The Pollution Status of Surface Sedimentsalong the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea

Mürşide Sur, Halil. I. Sur, Reşat Apak, Erol Erçağ

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• Resources (petroleum and natural gas, minerals, etc.)

• Record of past processes and conditions on the earth.

( Rates of continental erosion and transport by rivers, Biological activity in surface waters etc.)

• Aquatic life

Sediment Pollution: Contaminants & loose particles from soil, rock, suspended in a body of water

settle to the bottom

Why sediments are important ?

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Antropogenic : can be result of (directly & runoff)

Mining Industrial Domestic Agricultural

*Metal form (org,inor, dis,part.)*Presence of other substances*Water system (T,S,DO, pH,current,etc)*Biological system (age,size,activity etc)

Natural:Weathering of rocks and soil

Atm

*Dissolution,*Sorption onto org. inorg particles* Precipitation* Transportation

*Products of weathering and erosion*Biogenic particles produced *Chemical precipitates

Sources of sediment &pollutants

River

Sea

Wat

erSe

dim

ent

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27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

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42

43

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25 30 35 40 45

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BLACK SEA

TURKEY

Background(2) Al:8 Cd:0,3 Cu:57 Pb:20 Hg:0,4 V:130

Sampling Stations in Autumn 2010

1.Hâkanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research 14: 975 - 1001. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-82.Krauskopf, K. B. (1967). Introduction to geochemistry. International Series in the Earth and planetary sciences. Mc Graw- Hill, USA

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C

M

L

Contamination Factor of Aluminum

Sampling Stations

Kaolinite: (Al2Si2O5 (OH)4)

Al ; moderately enrichment (Yomra)

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Contamination Factor of Cadmium

C

M

L

Sampling Stations

Cd; considerable level enrichment (Bartın)

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VH >6

C

M

L

Contamination Factor of Copper

Sampling Stations

Cu; Very high level enrichment (SK1)

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Contamination Factor of Lead

C

M

L

Sampling Stations

Pb; considerable level enrichment (SK1)

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Contamination Factor of Mercury

Sampling Stations

Hg; Very high level enrichment (Giresun)

VH

C

M

L

VH

C

M

L

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Contamination Factor of Vanadium

Sampling Stations

Essential for some species, accumulate in tunicates, ascidians

V; Very high level enrichment (Yeşilırmak R)

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The degree of sediment contamination in the Black Sea

VH

C

M

L

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Facilities:

Iron-stell, Paper, Thermal-power plantCoal region, ındustrial chemicals, fertilizer, textile, wood,cement- ceramic

Copper production Thermal-powerplantTea &hazelnut,

Copper smelting,Fertilizer plant, CementIndustrial chemicalsFood, Textile, cigarettesWood

Food, cement,paper

Paper, food

Cement, tea-plantCigarettes, hazelnut, food

Mercury (old mine)

Tea-plant, cigarette,wood,smelting

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Ranking order of sediment contamination Station Cf > 6

VH 3<Cf <6 C

1< Cf <3 M

Cf <1 L

VH CD > 24

SK1 V> Cu Hg> Pb Cd Al

Consi

dera

ble

12<

CD <

24

SK2 V Hg > Pb Cu> Cd Al Hopa V Hg Cd>Cu>Pb Al Ordu V Hg Pb>Cd Cu>Al Çayeli V Hg Cd>Pb>Cu Al Trabzon V - Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu Al Yeşilırmak V Hg Pb>Cd Cu>Al Akçaabat V - Hg>Cu>Pb>Cd Al Pazar V Hg Cd>Pb Al>Cu Giresun Hg - Pb>Cd V>Al>Cu

Modera

te

6< C

D < 1

2

Araklı - Hg Pb>Al>V> Cd Cu Samsun - Hg Pb>V>Cu Cd>Al Zonguldak - Hg Pb>Cd>V Cu>Al Rize - Hg Pb>Al>Cd>V Cu Bartın - Cd Hg>Cu=Pb V>Al Kızılırmak Hg - V Pb>Cd> Cu>Al Cide Hg - Pb Cd>V>Cu>Al Sakarya - Hg Cd>Pb>V Cu>Al Terkos Hg - Pb Al>Cd>V>Cu Yomra - - Pb>Al>Cd> Cu>Hg>V - İnebolu - Hg Pb>Cu V>Al>Cd Sinop1 - Hg - Pb>Cd>V>Al>Cu Sinop2 - Hg Pb Cd>Al>V>Cu Ereğli - Hg Cd Al>Cu>Pb>V İgneada - Hg Al Pb>Cd>V>Cu

Low CD < 6

Şile - Hg Pb Cd>Al>V>Cu

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Source MetalsSmelters , Mining and manufacturing(ceramics, cement..)

Al,Cu,Pb,V,Cd,Hg

Metal based industries; electroplating, steel industry

Cd, Cu, Pb, V

Batteries Cd,Pb, HgPaints Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg,VPetroleum refineries and coal manufacturing Burning of fossil fuelPower plant (coal-oil fired)

Pb, Hg, V

Water treatment and pipe system Al, Cu, PbAgricultural to prevent disease,fertilizer

Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg

Catalyst (Chlor-alkali plants, ) Hg, VInstruments,Medical,thermometer,lamp

Hg

Paper and pulp Hg

SUMMARY*SK1 Very high contaminated*SK2 Considerably contaminated* Şile Low degree contaminated* EBS considerable degree contaminated* WBS moderately contaminated

Hg and V dominant pollutantsAl, Cd, Cu, Pb moderately or low level pollutants

To prevent; *Erosion control (stream bank fencing , reducing impervious surfaces, creating rain garden, strip cropping etc.)*Waste water treatment – industrial -domestic,

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untreated Industrial , domestic waste dischargesAgricultural runoff

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