life of the church.2 The statistics in this section are taken from Alfred Wikenhauser, New Testament Introduction (New
York, 1958), pp. 346–47.
3 For a discussion of types of letters in antiquity see especially William G. Doty, “The Classification of
Epistolary Literature”, CBQ, XXXI (1969), pp. 183–99; Martin Luther Stirewalt, Jr., “The Form and
Function of the Greek Letter-Essay”, Donfried, pp. 175–206. Doty discerns eight classes with up to
seven subclasses grouped under his headings, and he does not claim to be exhaustive. He points
out that the Hellenistic school handbooks included 21 and later 41 specific types (pp. 196–97).
Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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range from 22 to 2,530 words, while Seneca’s 124 letters range from 149 to 4,134 words
with an average length of 995 words. The New Testament letters tend to be longer,
though 2 and 3 John are quite short. The 13 Pauline letters average around 1,300 words.
Clearly Paul took letter writing very seriously and made it much more of a vehicle for
significant teaching than did most people of the ancient world. Romans is his longest
letter, with about 7,100 words. Its length as well as the profundity of its subject
matter marks it out as a most unusual letter.
AUTHORSHIP
The letter claims to have been written by the apostle Paul (1:1), and no serious objec-
tion appears ever to have been urged against this claim. The few who have objected
have not been able to convince many that their arguments have weight. The style and
contents are what we expect of Paul, and the tradition of the church has always
accepted this letter as a genuine work of the great apostle.
Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
3ExportedfromLogosBibleSoftware5,12:02AMJune06,2013.
Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
4ExportedfromLogosBibleSoftware5,12:02AMJune06,2013.
Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).
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Leon Morris, The Epistle to the Romans, The Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B.
Eerdmans, 1988).