The Pre-Feasibility Study for
Photovoltaic / Water Pumping System
In Central Vietnam
Study Report
March 2007
Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan
Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc.
Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.
This work was subsidized by Japan Keirin Association
through its Promotion funds from KEIRIN RACE.
Central Highlands
Photos of the 1st Site Survey
Site Survey Photos 1/1
Location Gia Lai Province Mang Yang Commune
Date 09/09/2006
Description
Although there is a well, the water is not sufficient and it often is dry. Therefore, villagers have to walk approximately 500 meters to collect water from a nearby spring.
Location Kon Tum Province To Mo Rong Commune Daic Van I
Date 10/09/2006
Description
To Mo Rong commune is located approximately 3 hours from Pleiku by car. There are about 57 households and a population of 300. Villagers usually walk 300 meters to draw water from a mountain spring and usually make this trip 3 times a day. However, the commune has installed some storage tanks in certain locations. These tanks can hold of water 3m3 and are equipped with a tap for easy access.
Location Gia Lai Province Mang Yang Commune Po Dau Village
Date 12/09/2006
Description
In Po Dau village, there are 3 locations for villagers to collect water. This water comes from the mountains and there is no water shortage. There are also no significant problems with water quality and it is used for drinking, cooking, bathing, animals use and also for irrigation.
Photos of the 2nd Site Survey
Site Survey Photos 1/4
Location Kon Tum Province Dak Na Commune, Dak Re2 Village
Date 24/10/2006
Description
Dak Re2 village is located 1.5km from power distribution line and is isolated by river it has no bridge. 22 households, 91villagers Ethnic Group: Xe Dany Minority E.L.:783m N: 14°57’ 11.6’’ E:107°47’ 56.3’’ Villagers walk 1km to collect water from a river and use kerosene lamps for lighting (2 liters/month). The government provides subsidized kerosene for villagers.
Location Kon Tum Province
Date 24/10/2006
Description
For the past several years, VN government focused on the electrification of remote area. Note the distribution lines that are located in mountainous rural areas
Location Kon Tum Province Dak Lay Commune Dak King1, 2
Date 25/10/2006
Description
Dak King 1 & 2 villages are located adjacent to each other in the mountains They are 5 to 10 km from distribution line and there is no plan to be electrified in the near future. Dak King 1:42 hhs, 191villagers Dak King 2: 13 hhs, 62villagers Ethnic Group: Xe Dany Minority E.L.:1067-1210m N: 14°53’ 36.0’’ E:107°59’ 43.6’’
Kon Tum Province Dak Na Commune, Dak Re2 Vill
Power Distribution Line in Kon Tum Province
Site Survey Photos 2/4
Location Kon Tum Province Dak Lay Commune Dak King1, 2
Date 24/10/2006
Description
Pico Hydro generators are operated by villagers for lighting and TV. They can only be used in the rainy season. Kerosene Lamp
Location Kon Tum Province Dak Lay Commune Dak King1, 2
Date 24/10/2006
Description
Villagers typically obtain water from mountain springs but it is not available in the dry season. They must carry water from river one km down from village. They receive no monetary income but they cultivate rice, cassava for their personal use.
Location Kon Tum Province Dak Lay Commune Dak King1, 2
Date 25/10/2006
Description
VN government have a rural development fund also known as the “135 program”. This fund provides villages with water tanks so they may store rainwater in dry season.
Site Survey Photos 3/4
Location Dak Lak Industry Department
Buon Ma Thuot City Dak Lak Province,
Date 24/10/2006
Remark
The project team met with ID Dak Lak and requested the “list of villages that will not be electrified until 2010” and also for their assistance and support to obtain the permission to conduct our survey. They provided the list and granted the team permission two days later.
Location Dak Nong Industry Department Gia Nghia Town Dak Nong Province
Date 24/10/ 2006
Remark
Dak Nong was recently separated from Dak Lak and its new office is presently under construction. Dak Nong Industry Department was also very willing to support our survey. They sent the list in advance and obtained permission from Peoples Committee in advance. The gentleman on the left is the Director, Bien Van Minh.
Location
No.1 village Dak R Mang Commune Dak Glong District Dak Nong Province
Date 25/10/ 2006
Remark
No.1 village has only one well, from which the residents obtain their drinking water In the dry season, the well cannot provide a sufficient volume of water to meet their needs. Diameter: 2 meter Depth to water: around 10 meter
Dak Lak Industry Department
Dak Nong Industry Department
Site Survey Photos 4/4
Location
No.2 village Dak R Mang Commune Dak Glong District Dak Nong Province
Date 25/10/ 2006
Remark
Villagers are living on farms but their agricultural products are provided with little or no irrigation Due to the lack of water, human consumption is the highest priority Villagers typically obtain their water from mountain streams, however, this does not provide a sufficient amount of water during the dry season. No.2 village is located about 100 meter away from No.1 village.
Location
Krap village Dak T Pang Commune Kong Cho Ro District Gia Lai Province
Date 27/10/ 2006
Remark
Picture of local residents of Krap village. Dak T Pang Commune is located in a mountainous region, therefore climatic conditions are much different from Pleiku.
Location
Bong village Dak T Pang Commune Kong Cho Ro District Gia Lai Province
Date 27/10/ 2006
Remark
There are 5 wells located in Bong village Presently only 1 is used and the other 4 have been abandoned due to unsanitary conditions (trash disposal) The well currently in use: Diameter: 1.5 meter Depth to water: Approx. 5 meters
Photos of the 3rd Site Survey Site Survey Photos 1/1
Location Lam Dong Industry Department
Dalat City Lam Dong Province,
Date 15/01/2007
Remark
The survey team met with the Director (gentleman on the right) and also the Head of the Planning Department. The team explained the project and asked for their support and they offered to accompany us on the site survey the following day.
Location
No.1 village (Thon Pang Tieng) Lat Commune Lac Duong District Lam Dong Province
Date 16/01/2007
Remark
In Lam Dong, Village income levels were slightly higher than average at around 5 million VND per year. Primary source of income is coffee, persimmon and vegetables. Drinking water is transported to villages via a piping system that utilizes gravity as power and provided via a centrally located tap. However, the water is not available during the dry season and villager must walk 1-2 km to collect water.
Location Buon Cham Village
Easol Commune Dak Lak Province
Date 17/01/2007
Remark
NRW Germany, Solarlab Ho Chi Minh City in cooperation with the Vietnamese government established a PV site at Buon Cham village in Dak Lak project. The PV equipment was intended to supply power for a community center, water-pumping equipment and provide each habitation with a SHS.
Lam Dong Industry Department
Table of Contents
１ Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background and Objectives ..................................................................................................1
1.2 Study Team ...........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Study Schedule......................................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope of Work.......................................................................................................................3
1.5 Study Area.............................................................................................................................3
2 Overview of Rural Electrification Policy and Current Situation ..................................................5
2.1 MOI’s Rural Electrification Policy .......................................................................................5
2.2 Renewable Energy Development Plan..................................................................................8
2.3 Current State of Rural Electrification ...................................................................................9
2.4 Renewable Energy Potential in Vietnam.............................................................................11
3 Overview of Rural Water Supply Policy and Current Situation..................................................14
3.1 Rural Water Supply Policy..................................................................................................14
3.1.1 Challenges...................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................15
3.1.3 Sustainable Development............................................................................................16
3.2 Current Situation of Rural Water Supply ............................................................................17
3.2.1 Delegation of Responsibilities ....................................................................................17
3.3 Potential for Development and Policy Recommendations..................................................19
4 Overview of the Site Survey .......................................................................................................22
4.1 Location, Topography and Climate.....................................................................................22
4.2 Results of the Site Survey ...................................................................................................24
4.2.1 Target Areas ................................................................................................................25
4.2.2 Water Quality of Target Villages.................................................................................30
4.3. Showcase of Existing Off-Grid Power Systems .................................................................32
5 Photovoltaic Electric Power and Water Supply System Proposal...............................................38
5.1 Study of Optimum System..................................................................................................38
5.2 Cost Calculation..................................................................................................................40
6 Economical Analysis of the Project ............................................................................................43
6.1 Initial Cost...........................................................................................................................43
6.2 Operation Cost ....................................................................................................................44
6.3 Economic Analysis of the System.......................................................................................45
7 Environmental Concerns and Socio-economic Impact ...............................................................47
7.1 Environmental Concerns.....................................................................................................47
7.2 Socio-Economic Impacts ....................................................................................................49
8 Conclusion and Recommendation ..............................................................................................51
8.1 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................51
8.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................52
List of Tables
Table １.1 Study Team Members.................................................................................................2 Table 2.1 Target of Grid Connected Household............................................................................7 Table 2.2 Investment Plan for Rural Electrification..................................................................7 Table 2.3 Renewable Energy for Power Generation .....................................................................9 Table 2.4 Rural Electrification Rate..............................................................................................9 Table 2.5 Current Photovoltaic Systems .....................................................................................10 Table 2.6 Future Photovoltaic Installations.................................................................................12 Table 4.1 Climate Data of Vietnam.............................................................................................23 Table 4.2 List of Potential Villages in Kon Tum.........................................................................26 Table 4.3 List of Potential Villages in Gia Lai ............................................................................27 Table 4.4 List of Potential Villages in Dak Lak ..........................................................................28 Table 4.5 List of Potential Villages in Dak Nong .......................................................................28 Table 4.6 List of Potential Villages in Lam Dong.......................................................................29 Table 4.7 Drinking Water Standards Compared with Samples ...................................................30 Table 4.8 Drinking Water Standards Compared with Samples ...................................................31 Table 5.1 Village List for System Study .....................................................................................38 Table 5.2 Pre-Conditions of the System......................................................................................39 Table 5.3 Cost calculation of PV system for Pumping Equipment .............................................41 Table 5.4 Cost Calculation for Household Electrification ..........................................................42 Table 6.1 Cost Estimate for Water Pumping ...............................................................................43 Table 6.2 Cost Estimate for Household Electrification (Battery Charging Station)....................44 Table 6.3 Maintenance Cost of the Equipment ...........................................................................45 Table 6.4 Maintenance Cost and Battery Replacement...............................................................45 Table 6.5 Economical Analysis of the System............................................................................46 Table 7.1 Consideration of JBIC Guidelines...............................................................................47 Table 7.2 Expected Socio-Economic Benefits of PV System.....................................................49
List of Figures
Figure １.1 Study Schedule .........................................................................................................2 Figure １.2 Map of the Central Highlands...................................................................................4 Figure 2.1 Investment Plan for Rural Electrification ....................................................................8 Figure 2.2 Rural Electrification Rate ..........................................................................................10 Figure 3.1 Delegation of National Responsibilities ....................................................................18 Figure 3.2 Local Responsibilities................................................................................................18 Figure 4.1 Climate Data in Vietnam ...........................................................................................24 Figure 4.2 External appearance of PV yard ................................................................................33 Figure 4.3 Organization of the Fuji Electric PV System Project ................................................34 Figure 4.4 Outline of Project Flow for Buon Cham Village .......................................................37 Figure 5.1 Image of the Project...................................................................................................40 Figure 6.1 Water Pumping Equipment........................................................................................43 Figure 6.2 Equipment for Household Electrification (Battery Charging Station).......................44
Appendices
Appendix 1 Schedule and Interviewees
Appendix 2 Insolation Data for Vietnam
Appendix 3 Gia Lai Grid Extension Plan
Appendix 3 Summary of Program 135
Appendix 4 Formula for Water Pumping System Configuration
Appendix 5 Formula for PV Household Electrification System Configuration
Abbreviation
BCC : Battery Charging Center
BCS Battery Charging Station
CERWASS : Center for Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
DARD : Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
DOI : Department of Industry
EVN : Electricity of Viet Nam
GOV : Government of Vietnam
HCMC : Ho Chi Minh City
ID : Industrial Department
IE : Institute of Energy
IET : Institute of Environmental Technology
JBIC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency
MARD : Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
MOC Ministry of Construction
MOET Ministry of Education and Training
MOH Ministry of Health
MOI : Ministry of Industry
MOSTE : Ministry of Science and Technology and Environment
NRWSS : National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy Program
PC : Power Company
PV : Photovoltaic
SHS : Solar Home System
VAST : Vietnamese Academy of Science & Technology
Executive Summary
1. Background of the study
Vietnam’s market reforms have in the last decade resulted in an economic boom and is
substantiated by its impressive annual GDP growth of approximately 8%. Even more
striking is the forecast that this trend is expected to continue. However, despite this fact the
majority of its population still lives in remote farming areas that are stricken with poverty.
This disparity is evinced by a wide income gap between urban and rural areas. The GOV is
committed to reducing this income gap and the development of these rural regions is one
method to accomplish this goal.
In the Central Highlands, both the electrification rate and the water-supply coverage
still fall below average and most of the people in the remote villages are living without
electricity and collect water from either of existing wells or mountain springs and rivers.
Regarding these villages, the team estimated the water and electricity demand and
designed equipment to provide potable water, reliable electricity and to ultimately improve
quality of life for remote villagers. The target area of the Central Highlands is including
Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong.
2. Overview of Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy in Vietnam
MOI’s Rural Electrification Policy objectives (published in 2000) that specifically relate
to decentralized power systems (off-grid power) in remote areas are as follows:
“Rural electricity supply will utilize both national power grid and off-grid power
systems”. Therefore, off-grid and mini-grids are proposed and selected when the
total cost is less than either grid extension or diesel mini-grids.
“Priority should be given to those areas that have the capacity to enhance the
agricultural productivity, modernization and economic restructuring of strategic
areas”. Emphasis for mini-grids will be on areas with productive opportunities.
Vietnam’s initial goal at the beginning of the decade was to electrify 90% of households
by the year 2010 and to achieve this task; the government invested approximately
200-300 million USD annually in grid extension and rural electrification projects. By
early 2006, Vietnam had already surpassed its initial goal; at that time 91.5% of rural
households were connected to the national grid. For villages that will not be covered by
the power grid and where it is uneconomical to expand the grid, it is anticipated that these
areas will be electrified by renewable energy.
i
As per EVN’s request, the World Bank, under its Technical Assistance activity, supported a project for renewable energy development in Vietnam. The project is named the Renewable Energy Action Plan (REAP) and was designed with a specified background aiming to assist MOI in developing the necessary instruments to enforce the activities and policy components.
3. Overview of Rural Water Supply
The quality of life for rural people in Vietnam is generally low and income generated
usually covers only the basic necessities, such as clothes and food. Their lifestyle has not
changed much despite Vietnam’s rapid economic development. Despite these challenges,
there is considerable focus by the government on rural development and water supply
improvement. Steering committees have been formed for water supply and sanitation at
both the national and local levels and rural development is considered a high national
priority.
Long-term goals by year 2010 to improve the water supply are set forth as follows:
85% of rural population will use clean water and have access to 60 LPCD
70% of rural households will have approved hygienic latrines
Most rural households have two sources of water, one for drinking and water for
washing. Piped water is uncommon and not readily available in rural areas.
Approximately 30% of households have some basic water supply system and of this, only
10% of households meet the national water standards. In the Central Highlands,
approximately 90% of the population has intestinal worms.
