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Chapter 12 of “The Political System of European Union”Hix, S. and Hoyland, B.
Foreign Policies
The European and International dimension of policy-making
Ricardo Abreu14707, PDPP
A.Theories of International Relations and Political Economy
B.External Economic Policies: Free Trade,Not “Fortress Europe”
C. External Political Relation: an EU foreign policy
D.Explaining the Foreign Policies of EU
E. A “Soft Superpower”
Resume of chapter
•Realism
•Liberalism
•Constructivism
Theories of international Relations and Political Economy
Theories of international Relations and Political Economy
• Realism
• The State are unitary actor. Politics and citizens have a same perception of national interest
• The interest are: 1º geopolitical/security; 2º Economic
• The State is rational. Maximize its security
• Liberalism
• The State are not a unitary actor. the preferences are formed by a social construction. Competition between groups (social groups and elites).
• The competition are driven bye economic interest rather geopolitical.
• International systems the states pursue their economic preferences shaped by state interdependence and behaviour of international institutions.
Theories of international Relations and Political Economy
• Constructivism
• The preferences of actors are based in ideological and/or cultural norms
• Actors are not strictly “rational”, their are bound by psicological or normative constraints
• The preferences and behaviour is result of socialization
Theories of international Relations and Political Economy
Two faces of a coin
Economic policy Foreign and Security PolicyTrade Agreements
Development and humanitarian aid
Common Foreign and Security Policy
European Security and Defence Policy
3 types of External Economic Policy
1. A single set of rules on importation of goods (CCP)
2. Bilateral and multilateral trade agreements between the EU and other states or blocs
3. Trade, aid and cooperation policies with developing countries
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
The pattern of EU trade
% Trade
EU Major trade countries in 2011
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
EU Major trade regions in 2011 (imports+exports)
5%1%5%
28%
0%4%
13%11%
6%
5%3%
17%
ACPAndean CommunityASEANBRICCACMCandidate CountriesCISEFTALatin American CountriesMEDA (excl EU&Turk)MercosurNAFTA
Regions
The pattern of EU trade
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
EU trade in 2011
42%
17%
13%
10%
6%4%3%3%2%0%
EU exports to World
Machinery and transport equipmentChemicals and related prod, n.e.s.Manufactured goods classified chiefly by materialMiscellaneous manufactured articlesMineral fuels, lubricants and related materialsFood and live animalsCommodities and transactions n.c.e.Crude materials, inedible, except fuelsBeverages and tobaccoAnimal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
29%
26%13%
11%
9%
5%5%2%1%0%
EU imports from World
Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materialsMachinery and transport equipmentMiscellaneous manufactured articlesManufactured goods classified chiefly by materialChemicals and related prod, n.e.s.Food and live animalsCrude materials, inedible, except fuelsCommodities and transactions n.c.e.Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxesBeverages and tobacco
The pattern of EU trade
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
EU Trade in 2011-2012
0%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
Nov. 2011 Dec. 2011 Jan. 2012 Feb. 2012 Mar. 2012 Apr. 2012 May. 2012 Jun. 2012 Jul. 2012 Aug. 2012 Sep. 2012 Oct. 2012
EU merchandise trade with non-EU countries: monthly growth
Imports Exports
The pattern of EU trade
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
1. Common Commercial Policy
“Articles 131-4 of EU treaty set out that the EU has a single external trade policy, know as the Common Commercial Policy (CCP)”
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
3 types of External Economic Policy
1. Common Commercial Policy
Instruments
• “The Common External Tariff”
• “Import quotas”
• “Anti-dumping measures”
• “Voluntary Export Restraint”
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
3 types of External Economic Policy
1. Common Commercial Policy
Actors
• EC monopoly of legislative initiative
• EC negotiates all external trade agreements
• Council act by qualified-majority given mandates to EC or approve agreements negotiated by EC
• EP has no formal role in CCP
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
3 types of External Economic Policy
2. Multilateral Trade Agreements
GATT
WTO
Annecy Round 1949
Torquay Round 1951
Geneva Round 1955/6
Dillon Round 1960/2
Kennedy Round 1962/7
Tokyo Round 1973/9
Uruguay Round 1986/94
(Doha Round 2001)
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
3 types of External Economic Policy
2. Bilateral preferential trade agreements
EU and Customs union
European Economic Area
Concluded preferencial agreements
Currently negotiation preferencial trade agreements
Considering opening preferencial agreements
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
Source: EC
3 types of External Economic Policy
3. Development Policies: “aid and trade everthing but arms”
“Aid for Trade” (SfT) is develoment assistence provided in support of partner countries
Aid for Trade categories (WTO)a) Trade policy and Regulationsb) Trade developmentc) Trade-related infraestrutured) Building productive capacitye) Trade-related adjustmentf) Other trade-related needs
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
Source: EC
3 types of External Economic Policy
3. Development Policies: “aid and trade everthing but arms”
Total AfT commitments of the EU haveonstantly increased over the period 2004-2007, to reach €7,2 bilion in 2007
Financial instruments (incl. AfT) Value in Million €
EDF – the European Development Fund (African, Caribbean and Pacific countries): 2008 – 2013 22 682
DCI - the Development Cooperation Instrument (Latin America and Asia including Central Asia): 2007 – 2013 16 897
ENPI – the European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument (Neighbourhood countries and Russia): 2007 – 2013 11 181
IPA - Pre-accession instrument (the Balkans and Turkey). 2007 – 2013 11 468
Special budget line for multilateral initiatives 4 500
Source: EC “factsheet on Aid for Trade”
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
3 types of External Economic Policy
3. Development Policies: “aid and trade everthing but arms”
“The European Union as a whole is the world's biggest donors of humanitarian aid. Together, Member States and European Institutions contribute more than half of official global humanitarian aid”
Source: ECHO
• Commission’s European Community
Humanitarian Office (ECHO) was created in 1992
(Regulation (CE) nº1257/96)
• In 20 years provided €14 billion in Humanitarian
assistence in 140 countries.
