1
The Portuguese
• Trade ties with China• Trade ties with China• Jesuit missionaries helped emperors revise
calendar, gained great power with imperial court
• Qing rulers became suspicious, fearful of Jesuits’ intentions
Section 2:
China and Europeans
2
The British• Free trade ideas – Great Britain abolished British East India
Company’s monopoly on trade with China• The opium trade – Chinese demand for cotton didn’t match British
demand for tea– British India exported opium to China, which
caused trade imbalance
Section 2:
China and Europeans
3
The British
• The Opium War – Chinese tried to forcibly stop opium trade– Hong Kong went to British rule
• More concessions– unequal treaties with France and United States– foreign embassies in Beijing
China and EuropeansSection 2:
First Opium War(1839-1842)
• British brought opium from India to Canton– Many Chinese became addicts
• Chinese emperor forbade opium imports– War between British and Chinese
• Treaty of Nanking (1842)– Four additional British ports in China
• Amoy, Ningpo, Foochow, Shanghai– British control over Hong Kong– China had to pay an indemnity– China limited to 5% tariff
Other Westerners in China• Belgium, France, Holland (Netherlands),
Portugal, Prussia (Germany), United States• Spheres of influence– Exclusive trading areas
• Extraterritoriality– Tried in their own courts and under their own laws
Second Opium War(1856-1860)
• Also known as the Arrow War• Results– More Chinese ports opened up to European trade– Opium traffic legalized– Protection of Christian missionaries– All foreign vessels could navigate the Yangtze River– U.S. and Russia also participated in peace process• Russia’s border extended to Amur River
– Maritime Provinces – Pacific area without permafrost– Founded Vladivostok in 1860
More Foreign Control of China• Annam, etc.– Merged into French Indo-China (1883)
• Burma (Myanmar)– Annexed by British (1886)
• Formosa– Attacked and taken by Japanese (1895)
• Korea– Annexed by Japanese (1910)
• Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria)– Concessions to Japanese (1910)
New Scramble for China• France– Kwangchow – 99-year lease
• Germany– Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence
• Great Britain– Wei-hai-wei – naval base– Yangtze valley – sphere of influence
• Russia– Liaotung Peninsula – lease– Manchuria – economic concessions
Open Door Policy
• Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899)
• Fear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers
• Left China’s independence and territory intact• All nations could trade equally in China• Endorsed internationally– But not always strictly followed
10
Rebellions
• Taiping Rebellion – caused terrible destruction
• Christian and Muslim teachings motivated more revolts
Section 2:
China and Europeans
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
• Chinese people resented foreign influence and power
• Order of the Patriotic Harmonious Fists– Called “Boxers” by Westerners– Demanded that foreigners leave China– Killed circa 300 and vandalized foreign property
• European imperialists, Americans, and Japanese put down the rebellion
• China paid $333,000,000 in damages and had to permit military forces in Peking (Beijing) and Tientsin
Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
• Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908)– De facto Chinese monarch (1861-1908)– “Make me unhappy for a day and I will
make you unhappy for a lifetime.”– Conservative and anti-foreign– Blamed by many Chinese for foreign
imperialist power in China
Fall of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
• Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”– Lived 1906-1967– Ruled China 1908-1912, and as a
puppet for 12 days in 1917– Puppet emperor of Manchukuo
(Japanese-ruled Manchuria), 1932-1945– Spent ten years in a Soviet prison after
WWII– Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in
communist China– Died of disease during the Cultural
Revolution (1967)
Republican Revolution
• Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)– Founded Kuomintang
(Nationalist party)• Overthrew Manchu (Qing)
dynasty• Established a republic• President of Chinese Republic
who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai
Kuomintang symbol
Republic of China: Weaknesses
• Disunity– Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control– Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
• Foreign imperialists– Americans, Europeans, and Japanese
• Poor transportation– 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track• 225,000 miles in the smaller United States
– Few decent roads
Foreign Imperialists
• Twenty-One Demands (1915)– Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate– Action condemned and stopped by other leading world
powers• World War I and the Treaty of Versailles– China attempted to abolish concessions and
extraterritoriality• Attempt failed
– China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles– Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian
possessions and rights
Three Principles of the People
• Book published by Sun Yat-sen before his death in 19251. Principle of Mínquán• Democracy – the people are sovereign
2. Principle of Mínzú• Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism
3. Principle of Mínshēng• Livelihood – economic development, industrialization,
land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism
Imperialism in China
• Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to remain isolationist.