NRWSS suggests that a water resources monitoring system be established that utilizes
data collected from NRWSS implementation. This will help coordinate NRWSS activities
and determine the demand for local areas, not only for drinking water but also water for
other uses. Eventually, it is hoped that this will lead to better management and ultimately
the protection of water resources.
4. Site Survey
The project team requested the Industrial Departments (ID) of all five provinces to
provide data for villages that are expected not to be candidates by 2010 for the power grid
extension plan. The Industrial Departments have specific plans to expand the power grid
to remote areas by 2009. However, there are no plans to supply power to the remaining
villages after 2010. Out targeted areas are these non-electrification that are typically
ii
difficult to reach during the rainy season even by 4 WD vehicles, these areas are also a
great distance from distribution lines.
Minority groups inhabit most of the un-electrified villages. They use kerosene lamps for
lighting and some of them have Pico Hydro for small appliances such as TV and radio.
Kerosene fuel is subsidized by the local government to remote villages and received free
of charge. Inhabitants often practice subsistence farming with crops such as rice, cassava
and typically receive no monetary income.
Most of the villages have small privately owned wells with a depth of around 5-20
meters as they do not have the technology to dig deeper than 20 meters and this therefore
limits their water supply. They lift up the water by hand in most of these wells and cannot
afford diesel engines to assist with the lifting.
5. Photovoltaic Electric Power and Water Supply System Proposal
The proposed system design for this project was based on many factors. The team collected village information for targeted areas such as number of households, total population and mean water intake etc…during the site survey and also obtained it directly from the respective Peoples Committees in the Central Highlands (Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dak Lak, Dak Nong and Lam Dong) for system design.
The team decided to focus its efforts on 37 villages; these villages consist of 5,737
households and a total population of 26,805 people. Potential sites were determined
taking into consideration the method of water collection, distance from distribution lines
and road conditions.
The team estimated the initial cost for both water pumping and house electrification.
6. Economic Analysis
According to interviews, for villager’s that own livestock or cultivate certain cash crops,
their capacity to pay for this region is around 300 yen/month. However, many poor
villagers receive no monetary income and it is impractical to assume that villagers will be
able to reimburse the initial cost of 1.412 billion Yen (about 53,000 Yen per person);
therefore, the project team recommends the government to subsidize this cost.
If the government subsidizes the initial cost of the project, villagers will be responsible
iii
for only the O&M cost. Assuming the generated power sells at a rate of 600 VND/kWh,
total power sales would be 3,706,000 Yen / year. This would result in a monthly electric
fee of about 50 yen/month. Although this is well within the their financial means, it is
recommended that villagers pay an additional 140 yen/month to act as a reserve fund to
cover system O&M. In addition, the project team also recommends that the government
also subsidize the electricity fee for poor villagers that are unable to pay. These payments
will cover the costs of any major malfunctions, battery replacement and also ensure the
long-term sustainability of this project.
7. Conclusion and Recommendation
The development of the Central Highlands in Vietnam has become a major focus area;
future project aid from various donors is expected to increase and together with Laos and
Cambodia, it is often referred to as the “Development Triangle.”
However, the team realizes that villages will remain without grid-connected power and
also continue to suffer from a lack of potable water nearly throughout the year. The local
government in the 5 provinces of the Central Highlands recommended 94 potential sites
and based on local conditions the project team then selected the 37 most appropriate sites.
The total project cost is expected to be approximately 12 million USD with energy output
totaling 1.3 MW.
Although the initial costs of the project are high and villagers often do not have the
knowledge to operate and maintain these systems, most were enthusiastic at the prospect
and agreed to pay for operational costs (approximately 1.6 USD/month) to ensure the
sustainability of the facilities. However, due to the high poverty rate and unfortunate
economic conditions, they will most likely be unable to reimburse the initial cost of the
project.
The Institute of Energy, an organization of the Vietnamese government is in the process
of drafting the “Master Plan for Renewable Energy Development.” This plan will be
completed next year (2008) and it will outline clear target areas for future rural
electrification projects. This pre-feasibility study for the Central Highlands should not be
the final step and every effort should be made for the continued investigation of this
project scheme in response to the upcoming publication.
The project team therefore recommends that this type of transfer program be included in
the next stage (full scale F/S) of the project.
iv
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Objectives
Following its dismal economic performance in the early 1980’s, The Government of
Vietnam (GOV) enacted its “Doi Moi” program that abandoned the collectivization of its
industrial and agricultural sectors. Although it was slow to take effect, these market
reforms have in the last decade resulted in an economic boom and is substantiated by its
impressive annual GDP growth of approximately 8%. Even more striking is the forecast
that this trend is expected to continue.
However, despite this fact the majority of its population still lives in remote farming areas
that are stricken with poverty. This disparity is evinced by a wide income gap between
urban and rural areas. The GOV is committed to reducing this income gap and the
development of these rural regions is one method to accomplish this goal.
The GOV wishes to reduce the poverty rate and improve the living conditions in rural
areas by focusing on the development of the water and power supply. In order to
accomplish this task, the “National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy Program:
NRWSS,” is aiming to provide a safe and stable water supply for both for both drinking
purposes and to ease the burden of daily life. To improve the power supply, the company
“Electricity of Viet Nam” (referred to as EVN) and Peoples’ Committee of the respective
provinces are engaged in rural electrification based on the “Off-grid Rural Electrification
Project” which has already surpassed its goal of achieving a 90% rural electrification rate
for Vietnam by 2010 as the figure now stands at 91.5%. This scheme is not limited to grid
extension projects but it will also utilize renewable energy such as photovoltaic and
mini-hydro power to provide an optimal mix to meet the needs of villagers in these remote
regions.
In the Central Highlands, both the electrification rate and the water-supply coverage still
fall below average and most of the people in the remote villages are living without
electricity and collect water from either of existing wells or mountain springs and rivers.
To improve these conditions, the Peoples’ Committees in the Central Highlands, especially
in Gia Lai Province are very willing to accommodate the survey due to its prior history
1
with PV projects and the high rate of insolation in the region. Fuji Electric Systems
installed a successful PV project and carried out demonstrative research from 1997-2002.
The study team therefore determined that the possibility to install the water pumping and
supply system powered by photovoltaic that utilizes existing wells in the Central
Highlands shall be studied.
1.2 Study Team
Persons-in-charge of the study are listed below
Table 1.1 Study Team Members
No. Name Specialty
1 Hideo SEMBA Project Manager
2 Masahiro SAKURAI Photovoltaic System Plan
3 Kenichi KUWAHARA Rural Area Development Plan
4 Fumikazu DOI Water-pumping System Plan
5 Naoki YOKOTA Profitability Analysis
6 Chadwick SMITH Rural Area Development Plan
1.3 Study Schedule
(Please see Appendix A for details of travel itinerary and list of interviewees)
Figure 1.1 Study Schedule
MarchFebruaryJanuaryDecemberNovemberOctoberSeptemberAugustJuly MarchFebruaryJanuaryDecemberNovemberOctoberSeptemberAugustJuly
Consultant
「PV
＋Wate
r
」
Consultant
Documentation of the implement plan
「PVWater
＋
」
1stsite survey
ProjectBasic master plan
Basic design
Survey preparationappoint・ logistics
Summarizeresults
2ndsite survey
Surveypreparation
Procedure forthe contract
BenefitsProf itability Analysis
Preparing report（English）
Summarizeresults
ReportDraft
3rdsite survey
ReportDraft
FinalReportFinal
ReportSystem Design
Economic Analysis
Statementof
Account
Statementof
AccountAccountingdocument
2
1.4 Scope of Work
The first step of this project is to study the background of the current power and water
situation and the current policy of renewable energy promotion for remote villages of the
Central Highlands.
The study team selected villages based on the recommendation of the Department of
Industry and carried out a site survey to determine such factors as water supply methods,
income, current lighting situation and other factors relevant to daily life.
Regarding these villages, the team estimated the water and electricity demand and
designed equipment to provide potable water, reliable electricity and to ultimately improve
the quality of life for remote villagers. The system will consist of the following equipment:
Photovoltaic array
Water pumping from existing wells and water supply
Battery charging station
Based on the results of the site survey, the team also calculated the initial as well as the
O&M cost to implement the project for the targeted villages and proposed a sustainable
project scheme that will allow it to become both financially and operationally independent.
The feasibility of a large-scale expansion project throughout the Central Highlands is also
studied.
1.5 Study Area
The study was originally focused only on Gia Lai province. However, following the 1st
site survey, it was determined that the population of the villages in Gia Lai province was
not large enough and the small project scale would only a minimum amount of people. The
team therefore reexamined the situation and based on the recommendations of the Peoples
Committee, decided that target area should be expanded to other areas of the Central
Highlands including Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong.
3
Figure 1.2 Map of the Central Highlands
Location of
Target Sites
4
2 Overview of Rural Electrification Policy and Current Situation
2.1 MOI’s Rural Electrification Policy
The Government of Vietnam’s (GOV) policy on renewable energy development for rural
electrification and grid supply clearly defines the responsibilities for renewable electricity
management and its development as well as a subsidy mechanism for off-grid renewable
energy projects.
MOI’s Rural Electrification Policy objectives (published in 2000) that specifically relate
to decentralized power systems (off-grid power) in remote areas are as follows:
“Rural electricity supply will utilize both national power grid and off-grid power
systems”. Therefore, off-grid and mini-grids are proposed and selected when the total
cost is less than either grid extension or diesel mini-grids.
“Priority should be given to those areas that have the capacity to enhance the
agricultural productivity, modernization and economic restructuring of strategic areas”.
Emphasis for mini-grids will be on areas with productive opportunities.
The costs of operation, maintenance and financial depreciation of rural electrification
infrastructure should be recovered from revenues earned by EVN, PCs (distribution
companies) and other operating entities in the Vietnam power sector. The GOV provides a
reasonable subsidy mechanism for investment in rural electrification networks and supply
infrastructure when these are deemed uneconomical based on the expected revenues.
Consistent with the GOV’s policy of equitable distribution, it is expected that renewable
energy- based grid and off-grid services will receive transparent subsidies.
Electricity supply for rural consumers should be considered a commercial service, except
for those areas where the subsidy is authorized as a social obligation and keeping
consistent with the aforementioned equitable development objectives.
To encourage investment in decentralized generation systems utilizing a low voltage grid,
the PCs will offer avoided cost capacity and/or energy payments to potential generators.
This is an important policy to support decentralized generation. Avoided cost–based tariff
reflecting the cost of supply at the specified voltage in each PC service area is important
5
in ensuring the development of economically viable decentralized renewable energy
sources.
For some mountainous and island communes that are unable to connect to the national
grid, provinces will establish on-site or local generation projects suitable to the specific
conditions of each location, such as diesel, small hydropower and photovoltaic power.
The GOV will encourage foreign and local investors to invest in local businesses that
supply electricity. In addition, off-grid and mini-grid options have been identified and the
promotion of renewable energy is expected as a way to electrify large numbers of
communes at a minimum cost. .
The GOV has also formulated the following objectives for the Energy Development
Policy regarding rural electrification and future energy development:
Ⅰ．Consistent exploitation of energy resources and
Investment in energy conservation technologies
Ⅱ．Step by step energy resource development to ensure a sufficient supply
For socio-economic development and improve living standards
For industrialization, modernization and urbanization based on the
diversification of indigenous primary energy resources
Ⅲ．The step by step energy development is to narrow
Socio-economic gap
Energy supply and consumption gap between regions and localities
Ⅳ．Aggressive use of renewable energy aimed to develop the local power resources for
Replacement of the fossil based energy resources
Diversification of the power generation resources
Ⅴ．Upgrade and encourage efficient and reasonable energy use based on demand side
management
Ⅵ．Minimize the environmental impacts of energy development
The Ministry of Industry’s (MOI) initial program was to increase grid-connected
households from 8.95 million in 1999 to 13.73 million by the year 2010 and therefore
rural households connected to grids were expected to increase from 69.7% to 90% during
the same period.
6
Table 2.1 Target of Grid Connected Household
S
(1) Rural Electrification Project Description and Strategy:
ork system to supply power
to about 700-800 communes that are inaccessible from the existing power grid.
nes,
al electricity network.
(2 ment
ustrated in Table 2.2 and Figure
2.1.
investment capital is US$ 2.261 billion of which US$ 1.452 billion has already been
vested and the remaining US$ 809 million will be invested in the latter half of the
RegionNumber ofhouseholdsin 1999
Accessedhouseholdsin 1999
Share(%)
Number ofhouseholdsin 2010
Accessedhouseholdsin 2010
Share(%)
North 6.6 5.45 80 8.04 7.49 93Center 2.09 1.35 65 2.48 2.18 88South 3.95 2.15 54 4.67 4.06 87Total 12.84 8.95 69.7 15.19 13.73 90
Unit:Million households
ource : EVN Report
Build a new 110 kV grid and distribution netw
Expand the existing grid in order to supply power for 1,500 – 1,600 commu
which are near grid areas.
Increase the number of rural households that will have access in communes that
are connected to the nation
) Investment Capital for Rural Electricity Develop
The rural electricity investment plan for this decade is ill
Total
in
decade.
Table 2.2 Investment Plan for Rural Electrification
ItemTotal
Investment2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 05-10
20
Unit:Million USD
Rehabilitation 1,003 86 186 186 186 186 173Grid Development 1,218 152 139 139 139 139 616Isolated system 40 4 4 4 4 4Total investment 2,261 123 342 329 329 329 809
7
Source : EVN Report
Figure 2.1 Investment Plan for Rural Electrification
Investment Plan
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2000 2001 2003 2002 2004 05-10
Year
Investment (Millon USD)
Isolated systemGrid DevelopmentRehabilitation
123
342 329 329 329
809
Source: EVN Report
2.2 Renewable Energy Development Plan
As per EVN’s request, the World Bank, under its Technical Assistance activity, supported
a project for renewable energy development in Vietnam. The project is named the
Renewable Energy Action Plan (REAP) and was designed with a specified background
aiming to assist MOI in developing the necessary instruments to enforce the activities and
policy components.
The outline of Renewable Energy Action Plan is as follows:
・ Prepared in 2001 by MOI / EVN with WB financial support
・ A 10 year large-scale renewable energy development program for rural electrification
of rural / remote / mountain areas
・ Purpose: Renewable energy will provide cost-effective and reliable electricity to help
rural people improve their standard of living and increase their income
・ Situation: Electrify more than 1,100 remote mountainous communes and villages that
8
represent 750,000 households and 3 million people who are outside the national grid
by the year 2010
Table 2.3 Renewable Energy for Power Generation
MW GWh MW GWh MW GWhSolar 0.8 4-6
Mini Hydro 135 284 500-780Wind 0.8 1.6 200-400Biomass 150 310-410Geothermal - - 100Total 287 ～290 1,114-1,596
2004 Potential by 2020 Potential by 2030
3,600 -5,000
3,300 9,500
Source: Workshop in Phnom Penh, 5-6 October 2006
2.3 Current State of Rural Electrification
The extension of the national power grid to rural areas, particularly northern mountainous
provinces, Central Highlands and Mekong Delta raises the rural electrification rate of
Vietnam higher than many other countries in the region and also throughout the world. As
of early 2006, 511 out of 521 districts (97.9%) had access to the national power grid; 9
island districts and 1 mainland district had site generation sources; 8,801 out of 8,999
communes (97.8%) were electrified, which was increase of 315 communes compared to
the end of 2004, most of these communes were old remote revolution and resistance bases
located in the mountainous; and 11,834,692 out of 12,934,090 rural households (91.5%)
were connected to the national grid. Table 2.4 and Figure 2.4 provide information
regarding the rural electrification rate from 2000 to 2006.
