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The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

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Page 1: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana
Page 2: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

OUTLINE

PART I: GENERALITIES

PART II: CCS IN INDIANA

PART III: FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSIONS

Page 3: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• Carbon refers to CO2 or carbon dioxide. • Sequestration means removed or isolated from the

atmosphere and stored away for a long time (thousands of years).

• US DOE: “a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating gases that otherwise could contribute to global climate change”.

WHAT IS CARBON SEQUESTRATION?

Page 4: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• Manmade CO2 emissions are changing the climate, therefore

capturing and storing or sequestering CO2 away from the

atmosphere will help mitigate the effects of these changes.

• Power generation is changing:

•Demand of energy will double by 2030

•Cost of fossil fuel is rising

•Green House Gas (GHG) emissions (and concerns) are rising

WHY SEQUESTER CO2?

Page 5: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

From IPCC, 2001

VARIATIONS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE FOR…

Page 6: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE

Page 7: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Source: U. S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration

COAL REMAINS A DOMINANT PART OF TOMORROW’S US ENERGY MIX

Page 8: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Ocean Sequestration Carbon stored in oceans through direct injection or fertilization.

Terrestrial Sequestration

Carbon can be stored in soils and vegetation, which are our natural carbon sinks. Increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis, slowing down or reducing decomposition of organic matter, and changing land use practices can enhance carbon uptake in these natural sinks.

Geologic Sequestration

The capture, injection and storage of CO2 into deeply buried saline water-filled reservoirs, depleted oil and gas fields, or coal seams.

TYPES OF SEQUESTRATION

Page 9: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Rick Pardini, Core Energy

Nov 16th

Danilo Dragoni, IU Geography

Sept 28th

Maria Mastalerz,

IGS Dec 7th

This talk!

Jared Ciferno, DOE-NETL*

Oct 26th

CCS TALKS @ THE IGS SEMINAR SERIES

Faye Liu, IU Geology, Dec 14st

Organic Shales

Page 10: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Precipitated Carbonate Minerals

~800 m Confining Layer(s)

Injection Well

Supercritical CO2

Dissolved CO2

CO2 INJECTION AND TRAPPING MECHANISMS

Page 11: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

MASS PARTITIONING

• Free phase, as a gas or supercritical fluid

• Trapped in the capillaries • Dissolved in the pore fluids

(brine or oil) • Solid mineral precipitate

Page 12: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Source: Rempel et al., 2011

CO2 INJECTION AND TRAPPING MECHANISMS:

A MORE REALISTIC REPRESENTATION

Page 13: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2

Page 14: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Assuming geothermal and pressure gradients of 0.03 oC/m (1.64 oF/100 ft) and

9.8 MPa/Km (0.435 psi/ft) respectively

Assuming geothermal and pressure gradients of 0.03 oC/m (1.64 oF/100 ft) and

9.8 MPa/Km (0.435 psi/ft) respectively

PHASE DIAGRAM OF CO2

Page 15: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

EPA Rule: “an underground source of drinking water (USDW) is defined as an aquifer or a portion of an aquifer that…contains fewer than 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids (TDS)

EFFECT OF SALINITY ON SOLUBILITY

From Zerai et al., 2006

Page 16: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

PART II:

GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION

IN INDIANA

Page 17: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

HOW MUCH IS EMITTED BY INDIANA?

Source: Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (2010), DOE-NETL

Page 18: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

VOLUME – HOW MUCH IN INDIANA?

• Indiana produces ~ 250 million metric tonnes (MMT) of CO2/year (total emissions) • 155 MMT of CO2/year (point source emissions)

• If half of the point sources CO2 emissions are to be captured and stored: • ~78 MMT/year reservoir capacity required.