• They were unsuccessful.• Britain gained spheres of
influence in China through smuggling opium. Resulted in Opium War and Boxer Uprising.
OBJECTIVE I: Causes of the Opium Wars
• Copy the following graphic organizer. Indicate above the arrows products traded between the countries.
1. What were some of the causes & effects of the Opium Wars?
2. Who benefited from these wars? In what way? Explain.
CHINA & IMPERIALISMDirections: As you read Chapter 9 Section 5, take notes on the following events
1) Trade Between Britain & ChinaBalance of Trade – difference Between how much a country
imports and exportsTrade surplus = export > importTrade deficit = import > export
China = Decline West = IR, More markets, military might
2) Opium War1) Brits trade Opium from India 2) Opium to China for tea 3) Chinese Addicted to Opium4) Chinese Economy in ruins5) Chinese outlaw opium6) Brits refuse to stop opium trade7) Chinese warships beat by Brits8) Treaty of Nanjing 9) Chinese forced into bad treaty
3) Indemnity & Extraterritoriality a) Indemnity = payment for losses in a warb) China had to give indemnity ($$) to the Britsc) Brits also got island of Hong Kongd) Extraterritoriality = foreign people live under their own laws & courtse) China pressured to accept stipulation to open more ports to US, Russia and France And their Christian missionaries
4) Taiping Rebelliona) 1800s lots of natural disasters like floods, corruption, overpopulation, tax evasion by the rich (US Today)b) Hong Xuiquan, Peasant turned Christian leads rebellion in South Chinac) Called for end of QIng Dynastyd) 1850 – 1864 Civil War e) Deadliest Rebellion in History = 20-30 million killedf) Qing wins back power with help of foreign powers and elite Chinese
6) Boxer Rebelliona) Anger over Christian missionaries who threatened traditional Confucianismb) Chinese did NOT like foreign soldiersc) Being protected by extraterritoriality, foreigners ignored Chinese lawsd) Righteous Harmonious Fists – secret society to rid China of Westernerse) Westerners called Martial arts = Boxers attack foreignersf) Japanese & West organize alliance to stop Boxers
5) Qing Dynasty Fallsa) Empress Ci Xi +Confucius Ruleb) Sino-Japanese War = Taiwan to Japan c) Foreigners carving Spheres of Influenced) Guang Xu Reformers try to modernize but conservatives stop them e) Empress Ci Xi dies in 1908 f) 1911, Qing Dynasty falls to uprisings
7) Sun Yixian (Sun yat Sen & 3 Principlesa) Not born to power, poor farmer family
b) Travels, education & ambitionc) Attended US university (Hao Li)d) Took power after Qing Dynasty 1) Nationalism – Chinese home-rule2) Democracy3) Economic Security
Create a Protest Poster
• Create a protest poster either For or Against British Rule/Western European rule in China based on what we learned today in class.
• Your poster should include:1. Title2. Slogan3. Must show evidence of Imperialism4. Image or illustration
Student Pair-Work
• In pairs, please read the Causes of Imperialism Handout
1. Answer Questions 1-52. Then, with your partner, RANK the 5 reasons
for Imperialism in descending order 1=Most Important 5=Least Important
Review Questions
• What Chinese goods were sought by European traders?
• What were the consequences of the First and Second Opium Wars?
• Describe the Open Door Policy.• What was the Boxer Rebellion?• What were Japan’s Twenty-One Demands?• Describe Sun Yat-sen’s three principles.• What area of China remained under British control
until 1997?
The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade.
Nationalism
Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political,
and social lives of people they colonized.
Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.
Missionary Spirit
Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies.
Economic Competition
Causes
The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Colonization
Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.
Christianization
Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies.
Colonial Economics
Effects
Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political,
and social lives of people they colonized.