Table 2.4 Rural Electrification Rate
Source : EVN Annual Report ,2004 Workshop in Phnom Penh, 5-6 October 2006
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006District 96.6% 97.6% 97.9% 97.9% 97.9% 98.0%Commune 81.9% 84.9% 90.6% 92.7% 94.6% 97.8%Household 73.5% 77.5% 81.4% 83.5% 87.5% 91.5%
9
Figure 2.2 Rural Electrification Rate
As part taic
power for
electrifica
Tab
D is tr ic t
Source : EVN Annual Report ,2004 Workshop in Phnom Penh, 5-6 October 2006
of the rural electrification initiatives, there have been a number of cooperative photovol
projects with foreign governments and aid programs. These projects provide the basis
tion of regions unable to connect grid.
le 2.5 Current Photovoltaic Systems
Source: Workshop in Phnom Penh, 5-6 October 2006
R u ra l E le c tr if ic a t io n R a te
96 .6 % 9 7 .6 % 9 7 .9 % 9 7 .9 % 9 7 .9 %
C om m une
9 4 .6 %
8 1 .9 %8 4 .9 %
9 0 .6 % 9 2 .7 %
7 3 .5 %7 7 .5 %
8 1 .4 % 8 3 .5 %8 7 .5 %
9 8 .0 % 9 7 .8 %
9 1 .5 %
0 .0 %
1 0 .0 %
2 0 .0 %
3 0 .0 %
4 0 .0 %
5 0 .0 %
6 0 .0 %
7 0 .0 %
8 0 .0 %
9 0 .0 %
1 0 0 .0 %
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 6
Y e a r
H ou se h o ld
Solarlab-Vietnams
2 Electrification -Vietnam
kW MicroHydro
2000-2004Fondem-FranceSolar-Vietnam
Binh Phuocprovince Can Gio
3Solar + MicroHydro
100 kWp + 25kW MicroHydro
1995-1999NEDO-JapanEVN-Vietnam
Gia Lai province
4 Solar + Wind10 kWp + 3kW Wind
NEF-JapanEVN-Vietnam
Kon Tumprovince
5 Rest's Project 10 Wp 1997-2004SIDA-SwedenSolarlab-Vietnam
Dong Thap, Binhphuoc, Dak lac
6Solar Project withGermany
18 kWp 2002-2003Germany-MOST-Vietnam
Bac giang, Dakalk
7Solar Project withKorea
3.3 kWp 2003-2005KIER-KoreaSolarlab-Vietnam
Binh canprovince
8Solar Project withFinland
10 kWp 2000-2003Fortum-FinlandCEMMA-Vietnam
Bac can province
Project PowerDate of
ImplementationInvestors Remark
1Energy -SolidarityVietnam
40 kWp 1992-1999Fondem-France
50 Solar Village
Decentraized Rural 45 kWp + 40
10
Vietnam is endowed with an abundant amount of renewable energy and there is strong
potential for its utilization. The GOV and local authorities plan for the intensive
d turbine, hydropower) and there has been a
special emphasis on the promotion and development of bio-energy derived from
network despite its extensive grid extension plan. (up to
010) To electrify these rural communes, it is necessary to utilize potential renewable
verage insolation of 4.0 to 5.9 kWh/m2/day, which remains almost constant throughout
ern areas the insolation varies widely ranging from 2.4 to 5.6
kWh/m2/day. Vietnam’s insolation is comparatively high almost all models of
2.4 Renewable Energy Potential in Vietnam
evelopment of these resources (PV, wind
agricultural and forest residues. Biomass energy is considered to have one of the highest
potentials for future development in the country and its energy production is expected to
create competitive prices for agricultural food products in its production areas. With this
long-term policy, the GOV aims at modernizing its agricultural sector and further
promoting rural development.
According to a projection by the Hydro Power Center, more than 1,100 remote or
mountainous communes or 750,000 households populated by 3 million rural people will
not be covered by EVN’s grid
2
sources according based on the location and available resource options. In northern and
central parts of Vietnam, small hydro and pico hydro systems can be suitable options as
these areas have high potential for such projects. EVN expects as much 250-400 MW will
be supplied to remote areas by other renewable resources, such as biomass cogeneration.
Solar Energy
Vietnam is ideally located in a major insolation belt. Southern and central Vietnam have
a
the year. In north
photovoltaic applications have been utilized, such as Solar Home Systems (SHS), battery
charging station (BCS), solar medical center, solar community center, solar cultural boat,
solar school, solar satellite, receiver transmitter etc. Currently, Vietnam has a total
photovoltaic installed capacity of approximately 650 kW or about 5,000 installations. The
present photovoltaic application market in the country is divided into 3 major segments,
namely professional applications (50%), community, health center and battery charging
station stations (30%) and SHS (20%). All of the PV modules installed are imported while
11
some parts of the supporting equipment are locally manufactured.
In the southern and central parts of the country, photovoltaic systems are an option for
electrifying rural communes. Table 2.6 provides a list of future photovoltaic installations.
lthough presently wind power is not being considered as a potential energy resource,
Table
s mentioned in previous section, Vietnam has massive potential for small hydropower
e e) totaling between 800-1,400 MW. About 70-75 % of the
nual runoff is generated during three to four months. Currently about 60 MW of
No. Project TargetImplementaion
PlanInvestors Remark
1 for MountainousAreas in Vietnam
for 300mountainouscommunes
2005-2010ODA-FinishVietnamGovernment
Approved byVN
Government
2Solar Home Systemfor Households inMountainous Areas
9.6 MillionUSD-
30,000SHSOver 10 years
Sponsored byWorld Bank
According toRE ActionPlan
3Solar Energy Projectwith Spain
100 kWp gridconnected + 10kWp standalone system
2006-2010ODA-SpainMOST-Vietnam
PreparationStage
4Commercial SHSProject
152,000 SHSsystem
Loan with lowinterest fromBank for thepoor and Bankfor Agricultureand RuralDevelopment
PreparationStage
A
EVN expects to future development in coastal areas.
2.6 Future Photovoltaic Installations
Solar PV Generation30 Million USD-
Source: Workshop in Phnom Penh, 5-6 October 2006
Small Hydropower
A
dev lopment (<10 MW siz
an
grid-connected mini hydro plants (size 100 to 7,500 kW) is installed at 48 locations in the
country. Among these 48 plants, 6 plants are reported not in operation due to failure of
equipment. With proper rehabilitation programs, there is a substantial scope to increase
the capacity of the hydropower plants presently in operation. The government financed all
of these grid-connected systems either directly or through international aid.
With installed capacity totaling 70 MW, more than 300 communes have small hydro
12
systems installed with system capacity ranging from 5 to 200 kW. Most of these systems
re installed in northern and central Vietnam. Most of the community owned systems are
) Wind Power P
・ Current development: 1 MW
150W-200W for battery charging station (locally constructed) 850 kW
land in northern Vietnam
-up water and supplying AC power
2)
Current development: 50 MW
g etc.
Current development: Approximately 35,000 households
heating, cooking etc.
Current development :0 MW
a / Steam bath, heating, cooking
a
in poor working condition and it is reported that 200 out of 300 installed systems are not
in operation. On the other hand, commercially operated hydro systems have a low failure
rate when compared to community owned system. For instance, in the case of Dong Nal,
out of a total of 19 systems, the 10 community owned systems are not in operation while
the remaining 9 operational systems are all commercially operated. Community owned
systems are poorly managed with little or no maintenance. Estimates show that Vietnam
has some 500 MW of small hydropower potential that could be developed for future
community use.
Other Renewable Resources
1・ otential: Not identified
・ System: Almost
system in Bach Long Vy Is
・ Purpose : battery charge, pump
Biomass for electricity
・ Potential: 250-400 MW
・
・ Purpose: heating, cookin
3) Biogas
・ Potential: Very high
・
・ Purpose:
4) Geothermal
・Potential : 50 – 200 MW
・
・Purpose : Saun
13
3 Overview of Rural Water Supply Policy and Current Situation
3.1 Rural Water Supply Policy
Most households in rural Vietnam consist of 5 members, these are concentrated in hamlets
a units typically govern villages. The quality of life for these
people is generally low and income generated usually covers only the basic necessities,
Increase government money, ODA on social development
application of new and modern equipment
ility in issuing certificates
stra er propose ways to development the rural areas and mitigate the income
gap that is associated with economic development.
3.
oor education is often the most difficult obstacle in the successful implementation of
e sys villagers do not understand the relation between sanitation and
clean water supply. In addition the present National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
ater from springs or only have access to deep
round water due to the lack of surface water. Climatic changes have also worsened the
nd traditional administrative
such as clothes and food. The lifestyle of people has not changed much despite Vietnam’s
rapid economic development. Therefore, in 1997 the government set forth the Orientation
for Rural Development. This plan recommended the following proposals:
Investments to increase cash crops, promote livestock breeding and handicraft
production
Create favorable business conditions and partnerships for small retailers and farmers
Promote the
Support to households that join cooperatives, more flexib
for land use
Presently an overarching strategy is being development for rural development. This
tegy will furth
1.1 Challenges
P
thes tems. Many rural
(NRWSS) system is fragmented, uncoordinated and there is a poor legislative framework
to provide guidance and policy directives.
Furthermore, in mountainous regions such as the Central Highlands, people usually lack
water resources altogether and must carry w
g
14
situation, floods and droughts have occurred in regions not normally equipped to deal
with these types of events and in some regions, water resources have been exhausted and
immediate attention is needed.
Finally a major challenge is the inability to transfer knowledge of RWSS systems to local
people. There are no centers or programs to provide technology transfer and increase
wareness; these factors are hindering any future progress.
ittees have been formed for
ater supply and sanitation at both the national and local levels and rural development is
through higher agricultural yields. Recently this has
hanged and the government is examining a more comprehensive rural development plan
3.
he Ministry of Construction in consultation with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
elopm etermined that the development objectives of the NRWSS are to
improve the health and living conditions of the rural population and to reduce the
85% of rural population will use clean water and have access to 60 LPCD
a
Despite these challenges, there is considerable focus by the government on rural
development and water supply improvement. Steering comm
w
considered a high national priority. Although the more local rural supply schemes lack
certain policy level directives, the decentralization is also a benefit because it reaches
projects at the lowest level.
The government is also reformulating the way it deals with rural development. Previously
living conditions improved only
c
that includes agricultural surpluses that can be used for the processing industry, increased
livestock breeding and the development or rural trade and industries. Ultimately, this will
result in the development of rural centers that will link these rural areas to the more
prosperous regions and further spur rural development.
1.2 Objectives
T
Dev ent have d
environment pollution. These objectives will be implemented by adhering to immediate
goals such clean water access by all public facilities, priority shall be given to areas
lacking clean water such as remote regions or those suffering from pollution and there
shall be protection against water resource exhaustion both surface and groundwater.
Long-term goals are set forth as follows:
By year 2010
15
70% of rural households will have approved hygienic latrines and have good personal
ractices
y
ill use clean water t and hygienic latrines that meet national
standards
universal hygiene and sanitary practices through community involvement
3
The government has determined that long-term sustainable development of its rural water
ly m and major goal. A number of actions will be carried
out to ensure that its development receives attention.
ervice life of equipment. This will
nsure that all facilities have a basic management plan for use, appropriate technology and
ail that the users pay all of the costs themselves.
ntractor and finally to manage the
peration and maintenance.
ultimate responsibility rests with the people. In addition,
ducational campaigns will be used to provide instruction and advice to local people
nfidence and management practices
at will further benefit the projects and the people. From 2005, it is expected that RWSS
hygiene p
By ear 2020
All rural people w
Improved
and educational programs.
.1.3 Sustainable Development
supp anagement is a high priority
Clear ownership of facilities will be emphasized so that it encourages a sense of efficient
use and associated maintenance will also extend the s
e
staff capable of carrying out the repair work along with a system of supplying spare parts.
In order to make this program a success, the concept of project implementation will be
shifting from a supply responsive approach to a demand responsive approach. This will
ent
After necessary advice the user will determine the type of facilities and the financing
scheme, construct the facilities or arrange to pay a co
o
Government agencies and donors will provide assistance and guidance, grants will also be
provided to the poor but the
e
before and during the NRWSS projects
This is critical to ensure the long-term sustainability of the rural water supply system. It
will eventually result in the development of self-co
th
16
will follow this approach.
Current Situation of Rural Water Supply 3.2
ue to its mountainous terrain, climatic conditions and a vast river system, Vietnam is
e pply. However, rice field irrigation and uneven
distribution result in water shortages in certain areas. The inefficient use of water and poor
rural areas. Approximately 30% of
ouseholds have some basic water supply system and of this, only 10% of households
en defecation and this subsequently causes frequent
ater contamination. Outbreaks of cholera and typhoid are common and have increased in
en constructed along with
ilt by villagers; however, this only represents a small fraction of what
3.
esponsibilities will be divided among the national and local levels. However,
rnm icipate in the business activities, they will only
provide policy level guidance and advisory to the users.
and projects. In addition, they
ill coordinate the education system and the funds for grants and loans. MARD will
D
ndowed with an abundant natural water su
sanitation practices further exacerbate this problem.
Most rural households have two sources of water, one for drinking and water for washing.
Piped water is uncommon and not readily available in
h
meet the national water standards.
In addition to these factors, only about 50% of rural households have latrines (toilet
facilities). Most families practice op
w
recent years due to population growth. In certain areas such as the Central Highlands,
approximately 90% of the population has intestinal worms.
Programs funded by UNICEF to correct this deficiency have been ongoing for more than
15 years. Many wells with hand pumps and latrines have be
private facilities bu
is needed and much more work remains to be done in these areas
2.1 Delegation of Responsibilities
R
gove ent organizations will not part
The Ministry of Agricultural Rural Development (MARD) will be the lead ministry and
responsible for the overall coordination of the programs
w
delegate certain tasks to other ministries as follows (See list of Acronyms)
17
Figure 3.1 Delegation of National Responsibilities
local government will also have the responsibility to carry out a number of duties that
clude:
F Responsibilities
Source: RWSS
The
in
igure 3.2 Local
VillageNo administrative tasks
Provides an important link for rural residentsand community
Mobilize community participation
DistrictImplementation of roject schemes within
district Provide tech., finance, andconstruction advice
CommuneLowest adminisrative level and
closest to the peopleServe as coordinator and advisor to users
ProvinceEstablish appropriate organizations,
sitance to impement NWSSnate with National Level
coordinate asCoordi
MOCConstruction of Water
Supply Facitilies
MOSTE
Supply Systems
Research andDevelopment of Water
MOHAssist with Education
Program forSanitation Issues
MOETResearch for
Education ProgramRelating to Clean
Water Supply
MARDOverall
Coordination
CentralVietnameseGovernment
18
3.3 Potential for Development and Policy Recommendations
uture rural water supply will be developed utilizing a number a different technologies
t r dug wells with or without
treatment facilities, fitted with either a hand pump or an electric pump. In addition, piped
es such as gravity piped schemes,
onstruction of small dams or ponds to store rainwater and pumping water from rivers.
s will also involve improving quality of life and this is a
riving force behind GOV’s policy objectives, such as recognizing the lower rate of
nd provincial level to allow
r improved water management.
entation. This will help coordinate NRWSS activities
nd determine the demand for local areas, not only for drinking water but also water for
F
hat suit each different location including tube wells o
schemes may be employed that include simple gravity flow systems or systems that utilize
electric pumps. The connections may be to individual households or to a public
connection located near a cluster of households.