• Anual budged has averaged €1 billion.
• In 2011 the funds reached nearly 150 million
4 principles European Consensus on humanitarian Aid:Humanity, Neutrality, Impartiality and Independence
External Economic Policies. Free Trade, Not “Fortress Europe”
3 types of External Economic Policy
1.Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
2.Policy success and failure: hunted by capability-expectations gap
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
➡1948 West European Union founded OTAN
➡1952 European Defence Community (EDC)
➡1969 European Political Cooperation (EPC)
➡1987 Single European Act (SEA)
➡1990 Intergovernamental Conference (IGC)
➡1991 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
“to assert its identity on the international scene, in particular through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence”
Art. 2º Maastricht Treaty
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
Actors and decision-making
• EPC ministers > General Affairs Council
• EC > associate of CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy)
• EC > implement Council Foreign decisions (DGEPA)
• EP > have no role in CFSP decision-making
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
Instruments under MT
✓Common positions
✓Joint actions
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
“The Union shall define and implement a common foreign and security policy civering all areas of foreign and security policy!
Art. J.1 Amsterdam Treaty
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Development of foreign policy cooperation and decision-making
Instruments under AT
✓Common strategies
✓Distinction betweeen common position and joint actions
✓Constructive abtention
✓Qualified-majority voting
✓High representative for CFSP
✓ Enhanced strategic planning
✓ European Security and Defense policy (ESDP)
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
2. Policy success and failure: hunted by the capability-expectation gap
Criticism
• “Despist this institutional integration, the record of EU action in the area of foreign and security policy is far from consistent”
• “EU public and the EU’s partners are demanding that EU take more active role in world affairs”
• “The EU does not have the institutional resources or political legitimacy to take on these roles”
External political relations: towards an EU Foreign policy
1. Global economic and geopolitical (inter)dependence
2. Intransigent national security identities and interests
3. Domestic economic interests: EU governments and multinational firms
4. Institutional rules: decision-making procedures and Commission agenda-setting
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
1. Global economic and geopolitical (inter)dependence
Economic globalization
1. Price of goods, services and capital > reform of internal policies
2. Benefited some domestic interests but disadvantaged others
The end of Cold War
“the new global political and security challenges that were suppressed by the previous balance of power relations”
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
1. Global economic and geopolitical (inter)dependence
“EU foreign policies are essentially reactive rather than proactive: responding to global events rather than shaping them”
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
2. Intransigent national security identities and interests
• “High politics” (fundamental definition, identity, security and sovereignty of nation-state)
• “Low politics” (issues about European economic integration and regulatory policies)
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
2. Intransigent national security identities and interests
“Because foreign and security policies are central to concept of national identity and security, the EU member states have been less willing to agree to supranational forms of decicion-making in this area than in the less politically sensitive area of external economic and trade policies”
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
3. Domestic economic interst: EU governments and multinational firms
“From liberal perspective, the determination of policy preferences is the other way round: security interest are derived from economic interests.”
“Economic interests have played a vital part in shaping the external economic policies of EU”
“Economic interests are also a key factor in explaining the EU’s external political and security policies”
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
4. Institutional rules: decision-making procedures and Commission agenda
From a liberal-institutionalists point of view the suprenational institutional framework shapes EU global policies in three ways:
• Through the existence of a supranational actor EC with a certain agenda-setting powers.
• Through the institutional design of trade policy-making
• Through the decision-making rules and institutional norms in the CFSP
Explaining the foreign Policies of the EU
The EU has a great potential to be a major player in shaping global events, but this potential has exploited more in the economic than in political and security context. Why?
The answer lies in the mix of liberal, realist and constructivist theories of international relations!
“Soft Superpower”
“The liberal theory appears to explain EU global economic policies”.
“The realist theory is more helpful in explaining EU foreign and security policies”
“The constructivist theory helps explain why, even when they are deeply divided over a key issue, the member states endeavour to reconcile their national interests with the collective intersts of the EU as a whole”
“Soft Superpower”
Obrigado