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The Power of the The Power of the ChurchChurch
Central govts. = weak Central govts. = weak Church acted as central govt. Church acted as central govt. 800: Church crowned Charlemagne as 800: Church crowned Charlemagne as
Roman Emp. Roman Emp. 500: Pope Gelasius I500: Pope Gelasius I
There are two powers by which this world is There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood & the authority of kings. priesthood & the authority of kings.
2 swords (Pope = Spiritual, Emperor = Political)2 swords (Pope = Spiritual, Emperor = Political)
II. The Church HierarchyII. The Church Hierarchy
Clergy were organized according to Clergy were organized according to powerpower
A. Parish PriestA. Parish Priest
Usually of peasant origin Usually of peasant origin Served people of his parish (smallest Served people of his parish (smallest
division of church)division of church) Poorest clergy member Poorest clergy member Administered 5 of 7 sacraments Administered 5 of 7 sacraments
Sacraments = ceremonies at which the Sacraments = ceremonies at which the participants received the direct favor of participants received the direct favor of God to help them ward off the God to help them ward off the consequences of sin consequences of sin
Sacraments Sacraments
1. Baptism 1. Baptism 2. Holy Eucharist 2. Holy Eucharist 3. Confirmation3. Confirmation 4. Penance4. Penance 5. Taking of Holy Orders5. Taking of Holy Orders 6. Matrimony 6. Matrimony 7. Extreme Unction 7. Extreme Unction
B. The BishopB. The Bishop
Diocese = made up numerous parishes Diocese = made up numerous parishes Managed by bishopManaged by bishop
Selected by king or great nobleSelected by king or great noble Chosen for family connections—were feudal Chosen for family connections—were feudal
lordslords
C. The ArchbishopC. The Archbishop
Had authority over dioceses & bishops in Had authority over dioceses & bishops in his province his province
D. The Pope & his CuriaD. The Pope & his Curia
Curia = pope’s advisors Curia = pope’s advisors Cardinals = most important, advised on Cardinals = most important, advised on
legal & spiritual matters legal & spiritual matters Elected pope Elected pope
Church = opportunity to move upChurch = opportunity to move up Pope Callistus I = originally a slave Pope Callistus I = originally a slave
E. Law of the ChurchE. Law of the Church Authority = religious & politicalAuthority = religious & political Canon law (church law) = marriage & religious Canon law (church law) = marriage & religious
practices practices Had own courtsHad own courts Excommunication = cut off from the churchExcommunication = cut off from the church Interdict = all churches in a region were closedInterdict = all churches in a region were closed
Church had power to taxChurch had power to tax Tithe (one-tenth a person’s income)Tithe (one-tenth a person’s income)
““Peter’s Pence” Peter’s Pence”
1200s: church reached peak of power1200s: church reached peak of power
III. The Church & the Holy III. The Church & the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire
A. Otto I Allies w/the ChurchA. Otto I Allies w/the Church 936: feudal lords of Germany elected Otto I 936: feudal lords of Germany elected Otto I
as King (interested in Italy)as King (interested in Italy) 951: seized territory in northern Italy 951: seized territory in northern Italy 961: helped Pope John XII w/Roman nobles961: helped Pope John XII w/Roman nobles
962: Crowned Emperor of the Romans 962: Crowned Emperor of the Romans
Holy Roman Empire (Germany & n. Italy) Holy Roman Empire (Germany & n. Italy)
Emp. Henry III (r. 1046-1056)—H.R. Emp. Henry III (r. 1046-1056)—H.R. Emp. reached high pointEmp. reached high point Church = branch of royal govt.Church = branch of royal govt. Elected a German to PapacyElected a German to Papacy
B. Struggle w/the PapacyB. Struggle w/the Papacy
Church upset of Kings’ control over clergy Church upset of Kings’ control over clergy Lay Investiture (church officials were Lay Investiture (church officials were
appointed by kings/nobles)appointed by kings/nobles) Had power of naming bishopsHad power of naming bishops
1075: Pope Gregory VII banned L.I. 1075: Pope Gregory VII banned L.I. Henry IV ordered Gregory to step downHenry IV ordered Gregory to step down Gregory excomm. HenryGregory excomm. Henry
Bishops & nobles sided w/Pope Bishops & nobles sided w/Pope
1077: Henry appealed to Pope 1077: Henry appealed to Pope Castle of Canossa (n. Italy) Castle of Canossa (n. Italy) Stood at doors for 3 daysStood at doors for 3 days Pope forgave Henry Pope forgave Henry
Struggle over lay investiture cont’d.Struggle over lay investiture cont’d. 1122: Concordant of Worms1122: Concordant of Worms
Henry V agreed to grant only lands & Henry V agreed to grant only lands & secular powers to church officials secular powers to church officials
Church officials elected bishops & granted Church officials elected bishops & granted them spiritual powers them spiritual powers
Emperors still meddled in Italian politics Emperors still meddled in Italian politics
Worms
IV. Disorder in the EmpireIV. Disorder in the Empire
A. Frederick Barbarossa A. Frederick Barbarossa Frederick I (r. 1152-1190)Frederick I (r. 1152-1190) Interested in Italy ($ Lombardy $)Interested in Italy ($ Lombardy $) Lombard League Lombard League
Battle of Legnano (1176)Battle of Legnano (1176)
1177: made peace w/pope 1177: made peace w/pope
B. Innocent III & Papal B. Innocent III & Papal PowerPower
Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) believed he was supreme over clergy & believed he was supreme over clergy &
rulersrulers Emperors = servants of the ChurchEmperors = servants of the Church
Quarreled w/King JohnQuarreled w/King John Placed England under interdict Placed England under interdict John = Pope’s vassal John = Pope’s vassal
Dominated all of Italy Dominated all of Italy
Innocent’s success = favorable Innocent’s success = favorable conditions in Europeconditions in Europe
Germany & Italy never united Germany & Italy never united Both remained internally fragmented until Both remained internally fragmented until
1800s 1800s