Water supply in mountainous areas is often a problem and the NRWSS recommends
several methods to overcome these difficulti
c
Piped schemes are increasingly popular and are strongly encouraged for all districts, the
project team observed several piped schemes during the site survey in the Central
Highlands. It is estimated that by 2020, approximately 40% of all rural households will be
supplied with piped schemes.
Poor people typically inhabit mountainous areas and often benefit from grant funds.
Furthermore, work in these area
d
literacy and the need for information in minority languages.
Although there is an ample amount of data available in the various ministries dealing with
water resources, it still needs to be organized at the central a
fo
NRWSS suggests that a water resources monitoring system be established that utilizes
data collected from NRWSS implem
a
other uses. Eventually, it is hoped that this will lead to better management and ultimately
the protection of water resources.
It is recommended that each province set up a water resource and inventory database. This
19
will allow for the detailed investigation of groundwater, surface water, rainwater and
otential for development of these resources.
out Vietnam, which will ultimately lead to
more effective NRWSS and improve the coordination between national and local
hortage in the 21st century. The NRWSS is
lready making considerable progress and has set up an Action Plan that includes pilot
ion, surveys will be conducted to tailor each education campaign to the
pecific region and attention will be given to local minority languages and also the
11-12 provinces for
ubsequent annual implementation. This stage will also include increased international
n. This may include
aining courses at local Universities or vocational schools in addition to the normal
p
Moreover, this investigation will be able to clearly demonstrate the need for an improved
water management and protection plan through
a
governments and also between provinces.
Vietnam faces formidable challenges regarding water supply. It is estimated that 1 billion
people in Asia will face a water supply s
a
implementation of the NRWSS in 15 provinces in 2005. This initial Action Program will
determine the feasibility and soundness of the strategy and identify areas that need to be
rectified.
In addition, the initial Action Program will include a focused education campaign. Prior to
implementat
s
literacy level. These educational activities will take place through radio and television,
books and advertisements, face to face meeting and also be integrated into other campaign
that teach family planning, poverty alleviation and also agriculture.
After two years of successful pilot implementation, the RWSS will expand in 46 other
provinces; these provinces will be divided into 4 groups of
s
cooperation. Laws regarding water resources, environmental protection and people rights
may also be amended to allow for smooth project implementation.
There will also be an emphasis on human resources development and training of local
staff to carry out the necessary duties for project implementatio
tr
workshop and short training courses. Appropriate mechanisms for funding will be
identified and organizations that act as the implementing bodies will be given the
responsibility of handing the government supported grants and loans.
Additional research and development will be carried out in regards to NRWSS
20
technologies and manuals will be drafted to provide guidance to local regional conditions.
inally, efforts should be made to create a water resources database that may serve as a
gram has been successfully carried out for a minimum of two years, the
RWSS will expand to 46 other provinces and it is hoped that this will alleviate the water
garding specific information in the
rgeted project sites.
F
source of detailed information for future water resource development and policy level
legislation.
These initial efforts are expected to be completed around 2005 but may be delayed. Once
the initial pro
N
shortages and concerns for rural people in Vietnam thereby making a significant
improvement to their life and also the region.
This section provided a general outline of the water supply policies and future initiatives.
The following section will provide more details re
ta
21
4 Over iew of the Site Survey
4.1 Location, Topography and Climate
Vietnam is situated on the eastern part of Indochina peninsula and covers an area of
3 with China in the north, Laos and Cambodia to the
west. Vietnam also borders several bodies of water including the Gulf of Tonkin, the Gulf
North Central Coast : Bac Trung Bo (BTB)
Red River Delta : Chiru Tho Song Hong (CSH)
tnam has s, midlands, mountains and forests. Three
rters of Vi the majority of the country. There
are 2,860 rivers of which the two biggest ones are the Red River in the North and the
s
tribes, the most prevalent being the M'nong, the Ede, and the Bannar. These groups may
v
25,360 sq. km. Its land borders are
of Thailand and a long coastline stretching 3,444 kilometers.
The country is divided into the following eight economic regions:
Mekong River Delta : Chau Tho Song Me Kong (CSM)
Northeast: Dong Bac (DOB)
Northeast South : Dong Nom Bo (DNB)
South Central Coast : Nam Trung Bo (NTB)
Northwest : Tay Bac (TAB)
Central Highlands : Tay Nguyen (TNG)
Vie a diverse topography of plain
qua etnam is mountainous and forests cover
Mekong River in the South. Due to the topographical situation, northern rivers flow
vigorously during the rainy season and the currents of southern rivers are relatively
peaceful due to the flat plains. There are two large deltas in Vietnam; the Red River Delta
is 15,000 square kilometers and the Mekong River Delta, which is nearly twice its size.
Much of the Central Highlands is a series of flat plateaus, inhabited mainly by various
ethnic groups. The ethnic minorities of the Central Highlands are composed of variou
appear to be similar but are culturally quite different. Most villages consist of thatched
single family houses arranged around a central communal longhouse, called a nha rang in
Vietnamese, raised on stilts at the center of town where all ceremony and governance take
place. Each group has a particular style of nha rang, the most dynamic being the Bannar
22
style of an over-three-story-high peak of thatch, but each kind of nha rang is an important
symbol of community-respective groups and the center of worship and colorful ceremony.
The Central Highlands, called Tay Nguyen in Vietnamese, is made up of five provinces:
Kontum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong, stretching along the high ridge of
the Trong Son Mountain Range of the Annamese Cordillera that serves as a natural border
high
m has nearly
2,000 hours of sunshine per year on average, approximately 100 days of rain with an
where the survey sites were located and represents typical conditions for this region. As
Cit
between Vietnam and nearby Laos and Cambodia. With the increase in altitude, the
temperature in the highlands is cool, ranging from between 18°C and 25°C.
Vietnam belongs to a typical Asian monsoon climatic zone. Warm temperatures,
humidity and abundant seasonal rainfall typify this climate zone. Vietna
annual amount of 2,000 mm, and humidity is high at around 85%. Typhoons influence
regional weather patterns in northern areas during the months of September and October.
Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 show the climate data, temperature, days of sunshine and
humidity in both Pleiku and Hanoi. Pleiku is the largest city in the Central Highlands
demonstrated in the table below, there is a high amount of insolation throughout the year
in the Central Highlands and also rainfall drastically decreases in the months of October
to February during the dry season. This often results in severe water shortages for local
villages and demonstrates the need for improvements in the water supply.
Table 4.1 Climate Data of Vietnam
y Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. AverageHanoi 36 64 46 74 141 185 121 160 122 148 136 161 116
232 140 163 124 156 221 258 259 2176.6 29.8 29.2 29.1 28.3 26.1 23.1 19.3 24.3
Pleiku 19.1 19.9 22.9 24.5 24.3 22.5 22.8 22.3 22.2 21.3 21.3 18.9 21.8Hanoi 6 29 45 161 335 229 366 247 107 8 24 28 132
Sun Shine
T(℃）Rainfall（mm)
Humidity (%)
Pleiku 256 288 262 247Hanoi 17.2 18.1 20.7 24.2 2
(Hr)emperature
Pleiku 40 52 248 694 290 349 208 6 8 2 158Hanoi 79 83 81 85 82 75 79 83 81 67 75 73 79Pleiku 81 76 76 78 83 91 91 94 90 84 80 79 84
Source : Statistical Yearbook 2004
23
Figure 4.1 Climate Data in Vietnam
Climate Data
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Jan.
Feb.
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.Nov.
Dec.
Average
City
Sunshine (Hr)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature (℃）
Sun Shine (Hr) Hanoi Sun Shine (Hr) Pleiku Temperature (℃） Hanoi Temperature (℃） Pleiku
4.2 Results of the Site Survey
We requested the Industrial Departments (ID) of all five provinces to provide data for
villages that are expected not to be candidates by 2010 for the power grid extension plan.
The Industrial Departments have specific plans to expand the power grid to remote areas
by 2009. However, there are no plans to supply power to the remaining villages after 2010.
Out targeted areas are these non-electrification that are typically difficult to reach during
the rainy season even by 4 WD vehicles, these areas are also a great distance from
distribution lines.
Minority groups inhabit most of the un-electrified villages. They use kerosene lamps for
lighting and some of them have Pico Hydro for small appliances such as TV and radio.
Kerosene fuel is subsidized by the local government to remote villages and received free
of charge. Inhabitants often practice subsistence farming with crops such as rice, cassava
and typically receive no monetary income.
After permission was granted to conduct the survey in the region, the team obtained
information regarding the power situation. However data for water resources in each of
the villages is not readily available. Therefore, in order to understand the situation of
villages in each province, the consulted with ID and determined the most appropriate
sites.
24
Most of the villages have small privately owned wells with a depth of around 5-20 meters
illagers state that potable drinking water is the most vital component of their life and
4. Target Areas
(1) K Tum Province
on Tum province is 9, 614 km2 and has seven districts with a population of 316,000. Its
opulations in individual villages are small at around 100 to 300 for each village. There
our site survey, we visited four villages in Tu Mo Rong district; we chose six potential
as they do not have the technology to dig deeper than 20 meters and this therefore limits
their water supply. They lift up the water by hand in most of these wells and cannot afford
diesel engines to assist with the lifting.
V
they requested improvements in this area during interviews. The team understands that
some villages need not only power but also deeper wells and a reliable supply of water.
2.1
on
K
population density is the lowest among the five provinces in the Central Highlands.
According to the data from ID Kon Tum, there are 18 non-electrified villages that are
difficult to connect to the power grid by 2010.
P
are also villages such as Mang Buk and Ngol Tem commune, which are located in
mountainous areas (elevation more than 1500m) and are difficult to reach by vehicle.
Most villagers can access spring water for drinking from a pipeline in the mountains.
However, in dry season, these areas often run dry and local people suffer from a lack of
water. This requires them to walk 2-7 km in order to collect water for basic needs such as
drinking and cooking therefore living conditions often worsen during this season becomes
very difficult.
In
villages for our study and estimated the cost of system installation.
25
Table 4.2 List of Potential Villages in Kon Tum
(2) G i province
ia Lai province has 12 districts; a population of about 981,000 and it covers an area of
ecause of the lack of water, there is a water tank to store drinking water from a nearby
Gia Lai and Power Company Gia Lai both have a strong interest in this project and
our site survey, we visited four villages in Dak T Pang and Mang Yang commune and
Village Name Commune Name District Name No. ofHousehold
No. ofPopulation
WaterDemand per
G
i
a
day[kl]
Tu Thon Dak Nen Kon Plong 61 274 13.7
Dick TaCok 35 175 8.75
Dick Pet 42 194 9.7
Mang Vach 40 183 9.15
Dak King 1 Ngoc Lay Tu Mo Rong 39 179 8.95
135 648Tia Plong 1+2, Ngoc Mo 32.4Mang But
Ngoc Tem
Kon Plong
Kon Plong
ia La
G
15,496 km2. The eastern area is mountainous and there are highlands in the west. At the
time this report was written, it was planned that the western area would be electrified by
2010. Nevertheless, according to ID Gia Lai, there are still 11 non-electrified villages that
prove quite difficult to be accommodated by this grid expansion plan and will probably
remain without power. These 11 villages are located a great distance from the distribution
lines and in the mountains. The situation is similar to Kon Tum.
B
mountain, however, this does not provide a sufficient amount during the dry season and
villages suffer from a lack of water.
ID
wish to further develop the Central Highlands, as Pleiku is the capital of Gia Lai and the
largest city in the region, these organizations feel a certain responsibility to the minority
people and have played a major role in assisting our efforts in this study. The support
provided should not be underestimated and it is recommended that any future project
implementation in the region would benefit from involving organizations.
In
we targeted six potential villages to compute a cost estimate.
26
Table 4.3 List of Potential Villages in Gia Lai
intained by
refer to
(3) D k and Dak Nong province
separated from Dak Lak province. These two provinces
re 19,599 km2 and have 19 districts combined with a population of about 1,793,000.
ependent, ID Dak Nong has an aggressive attitude
ard improving in its newly formed province. Therefore, individuals were very in
illages are primarily located in the mountains and residents depend on
ells and mountain streams for water. The wells are usually in the village center and
Village Name Commune Name District Name . ofHousehold
No. ofPopulation
WaterDemand per
da
Distancefrom GridNo
y[kl] (km)
L. Kon Vong 2 Dak Rong K Bang 44 220 11.0 12
L. Tung Kroong K Bang 63 315 15.8 10
Thon 7 So Pai K Bang 205 1025 51.3 1.5
Thon 8 So Pai K Bang 119 595 29.8 2
L. Kon Yot Ha Dong Dak Doa 45 225 11.3 2.4
Po Pau Lo Pang M Yang 60 300 15.0 3
Additionally, there is a Photovoltaic model site in Gia Lai. This site is well ma
PC Gia Lai and the villagers are able to operate it without difficulties. (Please
section 4.3 for a more detailed description of this site)
ak La
Dak Nong province was recently
a
According to information received from ID Dak Lak and ID Dak Nong, most areas will
be electrified by 2010 but there are still 37 non-electrified villages that will not be
influenced by power grid expansion.
Since Dak Nong recently became ind
tow
assisting the team with our survey and welcomed any type of project that may further
development.
Non-electrified v
w
utilize poorly hand made water tube lines to draw water from the rather distant mountain
streams. Although the water quality is sufficient for drinking, (please refer water quality
data in section 4.2.2) the amount of water drawn from these two sources is extremely low
at roughly 1 liter per person per day. In addition, this amount decreases during the dry
season making it difficult for residents to accomplish basic tasks such as washing.
27
If river water becomes undrinkable due to the high silt and dirt content, the villagers then
se water from wells and mountain streams for drinking purposes. Due to this unfortunate
uon Cham village in Dak Lak where the similar project was carried out
the past. (Please refer to section 4.3 for a more detailed description)
a cost estimate for
roject implementation. The villages selected are in both provinces, 8 are in Dak Lak and
Table 4.5 List of Potential Villages in Dak Nong
Village Name Commune Name District Name No. ofHousehold
No. ofPopulation
WaterDemand per
da
u
situation, villagers have adapted to a lifestyle with limited potable water. For example,
locally grown agricultural products typically require very little or no irrigation and
villagers have become accustomed to washing their bodies and clothes with murky
unclean water.
