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The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Evolution of Plants• 3.5 billion years ago = bacteria &
blue/green algae.• 1 billion years ago = green algae• 600 million years ago = 02 could
support life.• 400 million years ago = land
plants.• 350 million years ago = seed
plants.
Geographical Distribution
• All over the earth with few limiting factors which are:
• Climate– Water– Temperature
Roles of Plants
• Photosynthetic Process
• Autotrophs
• C02 and H20
• Sunlight & Chlorophyll
• Glucose, O2, & H20
• Energy Capture
Food (Edible Plants)
• What parts of a plant do we eat?• Roots • Stems• Leaves• Flowers• Seeds (Cereal Grains)• Fruits• Tubers
Edible Plants
• Sugar• Angiosperms
– Largest amount of plants we eat come from this classification.
Industrial Uses
• Wood– Houses, furniture, turpentine
• Fibers– Cotton, flax, hemp,
• Oils– Soybean, coconut, cottonseed,..
• Rubber
Medicinal Uses
• Health benefits• Most pharmaceuticals• Antibiotics
Other Uses
• Fossil Fuels• Prehistoric Plants-captured solar
energy• Oil and Gas• Buried Plant material that has
undergone chemical changes
Animal –vs- Plant Kingdoms
• Mobile• Need to feed
themselves • Lack a cell wall of
cellulose (flaccid)• Cellulose not
synthesized• Growth is limited
• Generally not mobile• Contain chlorophyll
to make own food• Cell walls made of
cellulose• Cellulose
synthesized by cells• Growth is unlimited
Kingdom Plantae• 500,000 kinds of plants exist.• Many don’t fit well.• Recent trends based on evolutionary
origins & Relationship.– Monera; the bacteria & blue green algae.– Protista; all other algae & the protozoans.– Mycota, fungi; such as mushrooms &
molds– Plantae; mosses, ferns, seed plants &
several minor groups.
Taxonomy
• Theophrastus (370-285 B.C) started to record names.
• Used Common Names.
• Cause confusion
Plant Classification
• There must be a systematic method to evaluate the species of the planet consistently. There are many ways.
• Nomenclature is the system of assigning names.
Nomenclature
• Scientific communities use Latin,Greek, and Arabic to name
• Names are use to signify origins or characteristics
• For example: names for leaves are phylla, follia, phyllon, folius
• Prefixes are also used: micro-small macro-large
• Microphylla, Magnolia grandiflora
Classification
• Carl von Linne is the creator of the classification system by the publication of Hortus in 1732
• Binomial – Two names the Genus and the species. Genus always capitalized and species lower case and both should be italicized.
How to Classify Plants
• Phylogenetic = How they look• Environmental = where they grow
(climate regions)• Agricultural = What use they are
grown for• Natural/morpholigal = how their
structures compares
Artificial Classification Systems
• Climatic• Agricultural
Botanical Systems
• Structure of the plants
Example of a complete classification of an Onion
plant.Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Class: Monocotyledonae Order: Liliales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Allium Species: Allium cepa L
Divisions or phylla• Thallophyta - algae, and fungi no
tissue differentiation.• Bryophyta – green plants w/o true
roots or flowers. Mosses & liverworts • Pteridophyta - green plants with
vascular system, true roots, usually distinct leaves & stems but no true flowers or seeds, has spores
• Spermatophyta – plants with true flowers producing seeds.
Further Separation
• Spermatophyta-further divided: gymnosperms & angiosperms– Gymnospermae = naked seed (in
cones)– Angiospermae = seed protected
• Subclasses-Angiosperms: Mono & dicotyledons
Class
• Monocotyledoneae = one cotyledon, generally parallel veins, flower parts in 3’s & 6’s.
• Dicotyledoneae = two cotyledon, net-veined leaves, flower parts
in 4’s & 5’s or multiples of 4’s & 5’s
Lower Subdivisions
• Order• Family• Genus• Species
• Form• Variety/Cultivar/Clone
Sub specific Categories
• Botanical Variety-different from wild hence var..
• Cultivar-little genetic variation “cv”
• Hybrid-crossbreeding use an “x”
• Family-closely related genera nightshade, sunflower
New Taxonomic Tools
• Chemical analysis – composition of the plant
• Protein analysis• DNA analysis – genetic finger
printing.