• Most are from coal-fired generation plants

• e.g. Gibson Station emits ~20 MMT/3100 Mw/year

• e.g. Edwardsport emits ~ 4.5 MMT/630 Mw/year

• To date, the largest CCS projects store ~1 [MMT/year] • Sleipner and Snøhvit (Norway), Weyburn (Canada), and In Salah (Algeria)

• If 10% (7.8 MMT/yr) of the emissions are to be stored,

• Will require eight - 1 MMT/year projects

Page 19: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION – A DECADE OF PROGRESS

US Department of Energy and the RCSPs

From Validation Phase (20+ projects under Regional Partnerships) to Development Phase (multiple commercial-scale injection/storage)

Development Phase 2008-2018

Source: Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (2010), DOE-NETL

Page 20: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND

A

B

Page 21: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Measured Depth = 2500 ft

ILLUSTRATIVE CROSS SECTION (A-A’)

Page 22: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Mount Simon Sandstone

Maquoketa Shale

Knox Supergroup

Trenton Limestone

Eau Claire Formation

St. Peter SS

CAMBRO-ORDOVICIAN ROCKS IN INDIANA

Page 23: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE: MEASURED DEPTH

Source: http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm

Page 24: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE: THICKNESS

Source: http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm

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• Base of the sealing interval ≥2500 ft Sufficient lithostatic pressure to ensure CO2 remains in a supercritical state at ≥1070 psi and 88°F • Sufficient sealing strata overlying the storage zone to mitigate the

possibility of leakage to shallower intervals and the surface

• Porous and permeable storage zone Greater porosity and permeability at shallower depths will allow us to decrease the injection pressure (and therefore costs) • Remote from geologic features that might compromise the integrity of

the storage reservoir Faults and fractured intervals

CO2 INJECTION: MINIMUM CRITERIA

Page 26: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

∅(d) = 16.36 ∗ e−0.00012∗d

r2=0.41

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Dept

h (fe

et)

Porosity (%)

Geophysical Logs

Core Analysis

2,500 ft. burial

Interpolated

7%

7,000

Medina et al., 2011

DEPTH VERSUS POROSITY

Page 27: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

y = 0.7583e0.283x r² = 0.25

0.0010

0.0100

0.1000

1.0000

10.0000

100.0000

1000.0000

10000.0000

0 5 10 15 20 25

Perm

eabi

lity (

miliD

arcy

s)

Porosity (%)

Medina et al., 2011

PERMEABILITY – POROSITY RELATIONSHIP

Page 28: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

From Wilkens (Personal Communication, 2010)

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE MOUNT

SIMON SANDSTONE

Page 29: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

GEOLOGIC HETEROGENEITIES

Source: Ochoa (2010) (left) and Patterson (2011) (right)

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Capacity = (ρCO2 · t · a · φ · E) / 2200 ρCO2: density of supercritical CO2 (47.92 lbs/ft3) t: Reservoir Thickness (ft.) a: Reservoir Area (ft.2) φ: Porosity as a percent E: CO2 storage efficiency factor that reflects a fraction of the total pore volume that is filled

by CO2 (0.01-0.05) New NETL capacity calculations:

“1-5 % of available pore space present is useable”

conversion factor for pounds to metric tonnes

Source: Carbon Sequestration ATLAS of the United States and Canada (DOE, 2010)

STORAGE CAPACITY IN INDIANA:

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

Page 31: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

STORAGE CAPACITY OF THE MOUNT SIMON

SANDSTONE

Source: Medina, 2011 (http://igs.indiana.edu/Sequestration/CO2Storage.cfm)

Page 32: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

STORAGE CAPACITY

(YEARS OF PRESENT EMISSIONS)

Page 33: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

PART III:

MOVING FORWARD AND CONCLUSIONS

Page 34: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• The project is designed to build a geologic model for Mt. Simon Sandstone along the Arches province and develop advanced reservoir simulations to determine the infrastructure necessary to implement large-scale CO2 storage.