The team visited B
in
In our Dak Nong survey, the team visited potential villages to compute
p
7 are in Dak Nong are listed below.
Table 4.4 List of Potential Villages in Dak Lak
Distancefrom Grid
y[kl] (km)
Se Dang Ea Kiet Cu M'gar 120 500 25.0 10
Buon Tria Ea Trul Cu M'gar 100 500 25.0 5
Thon Yang Hanh Cu Dram Krong Bong 352 1408 70.4 15
Buon Cham Ea Sol Ea H'leo 150 900 45.0 8
Ton Thanh Xuan Ea Kenh Krong Pak 140 560 28.0 6.5
Ton Thanh Binh Ea Kenh Krong Pak 147 588 29.4 6.5
Thon 7A Ea Phe Krong Pak 130 520 26.0 3
Thon 7C Ea Phe Krong Pak 125 500 25.0 3
Distancefrom GridVillage Name Commune Name District Name No. of
HouseholdNo. of
Population
WaterDemand per
da
y[kl] (km) Doc 3 Tang Nam Nung Krong No 95 395 19.8 7
Thac Lao Eapo Cu Jar 80 345 17.3 8
Dak Mre Quang Tan Dak R Lap 200 915 45.8 15
Cac cwn dan curxa Dak R Mang Dak R Mang Dak Glong 592 3101 155.1 15
Deo 52 Quang Son Dak Glong 77 405 20.3 12
Khu KTM Ha Tay Quang Son Dak Glong 112 384 19.2 15
Thac 11-12 Quang Son Dak Glong 394 1904 95.2 10
28
(4) L
1
istricts and is similar in size to Kom Tum at only 9,764 km2. Topography consists
ainly of highlands but there are also many villages that the government finds difficult to
lectrify by 2010. The team obtained information for 33 non-electrified villages, that
ccording to ID Lam Dong will not benefit from the planned region wide power grid
xpansion.
he village populations are typically larger than that of Kon Tum, Gia Lai and the
ouseholds are also more clustered around a central location. This situation is ideal for
installation of a photovoltaic system that will supply power and water to village residents.
is derived from coffee and pepper production and villagers collect water
om small privately owned wells. As with the other provinces, they suffer from a lack of
am Dong province
Lam Dong province has a population of just over 1 million at 1,004,000 and consists of 1
d
m
e
a
e
T
h
Local income
fr
water in the dry season and must walk long distances to streams in order to collect water
for basic necessities.
In our site survey, we visited 3 villages and chose 10 target villages to compute the cost
estimate in our study.
Table 4.6 List of Potential Villages in Lam Dong
Village Name Commune Name District Name No. ofHousehold
No. ofPopulation
WaterDemand Per
Day [kL]
Distancefrom Grid
(km)
Thon Pre Tieng 2 Xa Phu Son 324 1237 61.85
Thon Van Minh Xa Tan Van 210 918 45.9
Thon 10 Xa Da Don 221 938 46.9
Thon 3 117 864 43.2
171 910 45.5
Thon Ha Lam 215 804 40.2
Thon Lien Ha 1 186 825 41.25
201 1005 50.25
Thon 13 Xa Hoa Nam VII Di Linh 205 1025 51.25
Xa Lien Ha
IV Lam Ha Thon 5 185 1021 51.05
Thon 83km or Over
Xa Tan Thanh
Thon 11 Xa Hoa Nam VII Di Linh
29
4. .2 Water Quality of Target Villages
quipment will be included in the project scheme. The project team collected water from
arious locations and the following list contains a complete water quality analysis for the
rgeted sites. The testing was conducted at the Institute for Environmental Technology,
aboratory for Environmental Analysis in Ho Chi Minh City. Drinking water standards
re also listed to allow for a comparison.
or values not included in the drinking water standards, it is assumed that the tested
amples are within the limits and water is suitable for drinking purposes. As set forth by
e Minister of Health and the People Health Protection Law, all water supply plants,
ater suppliers for eating/drinking, water supply systems for less than 500 people and
rivate water supply systems are recommended to adhere to these standards.
According to the following data, purification equipment is not required for this project
Sample
2
The water quality of rural areas will be the determinant as to whether purification
e
v
ta
L
a
F
s
th
w
p
scheme. There is no significant contamination of the well water and it is deemed suitable
for drinking. Furthermore, salinity values in this region are negligible and desalination
equipment is not required.
Table 4.7 Drinking Water Standards Compared with Samples
No Item Unit Drinking
Water 1 2
Standards
1 pH 6.5-8.5 7.31 6.77
2 Total Dissolved
Solid
mgCaCO3/
L
<1000 61.5 199
3 51.0 Nitrate NO3 mg/L <50 3.15
4 Nitrite NO2 mg/L <3 ND ND
5 Fluoride mg/L .7-1.5 0.41 0.99
6 Chloride Cl- mg/L <250 12.4 137.0
7 Total Nitrogen mgN/L 0.68 11.54
8 mg/L <250 78.6 65.8 Sulphate SO4
9 Total Inorganic mgC/L
Carbon
72.6 104
10 Hardness mgCaCO3/ <300 117 144
30
L
11 Iron µg/L <500 87 76
12 Lead µg/L ND ND <10
13 mium g/L Cad µ <3 ND ND
14 Arsenic µg/L <10 0.65 0.90
15 ese /L <500 60 4 Mangan µg
) – ell water fr K RMANG mune DAK NONG Provi
) – ell water fr K PA TUN une G Province
D =
ltho e list con wo values not w tandards, u, the
hief nvironmental Analysis a d the proje m that
these ot pose a problem. According to Dr. Cu, it is difficult for natural water to
e lue betwe and v re gener health risk when
they exceed 1.5 mg/L. For th itrate NO3, the value of 51 should “not be a concern” and
s for reference r. Cu conc hat in hi ofessional o n, the
ter ficient king and do quire an fication eq ent.
le ing Water Sta Compared w mples
Sample
(1 Sample of w om DA com nce
(2 Sample of w om DA G comm IA LAI
N Not detected
A ugh the abov tains t that are ithin s Dr. C
C Director of the Laboratory
values do n
for E ssure ct tea
hav a Fluoride va en .7 and 1.5
e N
alues a ally a only
it i included only. D luded t s pr pinio
wa samples are suf for drin not re y puri uipm
Tab 4.8 Drink ndards ith Sa
N Unit Drinking
5
o Item
Water 1 2 3 4 (*)
Standards
1 6.5-8.5 7.16 7.01 7.15 6.56 7.39 pH
2 Total mgCaC <1000 16.0 13.0 9.0 7.6 13.0
Dissolved
solid
O3/L
Nitrate
NO3
mg/L <50 < 0.35 < 0.35 < 0.35 < 0.35 < 0.353
Nitrite
NO2
mg/L <3 ND ND ND ND ND 4
Fluoride mg/L .7-1.5 ND ND ND ND ND 5
6 Chloride
mg/L <250 1.9 2.2 1.86 1.0 3.8
Cl
7 Total mgN/L 0.25 0.014 0.26 X 0.0028
31
Ni trogen
8 Sulphate
SO4
mg/L ND ND ND ND ND <250
9 Total
n
gC/L
Carbo
m 21.27 21.11 9.2 13.84 2.89
10 C
O3/L
<300 31.2 25.0 11.0 X 2.5 Hardness mgCa
11 Iron µg/L <500 5.0 83.0 16.0 5.0 5.0
12 µg/L <10 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 0.2 <0.2 Lead
13 m Cadmiu µg/L <3 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 <0.2
14 ic µg/L <10 < 0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Arsen
15 Mangane
se
µg/L <500 3.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.2
( ater sa m Fuji Electric PV+MH Site Lai
( sample from TOM MO RONG Village in KOM TUM Province
( sa om tan M MO NG V in K M Province
( Water sample from tank in PO DAN Village, MANG YANG commune in GIA LAI
P
( sample from mountain stream in PO DAN Village, MANG YANG commune
i P
ND = Not det
. of ng Off-G ower S
(1 ji in Gia
ectric Systems and ID Gia Lai recommended the team to visit a model project site
w Energy and Industrial
etnam (EVN)
he
ents and remains in operation to this day.
1) – W
2) – Water
mple fro in Gia
3) – Water
4) –
mple fr k in TO RO illage OM TU
rovince
5) – Water
n GIA LAI rovince
ected
4.3 Showcase Existi rid P ystems
) Fu System Lai
Fuji El
in Gia Lai. Fuji Electric Systems in cooperation with the Ne
Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and the Electricity of Vi
initiated a PV village electrification project for the Central Highlands. Although t
system’s purpose was to serve as demonstrative research, it greatly improved the lives of
local resid
32
Figure 4.2 External appearance of PV yard
Source: i Electric Systems
m nd-alone hy d system
between PV nd Micro Hydro Power taking into ac and cost. w
ang Y ct La e and consists of a 100 k
V sy and a 25 micro-hydro system that provides power to 5
househ t villages.
s fo
project, an instruction manual, an op manual a PV experts co
durin was held with s
from Gia Lai Ele g the long-term operation and
maintenance of the system.
99.5kW 880 modules
Fuj
The syste was designed to optimize the configuration of a sta bri
a count both reliability It as
located at Trang Village, M ang distri in Gia i provinc W
stand alone P stem kW 10
olds in 3 differen
Furthermore, the training and technology program consisted of specification r the
eration nd also nducted on-
the-job training sessions g site visits. Finally a meeting individual
ctric Power Compan ey r gardin
Sequencer
Data acquisitionsystem
<<System Controller>>
HybridControllerInduc
Water Turbin
To MH
ti
Transformer 400V/415V
Battery689kWh 2800Ah/246V
4kW/10s×24p 111W Module 26.6
Inverter
Meteoro
<<Power Conditioner>>
100kVA
3Φ4W415V
3Φ,415V25kW
Gret village
PleiBot village
Hlang village
Premises
26.64kW/10s×24p111W Module
22.20kW/10s×20p 111W Module
24.00kW/20s×10p 120W Module
Water Intake
Test Load
Controller
MC1
MC2
MC3
MC4
DC246V
(230V～330V)
PV System
MH System
33
Figure 4.3 Organization of the Fuji Electric PV System Project
Prior to project implementation, this area had not been electrified and lagged behind in
economic development. Furthermore, the use of kerosene lamps for lighting made it
hrough this system, a myriad of different opportunities have opened up and children are
Ministry of Industry Ministry of Science,
Technology and Environment
Source: Fuji Electric Systems
difficult for children to study in the evening. The project improved the quality of life as
every house was supplied with electric lighting and villagers were then able to socialize in
the evening and children could continue to study after sunset.
Test operations began in September 1999 and actual operations began in January of 2000.
Gia Lai Electric Power Department also dispatched two operators who stayed near the site
to assist with operation and maintenance. The technicians successfully transferred this
knowledge to local people so they could operate the facilities themselves thereby ensuring
long-term sustainability. The research program ended in 2001, however, villagers continue
to enjoy the immense benefits of this program and the project has enriched the lives of so
many who once only knew darkness.
T
now raised with the hopes and dreams of a brighter future. This would not have been
possible without the cooperation and warm relationship between the governments of
Vietnam, Japan and their respective businesses and implementing organizations.
NEDO
Fuji
lectric E
Electricity of Vietnam
Counter-part
Power Company (Electric power company No.3
Gia Lai Electric Power
Department
of central Vietnam)
(Electric power company of Gia Lai Province)
Institute of Energy
（Institute under Electricity of Vietnam）
＜Study＞ ＜Maintenance, Operation＞
34
(2)
In addition the project site in Gia Lai, representatives from Solarlab in Ho Chi Minh City
ng.
enjoy
traditional dancing, karaoke and could spend more time reading and socializing with other
Buon Cham System
and ID Dak Lak invited the team to visit a PV project site in Dak Lak known as Buon
Cham Village. The team’s visit to the site would prove invaluable as a comparison could
be made with the system in Gia Lai. The Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment (MOSTE) Vietnam and NRW Germany developed this village under
photovoltaic power scheme. Upon its completion in 2002, it provided power to 100
households, a cultural house, 2 classrooms, medical service, ration telephone, water
pumping equipment, and library lighti
Buon Cham Village was intended to be a showcase village that demonstrates the benefits
of such a system and according to a report in written in 2002 shortly after its completion,
it stated that the lives of villagers have drastically changed and people no longer live in
isolation. They now enjoy color TV’s, radios, lighting systems and regularly
villagers.
However, the project team visited Buom Cham village on January 17, 2007 and was
presented with a different situation. At the time of the site survey, villagers reported that
equipment frequently broke down and the PV system at the cultural house was inoperable.
Many villagers expressed frustration that they could no longer utilize their systems and
were receiving little help from outside sources.
35
Figure 4.4 Outline of Buon Cham Village
Source: Buon Cham Village Documents from Solarlab
According to the Buon Cham village documents and interviews with villagers, it seems
that this project was thoroughly planned and that all necessary conditions had been met,
further investigation by the project team confirmed this fact, the problem was project
implementation.
The issues that this village faced can provide important lessons for any future PV/water
pumping scheme in this region. There are several reasons why Buon Cham village is in its
current predicament. This information should be used for future projects to ensure that
this is not repeated.
Please refer to the following section for a brief description of project flow and problems
encountered at Buon Cham Village.
36
Figure 4.4 Outline of Project Flow for Buon Cham Village
Installation and Training
14 day installation and training period3-4 days for installation
10 days for training and instruction3 local villagers sent to HCMC for 7 day training
course on PV maitenance
ProblemsFailed to collect payments, only 20 households pay
Unable to pay salaries of technical staffForced to refund money to 20 familiesNo maitenance scheme implemented
Fees and O/M100 families, each agree to pay 5000 VND/month
500,000 VND/month400,000 VND as salary for 3 staff and100,000 for any needed repair parts
Fee CollectionResponsibility of village leader and 2 assistants
Source: Buon Cham Village Documents from Solarlab
Consequently, the technicians did not receive their salary and returned to farming work.
When a minor problem did occur with system components, villagers contact one of the
technicians and pay directly for any work performed. There was no standardization of fees
collected for work performed; apparently the fee is based on consensus with the
technician and the villager.
Although this system worked for approximately one year with no major malfunctions, it
was apparent that it would not lead to long-term project sustainability. In 2003, there was
a breakdown of the main batteries and control system at the cultural house. This was
repaired by the district at a cost of 120 million VND and paid for by a district subsidy.
Similarly, in 2004 another breakdown of the same parts occurred and it also cost 120
million VND paid for by a district subsidy to repair the problem. Finally in 2005 when the
same problem occurred again, the district denied the subsidy and the system has been
inoperable since that time.
37
5 Photovoltaic Electric Power and Water Supply System Proposal
The proposed system design for this project was based on many factors. The team
collected village information for targeted areas such as number of households, total
population and mean water intake etc…during the site survey and also obtained it directly
from the respective Peoples Committees in the Central Highlands (Gia Lai, Kon Tum,
Dak Lak, Dak Nong and Lam Dong) for system design.
The team decided to focus its efforts on 37 villages; these villages consist of 5,737
households and a total population of 26,805 people. Potential sites were determined
taking into consideration the method of water collection, distance from distribution lines
and road conditions.
Table 5.1 Village List for System Study
5.1
ken into consideration to determine the ideal system design
household electrification and pump operation
using regional insolation
data
Unit Gia lai Kon Tum Dac Lak Dak Nong Lam Dong Total
Number of Potential Village 6 6 8 7 10 37
Number of population people 2,680 1,653 5,476 7 49 9,547 26,805
mber of household family 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
,4
Nu
Study of Optimum System
(1) Selection of target project villages
The following factors were ta
for this project.
1. Selection of non-electrified villages in the Central Highlands
2. Number of households and inhabitants
3. Data used for system specification design:
・ Electric power demand for household and pumping system
・ Water demand per household
・ Well depth and head
4. Electric power needed for
5. Calculation of the expected photovoltaic power generation
38
6. Determination of solar cell module, inverter and battery capacity
(2) Pre-conditions for Optimum System Design
The team conducted a survey of rural villages to determ
ine the appropriate system design
ased on the specific needs and desires of the villagers and also similar projects in the
ken into consideration for system design in order to best suit the
quirements of villagers and also to ensure project sustainability.
Table 5.2 Pre-Conditions of the System
b
same area. For this specific project, it is assumed that villagers will utilize two light bulbs,
a TV, radio and electricity can be supplied for approximately 4 hours a day. Furthermore it
is assumed that each villager will have access to 50 liters of water per day per person.
These factors were ta
re
Number
Light 2Item Television 1[W] Radio 1sumption of Electric Power per Household 100[W]Con
Wat 10m
Ope
15mWell Depth from Ground Surface
Consumption of Water per People
er Level in Hi-tank from Ground surface
rating Time of Water Pump 5 hours/day
50 liter/day/people
Supply Time of Electric Power 4 hours/day
Capacity
205010
Total Capacity
405010
39
F
Following thoughtful consideration, the team concluded that water purification was not
necessary in this region due to the high quality of water and its lack of both contaminants
and salinity. The team therefore omitted this section from the project report.
(1) Cost Calculation for PV Powered Pumping Equipment
First, the team focused on a PV powered system that pumps up water. The team then
prioritized villages and attempted to focus on non-electrified villages that have
relatively large populations and deep wells. However, despite our efforts, many of the
non-electrified villages in this region have small privately owned shallow wells that
were also included in this study.
igure 5.1 Image of the Project
Photovoltaic Array
Village
5.2 Cost Calculation
In the original proposal, the team planned to recommend three project components, PV
powered water pumping, PV electrification and water purification. In this chapter the
team calculated the PV powered water pumping and electrification.
Hi-tank
Junction box
Drinking water
Irrigation water
Battery
Inverter(CVCF)
Batterycharger
Premises
Village
Rural Electrification
Fluorescent lamp
TV
Pumping up water
Small pump
Water tap
Deep well
Submersiblepump
40
able 5.3 Cost calculation of PV system for Pumping Equipment
he PV
s a strong need and desire for lighting and appliances such
as TV during the site survey. The following information relates to PV household
electrification.
ined both solar home systems (SHS) and battery charging station
(BCS) as optimal PV systems. The SHS system is advantageous for a village with
re concluded that the
ideal system should be BCS in this study.
T
Unit Gia lai Kon Tum Dac Lak Dak Nong Lam Dong Total
Number of Village 6 6 8 7 10 37
Nu er of population people 2,680 1,653 5,476 7,449 9,547 26,805
Number of household family 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
Necessary of electricpowerfor
mb
pump-upkWｈ/day 33 20 66 90 116 325
Necessary of water m3/day 134 83 274 372 477 1,340
Necessary Capacity ofmotor kW 7 4 13 46 23 93
Capacity of PV for pump-up kW 16 10 33 45 58 163
Assuming the villagers use 50 liters per day per person, the total capacity of t
system would be 163 kW.
The formula for configuration of the system is listed in Appendix 5
(2) Cost calculation of PV system for Household Electrification
The team confirmed there i
The team exam
scattered households and small power demand. However, the 37-targeted villages all
have relatively large populations and power is expected not only for household
electrification but also for pumping equipment. The team therefo
The necessary electric power for a BCS system is calculated as follows,
41
T
acity
er.
able 5.4 Cost Calculation for Household Electrification
Unit Gia lai Kon Tum Dac Lak Dak
Assuming the villagers’ use one 100-Watt light bulb per household, the total cap
of PV would be 1.149 MW and a battery would be required to store the pow
Capacity would be 5,737 kWh.
The formula for system configuration is in Appendix 6
Nong Lam Dong Total
Number of V
Number of p
Number of ho
Necessary of 141 506 620 814 2,295
Capacity of PVfor electrific household kW 107 71 253 310 408 1,149
Capacity of Battery for households kWh 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
illage 6 6 8 7 10 37
opulation people 2,680 1,653 5,476 7,449 9,547 26,805
usehold family 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
electric power kWh/day 214
ation of
42
6 Economical Analysis of the Project
6.1 Initial Cost
The project equipment consists of water pumping system (including water tank)
pho
abo e initial cost for both water pumping and household
elec ification (Battery Charging Station).
(1) Initial Cost for Water Pumping
m are as follows,
Figu
Photovolta System1 Solar Cell Module2 Inverter3 Control4 Frame5 Junctio
Pump-up 1 Pump2 Water T3 Control
Construction Work1 Materia2 Labor FSupervisor / E
tovoltaic array and battery. Assuming the standard equipment components mentioned
ve, the team estimated th
tr
System configuration and cost estimate for Water Pumping Syste
re 6.1 Water Pumping Equipment
ic
Table 6.1 Cost Estimate for Water Pumping
ler
n Box
System
ankler
lee
ngineer / Worker
Photovoltaic Array
Junction box
Electricity
WaterDeep well
SubmersiblepumpPumping up water
Inverter(VVVF)
High tank
Drinking water
Irrigation water
Water tap
Photovoltaic Array
Junction box
Electricity
WaterDeep well
Submersiblepump
Deep well
SubmersiblepumpPumping up water
Inverter(VVVF)
High tank
Irrigation water
Water tap
Drinking water
6 6 8 7 10 37people 2,680 1,653 5,476 7,449 9,547 26,805family 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
Necessary Electric Power kWh/day 32.5 20.0 66.4 90.3 115.8 325.1Necessary Water Amount m3/d 134.0 82.7 273.8 372.5 477.4 1,340.3Pump Capacity kW 6.5 4.0 13.3 45.9 23.2 92.8Photovoltaic Capacity kW 16.3 10.0 33.3 45.2 58.0 162.8
Ⅰ Photovoltaic System Million Yen 11 7 22 30 38 108Ⅱ Battery System Million Yen 0 0 0 0 0 0Ⅳ Pump-up System Million Yen 28 17 58 85 101 288Ⅵ Construction Work Million Yen 3 2 5 7 9 26
Million Yen 42 26 85 122 148 423Total System Cost
Number of VillageNumber of populationNumber of household
Unit Gia lai Kon Tum Lam DongDac Lak Dak Nong Total
43
(2) Initial Cost for Household Electrification (Battery Charging Station)
System configuration and cost estimate for Battery Charging Station are as follows,
Figu
Table 6.2 Cost Estimate for Household Electrification (Battery Charging Station)
initial cost of the project, it is also necessary to
compute the Operation Cost as well. Therefore, the maintenance cost is calculated by
ent by a fixed rate as follows:
Photovoltaic Array
re 6.2 Equipment for Household Electrification (Battery Charging Station)
Photovolt1 Solar Cell Module2 Controller3 Frame4 Junction Box5 Battery Charger
Battery System1 Battery
Construction Work1 Material2 Labor FeeSupervisor / Engineer / Worker
aic System
Operation Cost
As the previous section only estimated the
6.2
multiplying the cost of each compon
Photovoltaic Array Rural ElectrificationRural ElectrificationJunction boxJunction box
Battery
Batterycharger
Battery Charging Station
Battery
Batterycharger
Battery Charging Station
6 6 8 7 10 37people 2,680 1,653 5,476 7,449 9,547 26,805family 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
Necessary Electric Power kWh/day 214.4 140.8 505.6 620.0 814.0 2,294.8Photovoltaic Capacity kW 107.4 70.5 253.2 310.5 407.7 1,149.3Battery Capacity kWh 536.0 352.0 1,264.0 1,550.0 2,035.0 5,737.0
Ⅰ 64 42 150 184 242 682Ⅱ 11 7 26 32 42 119Ⅳ Pump-up System Million Yen 0 0 0 0 0 0Ⅵ Construction Work Million Yen 18 12 41 51 66 188
Million Yen 93 61 218 268 350 990
TotalUnit Gia lai Kon Tum Lam DongDac Lak Dak Nong
Number of VillageNumber of populationNumber of household
Photovoltaic System Million YenBattery System Million Yen
Total System Cost
44
Table 6.3 Maintenance Cost of the Equipment
System Fixed Maintenance Cost Rate
Photovoltaic System 0.1% / System cost
Pumping System 0.2% / System cost
Photovoltaic arrays and another incidental devices often require a minimum amount of
maintenance as they generate power from insolation. The primary O&M cost is due to the
necessity of battery replacement. The battery for the proposed system is expected to last at
least 10 years, after which it will need to be replaced and the cost is estimated to be
approximately the same as the initial battery.
he team will estimate the cost for the total system combining both water pumping and
hows the total O&M costs of each
province.
6.3 nomic Analysis of the System
rops,
eir capacity to pay for this region is around 300 yen/month. However, many poor
will be
able to reimburse the initial cost of 1.412 billion Yen (about 53,000 Yen per person);
therefore, the project team recommends the government to subsidize this cost.
T
household electrification components. Table 6-4 s
Table 6.4 Maintenance Cost and Battery Replacement
K Yen 131 83 288 383 482 1,367
Replace Cost of Battery K Yen 1,115 732 2,629 3,224 4,233 11,933
K Yen 1,246 815 2,917 3,607 4,714 13,300
Cost of Maintenance
Total O&M Cost
Eco
According to interviews, for villager’s that own livestock or cultivate certain cash c
th
villagers receive no monetary income and it is impractical to assume that villagers
If the government subsidizes the initial cost of the project, villagers will be responsible for
only the O&M cost. Assuming the generated power sells at a rate of 600 VND/kWh, total
power sales would be 3,706,000 Yen / year. This would result in a monthly electric fee of
about 50 yen/month. Although this is well within the their financial means, it is
45
recommended that villagers pay an additional 140 yen/month to act as a reserve fund to
cover system O&M. In addition, the project team also recommends that the government
also subsidize the electricity fee for poor villagers that are unable to pay. These payments
will cover the costs of any major malfunctions, battery replacement and also ensure the
long-term sustainability of this project.
Based on the above calculations, it is estimated that the total rate will be approximately
190 yen/month (140+50) and this revenue will be used for maintenance of the PV pump
and also battery replacement.
ble 6.5 Economical Analysis of the System
Ta
6 6 8 7 10 3726,805
family 536 352 1,264 1,550 2,035 5,737
M Yen 42 26 85 122 148 423
M Yen 93 61 218 268 350 990
M Yen 134 87 303 390 499 1,412
K Yen 131 83 288 383 482 1,367
Replace Cost of Battery K Yen 1,115 732 2,629 3,224 4,233 11,933
K Yen 1,246 815 2,917 3,607 4,714 13,300
K Yen 346 227 817 1,001 1,315 3,706
K Yen 900 591 2,124 2,604 3,419 9,638
K Yen 1,247 819 2,940 3,605 4,734 13,345
Dac Lak Dak Nong Lam Dong
Auunal Sales of Electric Power(Average: about 50 yen/Household/month)
Number of VillageNumber oNumber of household
Cost of Maintenance
TotalUnit Gia lai Kon Tum
Total Incom
System Cost of Water Pump
Total O&M Cost
Reserve Fund For O&M( 140yen/Household/month)
Total System Cost
System Cost of HH Electrification
people 2,680 1,653 5,476 7,449 9,547f population
e
46
7 Environmenta -economic Impact
rior to the project implementation stage, it is necessary to consider the impact on the
7.1 vironmental Concerns
on of Environmental and Social Considerations” published by JBIC in April of
002. According to the guidelines, “18. Water Supply” the following environmental
Table 7.1 Consideration of JBIC Guidelines
tegory Environmental Item Items applicable to the Project Appraisal & Preventive Measures
(1) EIA andEnvironmental Permits
(2) Explanation to the
ot applicable -
(2) Water QualityUnderground water pollution inducedby excess water pumping
Will be designed not to pump up excess water
(2) EcosystemApplied if there is species influencedby machine installation or waterpump-up
N/ADue to no negative impact on species
6
（Omitted） (Will be studied in the next stage)1 rmits andEx anation
JBIC Guide Line
4 En
5
2 M
3 Environment
l Concerns and Socio
P
environment implementing organizations should demonstrate that the project does not
adversely influence the local area. In addition to environmental concerns, the expected
benefits that may be incurred are also mentioned in order to demonstrate the total project
impact.
En
The study follows “Japan Bank for International Corporation (JBIC) Guidelines for
Confirmati
2
items are taken into consideration for this project.
Consideration
Ca
Public
(1) Air Quality N
(3) WasteR/O waste waterWaste water and oil duringconstruction
Managed accoding to manual
(4) Noise and Vibration From pumpsN/ADue to small scale
(5) Subsidence One due to excess water pump-up Will be designed not to take excess water
(1) Protected AreasApplied if the site is in National Parkor so
N/ADue to no nearby protected areas
Mitigationeasures
Natural
(1) Resettlement Land occupationN/ADue to abundant space
(2) Living andLivelihood
Opportunity cost of land occupationor water pumping
N/ABecause the plant is established in an openspace and purpose of underground water is notchanged
(3) HeritageApplied if there is natural or culturalhearitage around
N/ADue to no signifigant effects
(4) Landscape Existance of plant itselfN/ABecause of its small scale
(5) Ethnic Minoritiesand Indigenous Peoples
Applied if there live minoritiesaround
N/ABecause this project benefits minorities
(1) Impacts duringConstruction
Exhausted gas and noise from heavyequipment
Managed according to construction manual
(2) Monitoring Quality of underground water Will be monitored periodically
NoteNote on UsingEnvironmental Checklist
According to Vietnam N/A
Socialvironment
Others
Pepl
47
Most of the above items are not problematic because the project scale in each village is
latively small and will have a negligible impact on the environment. The only
Disseminate information from the manufacturer to the user and persons responsible
for disposal via manuals and/or the establishment of guidelines that clearly outline
and describe the correct procedures for battery collection and disposal
Establish a used-battery collection and storage system and an inspection agency to
monitor this process to encourage local people not to randomly discard inoperable
batteries
Establish clear legally binding responsibilities as defined by regulations for
user/manufactures
There are several firms that already deal with battery disposal in Vietnam. To ensure the
long-term sustainability of this project, the team recommends close cooperation with these
organizations to establish an appropriate battery disposal system.
re
environmental consideration is that the groundwater quality may be negatively influenced
due to excessive pumping. Therefore, the system should be designed not to pump water
that exceeds its capacity.