Arches Province

ARCHES PROVINCE SIMULATION PROJECT

Page 35: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• Geocellular model will be the basis of the numerical simulations. • Geologic cross sections, stratigraphy, structure maps, deep well injection data,

geotechnical test data, geophysical data, geostatistics, mineralogy, geomechanical information, reservoir test data, and other geologic data.

GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Page 36: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• Data evaluation process was developed to assign model parameters and integrate operational, geotechnical, geophysical, and geological information.

Geological Model • Structure • Dep. Setting • Facies

Geophysical Log Data • Porosity Logs • Gamma Logs

Geotechnical Data • Permeability • Porosity • Mineralogy

Injection Data ▪ Permeability ▪ Storage ▪ Pressure

Geotechnical Data

Log Data

Geology

Geostatistical Analysis

Numerical Model 3D Grid of Critical Model Parameters

GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Page 37: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• Geocellular model is being developed using Petrel Software. • Model includes permeability and porosity distribution for Mt. Simon and Eau Claire,

corrected at Mt. Simon deep well injection sites.

GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Page 38: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

Geophysical porosity logs from 176 wells that penetrate Eau Claire or deeper were compiled into a 3D database.

Database contains a total of ~960,000 data points from Knox, Eau Claire, Mt. Simon, and Precambrian interval.

GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Page 39: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT

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GEOCELLULAR MODEL DEVELOPMENT (CONT.)

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• Currently, numerical simulations are being developed based on the geocellular model and initial conditions.

• Initial variable density flow simulations and scoping-level simulations are being run to assign model grid, boundary conditions, and solution parameters.

• Basin-scale, multi-phase model will be developed based on initial model results.

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Page 42: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• There are 52 point sources in the area with emissions greater than 1,000,000 metric tons CO2 per year. These source have total emissions of 262,000,000 metric tons CO2 per year.

• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Arches Province 25-50%, CO2 storage projects with total storage rates of 65-130 million metric tons CO2 per year would be necessary, suggesting regional storage fields.

• MIT CO2 Pipeline Transport and Cost Model was used to determine potential CO2 storage field location in the Arches Province based on intersection of optimum pipeline routes to favorable sink locations.

REGIONAL STORAGE FIELD SIMULATIONS

Source: MIT pipeline transport and cost module (http://e40-hjh-server1.mit.edu/energylab/wikka.php?wakka=MIT)

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• Preliminary flow simulations have been completed to examine pressure buildup due to large scale injection in the Mt. Simon SS.

• Model results help determine boundary conditions, grid spacing, and solution parameters.

Delta Pressure- 7 X 2.0 million metric tons/y per well (14 Mt/yr total injection)

PRELIMINARY VARIABLE DENSITY SIMULATIONS

Source: Battelle, 2011 (Pers. Comm.)

Page 44: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

• The work will represent the “next step” in simulation of CO2 storage — the widespread application along a major, regional geologic structure in an area of the country with a dense concentration of large CO2 sources.

• As such, it will help answer technical and infrastructure questions related to simulation methods and also contribute to research on monitoring options and risk assessment.

ARCHES PROVINCE SIMULATION PROJECT

Time

Dept

h

Time

Dept

h

Page 45: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

1. The last decade has seen tremendous progress in our knowledge of sequestration potential in the Midwest: The regional geologic and terrestrial frameworks are generally well understood, major sinks have been identified.

2. Studying the relationship of porosity, permeability, and depth helps us to understand the reservoir characteristics in terms of storage capacity and efficiency for CO2 sequestration.

3. Storage capacity estimations suggest that Indiana has a high geologic potential for the injection of CO2.

CONCLUSIONS

Page 46: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

4. The static models of storage capacity need to be validated with injection of CO2 into the targeted reservoirs, which will provide insight on the suitability for injection of bigger quantities of CO2.

5. Numerical simulations will help us understand the distribution of the CO2 plume within the injection interval.

CONCLUSIONS (CONT.)

Page 47: The Potential for Geologic Carbon Sequestration in Indiana

QUESTIONS?


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