(1) PV System for Household Electrification
Photovoltaic power is a clean energy source and typically results in no negative
environmental impact. It is often a safe alterative to diesel generators that generate noise
and pollution along with power. However, the disposal of batteries is something that must
be considered in any PV project. Based on the similar project experience, if there is not a
well-structured system in place and no educational to alert local people to the dangers,
batteries from the electrification system may result in environmental degradation.
Batteries used in PV systems contain certain chemical compounds that are detrimental to
the environment and it is necessary to implement proper battery disposal methods to
ensure long-term project sustainability. The team recommends that battery disposal
programs take into consideration the following points:
48
7.2
ation is often the first step towards development, villages and municipalities that
lack this basic service are often put at a disadvantage regarding job creation and education.
re prosperous regions and a necessary conduit to improve the
quality of life. Utilizing abundant natural resources is an ideal solution to provide power
an just light, there are countless other
ample, without electricity, villagers
typically use candles or kerosene lamps for lighting. This is often costly due to the high
price of fuel and also dangerous due to the increased risk of fire. Electricity also allows
.
can
nd
re
.
fits
Socio-Economic Impacts
Electrific
Electricity is the link to mo
to remote regions and the high insolation in the Central Highlands makes photovoltaic
power a safe and clean alternative to fossil fuels.
Rural electrification projects often provide more th
direct benefits that villagers will enjoy. For ex
children to study in the evening and also family entertainment such as radio and TV
Finally, the entire village can benefit as it brings people closer together as they
socialize though increased community interaction.
This project also involves water-pumping equipment that will reduce labor spent on ha
pumps to collect water. The pumping equipment will also allow children mo
opportunities for studying as it may decrease the long distances required to collect water
A summary of the expected benefits is in table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Expected Socio-Economic Benefits of PV System
Expected Bene
Reduce the possibility of oil leaks, lam
breakage that may result in fires
p
May use incandescent bulb as a night light
Improve convenience of daily life and
increase safety
External lighting
Improve hygiene Reduce soot and smell from kerosene lamps
Decrease money spent on kerosene fuel
Improve the efficiency of domestic work (can be
done in the evening) and spare time can be used
to engage in handicraft industry
D
i
ecrease expenditures and increase
ncome
Reduces time spent operating hand pump
49
Increase access to information TV, radio
Increase educational opportunity Lighting provides opportunity for home study
and extended study hours
Increase time spent with family and
com
lighting allows families to spend time
together in the evening and also to socialize with
Electric
munity other families
I
e
ncrease variety of hobbies and
ntertainment
Entertainment media (TV, radio, movies) also
spare time allows more time for personal hobbies
Improve school facilities Lighting in schools
Improve Communication
(Speakers, announcements) V tivities
Street lights make villagers feel safer in the illage Ac
evening
tes. With increased community
teraction and an active life, many project sites report that some relatives return from the
gene
appe
impr on. Finally, the benefits are not only in the villages but the entire region
h
bene
Along with the obvious direct benefits, there are also a number of indirect benefits that
will further improve the quality of life at project si
in
city to the villages. This not only results in family benefits, but also possible income
ration for the region and the mitigation of population imbalances.
Furthermore, external and internal lighting result in villagers caring more about the
arance of their habitations and they often strive to improve this through painting and
oved sanitati
as t e increased education and higher literary further rural development, which eventually
fits all of Vietnam.
50
8 Conc
8.1
nam has become a major focus area;
ture project aid from various donors is expected to increase and together with Laos and
ntainous regions such as “Program
35.” (See Appendix 4)
ater nearly throughout the year. The project team recognizes the need for development
roject will drastically improve the
uality of life for ethnic minorities that inhabit these areas.
The interviews conducted with numerous officials from the Department of Industry and
Peoples Committees in each of the 5 provinces confirme . Furthermore,
visits to non-electrified villages and dis
cal and central
rongly support any effort
reas with no access ntly
restrained from development; they have isolated
from the outside world. Therefore, the r
table choice for small ccess of several
functioning PV projects in the region furt
The local government in the 5 provin
l condi selected the 37 most
lusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
The development of the Central Highlands in Viet
fu
Cambodia, it is often referred to as the “Development Triangle.” The Vietnamese
government is dedicated to improving the living standards for residents of this area,
especially the ethnic minorities and it is committed to major investments in its
infrastructure over the next three years. Specifically, power grid extension investments in
remote areas are now a high priority and the government is financing these efforts by
funds provided by the central government and foreign donors. This is often done through
social development programs that target rural mou
1
However, the team realizes that despite programs such as “135,” certain villages will
remain without grid-connected power and also continue to suffer from a lack of potable
w
of this region and anticipates that a PV/water pumping p
q
d this dire situation
cussion with local leaders solidified our opinion
ese disadvantaged areas. The lothat there is a strong need to assist th
governments st for development.
These outlying a to electricity and potable water are curre
limited opportunities and are in a sense
ural electrification of these areas using renewable
addition, the high level of insolation make PV
-scale electrification and the su
energy has enormous social potential. In
systems an inevi
her substantiates this fact.
ces of the Central Highlands recommended 94
tions the project team thenpotential sites and based on loca
51
appropriate sites. The total project cost
with energy capacity totaling 1.3MW.
is expected to be approximately 12 million USD
The most important aspect of this projec
local people a
t though is that it will change the lives of 26,800
project scheme is an investment in social capital nd future generations. The
ill provide mea cades.
Although the initial costs of the proje ten do not have the
rate and maintain thes
and agreed to pay for operational cost ately 1.6 USD/month) to ensure the
sustainability of the facilities. However, due to the high poverty rate and unfortunate
s in the process of
rafting the “Master Plan for Renewable Energy Development.” This plan will be
his project encompasses two primary goals, the development/promotion of renewable
nergy sources that will reduce environmental degradation and also the improvement of
social conditions for many ethnic minorities in the region. Although, this is a
re-feasibility study, it will provide the needed analysis and evaluation for future
evelopment in the area. It is therefore in the opinion of the project team that the general
formation for the Central Highlands and the conceptual design will serve as an
valuable resource for any future detailed development study.
Recommendation
uring the site survey, the team realized that GOV had accelerated the grid-extension
e electrification rate increasing at a pace greater than the
team’s expectation. Due to this, the team confirmed that the villages included in the
chapter 4 were located in difficult locations and as of March 2007, were not expected to
and human welfare that w ningful returns for de
ct are high and villagers of
knowledge to ope e systems, most were enthusiastic at the prospect
s (approxim
economic conditions, they will most likely be unable to reimburse the initial cost of the
project. In order for this project to be a success, it is necessary to obtain funding based on
a grant scheme or through technical assistance funded by the central government.
The Institute of Energy, an organization of the Vietnamese government i
d
completed next year (2008) and it will outline clear target areas for future rural
electrification projects. This pre-feasibility study for the Central Highlands should not be
the final step and every effort should be made for the continued investigation of this
project scheme in response to the upcoming publication.
T
e
p
d
in
in
8.2
D
program and this resulted in th
52
b by 2010.
t to the furthest extent possible. The project team therefore
commends that this type of transfer program be included in the next stage (full scale
e electrified
The team recommends that if these villages are electrified at some point after the
installation of the PV systems, this equipment should be transferred to a suitable location
that remains outside the power grid and which will also benefit from its installation. For
example, there are many islands in Vietnam with rural populations that rely heavily on
diesel generators for their power needs. The generators require expensive diesel fuel and
are harmful to the environment. PV power would provide a safe and clean alternative.
This would ensure that the equipment continues to people the maximum amount of people
and is not simply abandoned. It would be in the best interest of Vietnam and its populace
to utilize the equipmen
re
F/S) of the project.
53
s:
Appendix 1: Itinerary of Site Survey and List of Interviewees
The schedules of three site surveys conducted in Vietnam are as follow
First Site Survey
Itinerary/Activities
1 Sep 4 Mon Travel (Japan→Hanoi)
2 Sep 5 Tue Meeting (JICA, MARD-CERWASS)
3 Sep 6 Wed Meeting (VAST)
4 Sep 7 Thu Meeting (EVN-IE, MOI, JBIC)
Meeting (EVN-Rural Electrification)
Travel (Hanoi→Da Nang→Pleiku) 5 Sep 8 Fri
Meeting (Gia Lai Electric, Gia Lai DOI)
6 Sep 9 Sat Site survey (DAC DOA)
7 Sep 10 Sun Site survey (MANG YANG)
8WASS)
Site survey (DAC DOA, MANG YANG, Other Place) Sep 11 Mon
Meeting (Gia Lai Peoples Committee, PCER
9 Sep 12 Tue Site survey (DAC DOA, MANG YANG, Other Place)
Meeting (Gia Lai Peoples Committee) 10 Sep 13 Wed
Travel (Pleiku→Ho Chi Minh)
11 Sep 14 Thu Meeting (VAST, VFEC-HCM)
Meeting (Solar-Lab, Pump Manufacturer) 12 Sep 15 Fri
Travel (Ho Chi Minh→Japan)
Second Site Survey
Activities
Team A Team B
1 Oct 19 Thu Travel（Japan → Ho Chi Minh）
2 Oct 20 Fri Meeting（Solar Lab、VAST-IET）
3 Oct 21 Sat Prepare Documents/Briefing Materials
4 Oct 22 Sun Travel（Ho Chi Minh→Pleiku)
5 Oct 23 Mon Meeting （ID Gia Lai、Gia Lai Peoples' Committee）
6 Site survey（Kon Tum） Meeting（ID Dak Lak/Nong） Oct 24 Tue
7 Oct 25 Wed Site survey（Kon Tum) Site survey（Dak Nong）
Meeting（ID Dak Nong）
8 Oct 26 Thu Meeting（P-CERWASS） Meeting（ID Dak Lak）
9 Oct 27 Fri Site survey（So Pai） Meeting（PC Gia Lai）
Site survey（Dak To Pang）
10 Oct 28 Sat Prepare Documents/Briefing Materials
1 29 Sun Travel（Pleiku→Hanoi） Travel (Pleiku→HCM) 1 Oct
12 Oct 30 Mon Meeting（JICA、JBIC） Meeting（Solar Lab, VAST-IET）
Travel（Ho Chi Minh→ ）
13 Oct 31 Tue Meeting（EVN-IE,MARD） Travel（ →Japan）
14 Nov 1 Wed Meeting（Japan Embassy）
Travel（Hanoi→ ）
15 Nov 2 Thu Travel（ →Japan）
Third Site Survey
Itinerary/Activities
1 Jan 14 Sun Travel (Japan→Ho Chi Minh City)
2 Jan 15 Mon Travel (Ho C lat) Meeting (ID Lam D
hi Minh City→Daong )
3 Jan 16 Tue Site Survey of Villages in Lam Dong
a Thout) Travel (Dalat→Buon M
4 Jan 17 Wed Meeting (ID Dak Lak), Site Survey of Buon Cham Village,
5 Jan 18 Thu Site Survey Dak Lak Travel (Buon Ma Thout→Pleiku)
6 Jan 19 Fri Meeting (ID Gia Lai)
7 Jan 20 Sat Travel (Pleiku→Danang→Hanoi)
8 Jan 21 Sun Arrange Meetings and Prepare Documents
9 Jan 22 Mon Meeting (Japanese Embassy, IE)
10 Jan 23 Tue Meeting (EVN, MOI,MARD)
11 Jan 24 Wed Travel (Hanoi→Japan)
List
No. Name Specialty
of Interviewees
1 Ms. ran Hai Anh Project OfT ficer, MOI
2 Ms. Nguyen Thi Kim Kan ficer, MOI Of
3 Dr. Ph anh am Kh Toan Director, EVN-IE
4 Dr. Tra anh L nal Cooperation Department, n Th ien Chief of InternatioEVN-IE
5 Mr. Ng Tien ment R&D of Solar , EVN-IE
uyen Long General Manager of Departand Wind Energy
6 Dr. Nguy uoc ics, EVN-IE en Q Khanh Energy & Econom
7 Mr. Ho Anh Tua -IE n Electric Network Department, ENV
8 Mr. Ng The ural Eleuyen Vinh EVN-R ctrification Dept.
9 Mr. Msc Le Thie Deputy Directou Son r, MARD-CERWASS
10 Mr. Ha Duc Chinh cal an Section, MARD-CERWATechni d Technological
SS 11 g The r, VAST Dr. N uyen Dong Directo -IET
12 ts keha uty Reside etnam e
Ms. I uka I ra DepOffic
nt Rpresentitive, JICA Vi
13 Mr. Ya a Oji Office suhis ma Representative, JBIC Hanoi
14 Mr. Hi Mats Representative, JBIC Hanoi Office royasu uda
15 Mr. Trin uang D , SolarLab HCMh Q ung Director C
16 Dr. Bu g C Lab. E -IET
i Quan u Chief of VAST
nvironment and Water Analysis,
17 Mr. Hgo Van Sinh Deputy of the Chief of Provincial Secretary, eople’s CGia Lai P ommittee
18 Mr. Bui Van Tam Director, Gia Lai P-CERWASS
19 Mr. NGUYEN S Vi e Director, Gia Lai DARD on c
20 Mr. Phan Van Lan Director, Gia Lai ID
21 Mr. NGUYEN QUANG HIEN Director, Gia Lai PC
22 Mr. Vo Thanh Director, Dak Lak ID
23 Mr. Nguyen Bo Director, Kom Tum ID
24 Mr. Bien Van Minh Director, Dak Nong ID
25 Mr. Nguyen Tri Dien Director, Lam Dong ID
26 Mr. Nguyen Duc Tue Director, Department of Survey and Mapping
27 Mr. Vu Van Nghia Department of Survey and Mapping
28 Mr Nguyen Duc Cuong Head of Department, Rural Energy Development, IE
29 Mr Nguyen Ba Cuong Manager of Planning Department, IE
Appendix 2: Insolation Data for V
ietnam
Appendix 3: Gia Lai Grid Ex
tension Plan
Program 135 is a government program in Vietnam to assist the socio-economic
development of communes located in mountainous, border or remote areas. The program
is being conducted in two phases, the first phase was initiated in 1998 and phase two
commenced in 2006.
Although Program 135 is not a National Targeted Program (NTP) it is usually considered
as such. Unlike other programs that may focus on only poverty stricken areas, Program
135 specifically targets poor residents of remote mountainous areas/border regions and
areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Phase 2 implementation is taking place 2006-2010
and a short overview of the program is provided in the following section.
Overview of Program 135 (Phase 2)
Overall
Objective
-Achieve sustainable improvement of production skills to further development the
region, reduce poverty and mitigate the inequality gap.
-In addition, it is meant to ensure the social order and political security in these
regions.
-Project goal is that by 2010, eliminate hunger stricken households in the target
areas and the number of “poor households” should be below 30% (based on the
2005 poverty line)
Appendix 4: Summary of Program 135
Program
Task
-Accelerate regional development and also shift the economic focus areas to benefit
rural areas.
-Develop infrastructure and strengthen social organization of the community that
will ultimately improve the quality of life
Scope -Phase 2 is expected to cover approximately 1,644 poor and mountainous communes
in 45 provinces, which are home to the majority of Vietnam’s ethnic minorities. This
involves all mountainous and highland provinces, any area inhabited by ethnic
minorities in the southern provinces.
Funding -The program budget is approximately $800 million and financing activities are
grouped according to four broad components: basic infrastructure; improved and
market-oriented agriculture production; improved socio-cultural livelihoods through
better access to social services; and capacity building for officials at all levels to
better implement the program.
Appendix 5: Formula for PV Water Pumping System Configuration
The output energy through 1 kW of photovoltaic system is calculated using the following formula;
P0 = R x K
P0 : Output energy per day per 1kW (kWh/day/kw)
R : Daily radiation (kWh/m2/day) 3.24 kWh/m2/day (in Pleiku)
K : Coefficient of power loss 0.617
K = K1 x K2 x K3 x K4 x K5 x K6 x K7 x K8 x K9
K1 : Temperature coefficient 0.844
K2 : Coefficient of dirt on the surface of PV module 0.980
K3 : Efficiency of storage battery 0.850
K4 : Coefficient of DC loss 0.980
K5 : Efficiency of power conditioner 0.900
K6 : Coefficient of deviation from Pmax point 0.950
K7 : Coefficient of variation of irradiation 1.000
K8 : Coefficient factor of altitude 1.000
K9 : Correction factor of surroundings 1.000
The output energy per day per 1kW photovoltaic system is 2.00 kWh/day/kW.
Configuration of proposal system
Calculation of Load DemandDriving power of a pump (P)P = 0.163γQH / ηp
where,Q : Amount of discharge [m3/min]H : Total head [m]γ : Density of liquid [kgf/l]ηp : Pump efficiency
Inverte
~ Moter PumpPV
PV
J-box Chargecontroller
Electrification System Configuration
Q = P / P0
Q : Ca
P : Nec
P0 : Ou W (kWh/day/kW)
Calculatio
The bat ary capacity is calculated with the following formula.
Appendix 6: Formula for PV Household
pacity of photovoltaic (kW)
essary electric power (kWh/day)
tput energy per day per 1k
n of capacity of battery
A battery is used to supply electric power to households in the evening and during periods
of no sunshine. Fig. 6 demonstrates a rough sketch of the electric supply system using
battery.
tery’s necess
PV
PV
J-box Battery
Battery
Calculation of Required Battery Capacity
where,Ld : Daily load demand [k
C＝Ld×Df×1000
L×Vb×N×DOD×K5
Wh/day]
AC side
Df : Non-sunshine day [day]L : The rate of maintenanceVb : Nominal voltage of battery [V] N : Quantity of batteriesDOD : Depth of DischargeK5 : Loss coefficient of
Charger
Battery
Battery
Battery
Battery
ベトナム国 中部高原地域無電化村での
太陽光発電を使った地方給水/電化可能性調査
和 文 要 約
要 約
１． 調査の背景
年率約 8％の経済成長を続けているベトナム社会主義共和国(以下ベトナム)では、国民
の多くが農村部に居住しており、近年、都市部との格差が社会問題化し、農村地域の貧
困削減策が重点課題となっている。このため、ベトナムは自国補助金や各国ドナーから
の援助資金を最大限活用し、社会インフラとなる給水と電力供給による生活環境の改善
に力を入れている。しかし、少数民族が多い「北部山岳地域」や「中部高原地域」では、
依然として電化率および給水普及率が全国水準を下回っており、早急な社会経済インフ
ラ整備の最優先地域として焦点が当てられている。
今回対象とした「中部高原地域」の 5省（コンツム、ジアライ、ダクラック、ダクノン、
ラムドン）には、配電線延長による電力供給は経済的に成り立たず、電力の恩恵にあず
かれない小規模村落が未だ多数存在している。一方、同地域は月の平均日照時間が 200
時間以上と豊富な太陽エネルギーを有する地域でもある。本調査では、現地政府機関と
協力し、中部高原地域無電化村落での給水および電化の現状を調査したうえで、同地域
へ最適な太陽光発電システムの導入と電化による生活環境改善等に資する案件形成の
可能性を探ることとした。
２． 地方電化と再生可能エネルギーの現状と展望
（１） 地方電化の現状と展望
工業省により 2004年 10月に公布された「Vietnam Power Sector Development Strategy」（政
令）には、
島嶼部や山間部など地形的にグリッド電化が困難な地域への再生可能エネ
ルギーを利用した電力供給
2010年までの地方世帯 90％および 2020年までの 100％電化の達成
といった 2004～2010年における電力セクター戦略並びに 2020年までの方向性が示され
ている。また、続いて施行された電力法には、「山間部等への電力供給のための再生可能
エネルギーを利用した電力設備開発の促進や配電系統への国家予算の活用」等が規定さ
れている。これを達成するため、ベトナム政府は年間約 200-300million USDを投資し、
・ 地方電化の手法は、送配電網からと独立型電源からの電力供給の双方で推進する
こととし、最小コストとなるような最適電化手法を選定する。
・ 地方電化の基準は、電化による農業生産性向上が期待できる地域および経済の近
代化／構造改革を推し進めている戦略的地域を優先する。
という方針のもと、配電線延長による地方電化を進めてきた結果、2006年上期末で、世
帯レベル 91.5％と目標値を達成することができた。
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Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006District 96.6% 97.6% 97.9% 97.9% 97.9% 98.0%Commune 81.9% 84.9% 90.6% 92.7% 94.6% 97.8%Household 73.5% 77.5% 81.4% 83.5% 87.5% 91.5%
しかし一方で、残された遠隔地域の小規模村落電化は配電線延長では経済性が成り立た
ないため、「Off-Grid 地方電化計画」を策定し、太陽光や小水力といった再生可能エネ
ルギーを利用した電化を強力に推進している。この財源として、工業省では 2005 年か
ら 5年間で 20 million USDを用意している。
（２） 再生可能エネルギー利用の現状と展望
工業省では、管轄する地域ごとに太陽光発電、風力発電、小水力発電など再生可能エネ
ルギー資源の開発計画を策定している。これら計画をもとに、工業省の下部組織である
エネルギー研究所（IE）が、ベトナム全体の再生可能エネルギーマスタープランを作成
中であり、2008年に完成する予定である。
現在ベトナム政府が推進している再生可能エネルギー導入政策は、EVN の要請を受け
て世界銀行が策定した「Renewable Energy Action Plan (REAP)」が基本となっている。こ
のアクションプランには、①政策や基準策定、②資金支援、③技術援助、④トレーニン
グ、⑤情報提供と啓蒙活動について、ベトナム政府のとるべき方向が記されている。
ベトナムにおける主な再生可能エネルギー資源には、太陽エネルギーをはじめ風力、小
水力エネルギーがあり、さらにこれ以外に、農業や林業から得られるバイオマスエネル
ギー利用に大きな期待が寄せられている。このうち、太陽エネルギーは南部や中部高原
地域の日射条件が良く（4.0 ～ 5.2 kWh/m2/day：わが国の 1.5倍程度）、太陽光発電シス
テムの設置に適した地域とされている。すでに、これら地域では太陽光発電による電化
システムが導入運営されている。また乾季の井戸水位低下に対しては、太陽光発電によ
る深井戸揚水も大いに期待されている。一方、風力発電は平地には適した場所が少なく、
沿海地域や島嶼部で
の開発が考えられる。
エネルギー研究所で
は、2020 年に次のよ
うに可能性を掲げ、
その開発を推進して
いる。
MW GWh MW GWh MW GWhSolar 0.8 4-6
Mini Hydro 135 284 500-780Wind 0.8 1.6 200-400Biomass 150 310-410Geothermal - - 100Total 287 ～290 1,114-1,596
2004 Potential by 2020 Potential by 2030
3,600 -5,000
3,300 9,500
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３． 地方給水の現状と展望
ベトナム政府の給水政策は都市給水と地方給水に区別されており、地方給水は農業地方
開発省 MARD が管轄している。同省によれば、電化済みコミューン中心地の地方給水
は MARD が管理運営しているが、無電化村落の給水までは行き届かない状態である。
現在、「National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy Program: NRWSS」(農村部の給
水衛生改善戦略)により長期的な目標を定め、2010年までに全農村地域の 85％に安全な
生活用水を 60㍑/人・日供給するとしているが、無電化村落は優先順位が低く、給水計
画から取り残されている。特に中部高原地域では水道管による安全な水へのアクセス率
は低く、多くの村民は個人所有の井戸、湧水の引水、雨水に頼っている状態である。
４． 対象村落の選定と現地調査結果
調査団は、中部高原地域５省の工業局および人民委員会から、2010年以降も配電線延長
による電化対象とならない村落リストを入手した。近年の政府による地方電化の加速推
進により、残された無電化村落は、ほとんどが車両でのアクセスも困難な遠隔地域で、
かつ小規模な村落であった。これら村民の多くは米やキャッサバの農耕により生計を建
てているが現金収入は僅かであり、一部が灯油ランプとピコ水力により照明やラジオを
使用しているのみである。井戸の多くは個人所有であり、深さは 20m程度、乾季には水
位が低下し、生活用水を得るため数 km離れた湧き水まで往復せざるを得ない状態であ
る。
調査団は、入手した将来電化が困難な 94 の無電化村落（約 11 千世帯）のリストから、
比較的人口が多く、配電線からの距離が遠い 37ヶ村落（約 5,700世帯）を抽出し、これ
らに対して、太陽光発電による給水および電化計画を検討することとした。一村当たり
の人口、家屋の分布および需要等村民からの聞取り情報をもとに、電化方法は一カ所に
太陽電池パネルを設
置し、井戸水揚水と
バッテリー・チャー
ジング・ステーショ
ン（BCS）を想定す
ることとした。
ProvinceNumber of village Number of house Number of village Number of house
Kon Tum 18 703 6 352
Gia Lai 6 536 6 536
Dak Lac 30 3,533 8 1,264
Dak Nong 7 1,550 7 1,550
Lam Dong 33 5,044 10 2,035
Total 94 11,366 37 5,737
Villages no power until 2010.(ID recommendation)
Target Villages(the team selected)
５． 想定する給水および電化システムの提案
現地調査により抽出した 37村落、5,737世帯について、太陽光発電による給水および電
化の最適なシステムを検討した。まず前提条件として、給水設備は 50㍑/人・日、揚程
25m、ポンプ運転時間 5 時間とした。また、電化設備は世帯あたり１日４時間、100W
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を供給するものとした。設備の基本仕様は次のとおり。
（１） 給水システム
対象とした 37村落、26,000人へ「50㍑/人・日」の水を供給するとして、1,340㌧/日相
当の揚水量が必要となる。このための太陽電池容量はトータルで 163kW。これにもとづ
き、太陽光発電システムおよびポンプ、タンク等設備コストは総額約 4.2億円と試算さ
れた。
Photovoltaic Array
Junction box
Electricity
WaterDeep well
SubmersiblepumpPumping up water
Inverter(VVVF)
High tank
Drinking water
Irrigation water
Water tap
Photovoltaic Array
Junction box
Electricity
WaterDeep well
Submersiblepump
Deep well
SubmersiblepumpPumping up water
Inverter(VVVF)
High tank
Drinking water
Irrigation water
Water tap
37people 26,805family 5,737
Necessary Water Amount m3/d 1,340Pump Capacity kW 93Photovoltaic Capacity kW 163
Million Yen 423
Number of VillageNumber of populationNumber of household
Total System Cost
TotalUnit
Photovoltaic ArrayJunction box
Battery
Batterycharger
Battery Charging Station
Rural ElectrificationPhotovoltaic ArrayJunction box
Battery
Batterycharger
Battery Charging Station
Rural Electrification
37people 26,805family 5,737
Necessary Electric Power kWh/day 2,295Photovoltaic Capacity kW 1,149Battery Capacity kWh 5,737
Million Yen 990
TotalUnit
Number of VillageNumber of populationNumber of household
Total System Cost
（２） 村落世帯電化システム（BCS）
対象とした 5,700世帯へ、一世帯当たり 100Wの電力を供給する場合、必要となる太陽
電池容量はトータルで 1.1MW。バッテリーは 5.7MWｈ。太陽光発電システムおよびバ
ッテリー等の設備費用は総額約 9.9億円と試算された。
（３） 運営維持管理
遠隔地域の無電化村落の電化では、地域によって配電線延長より再生可能エネルギーに
よる独立配電系統給電やバッテリー充電サービスが、経済性で優位になる。しかしなが
ら、遠隔地域の村民は現金収入が極めて乏しく、太陽光発電設備の初期投資額を回収す
ることはきわめて困難であり、各国ドナーやベトナム中央政府が負担せざるを得ない。
これらの状況に鑑み、今回の調査では、持続可能なシステム構築を目指すため、維持運
営費のみを裨益者負担とすることで検討を進めることとした。
太陽光発電システムにおいて、太陽電池はメンテナンスフリーであり、主な維持管理費
はバッテリーの取替費用である。これを 10 年周期で交換すると仮定し、その費用を電
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気料金もしくはバッテリー取替積立金として住民から徴収するとすれば、190 円/月/世
帯相当となる。この程度の負担は、現金収入源となる家畜や農作物を所有する住民には
支払い可能であるが、現金収入の無い村民は支払えないと考えられる。従って、設備の
持続性を確保するためには、維持運営費についてもベトナム政府からの何らかの補助金
投入が必要であろう。現在でも、中央政府から農村部村民へ補助金が支給されている 135
プログラム等を活用することにより、持続性の確保は可能と期待される。
６． 今後の展開
ベトナム国中部高原地域は、開発の遅れに伴う他地域との経済格差の是正が最優先課題
であり、各国ドナーからも、ラオス、カンボジアと併せて「開発の三角地帯」として注
目されている。このためベトナム政府も貧困層への補助金や小規模インフラ整備を加速
させており、配電線延長による地方電化は当初計画を超えるスピードで進んでいる。
調査団は、2010 年以降も配電線電化の対象となっていない 37 の村落 5,737 世帯のなか
から、中部高原５省の工業局と人民委員会およびエネルギー研究所とも協議のうえ、遠
隔地域の特徴を有する代表的な村落を選定し、太陽光発電による電化と給水の可能性を
探るための現地踏査を実施した。本調査で全ての対象サイトの踏査はできなかったもの
の、この代表村落踏査でえられた情報をもとに、最適なシステム検討を行った結果、37
全ての村落へ太陽光発電による電化および給水を行うために必要な設備は、太陽光発電
容量：1.3MW、総費用は約 14 億円となった。ただ、持続性の確保という視点から見た
場合、初期投資費や維持運営費等に対するベトナム政府の関与等について、今後さらに
検討を要する事項は残されていると考える。
一方、この調査を通じて、中部高原地域をはじめとする遠隔地域村落の電化や給水のみ
ならず、島嶼部等でも太陽光発電による揚水、電化や脱塩のニーズが強いことも判明し
た。
現在、ベトナム政府は 2008 年完成を目指し再生可能エネルギーマスタープランを策定
中である。ここで示されるであろう政策と本調査の成果を併せ、太陽光発電をはじめと
する再生可能エネルギーの有効活用による本格 FS 調査が実施できれば、ベトナム国の
遠隔地域の民生向上にもつながっていくものと期待される。
v
