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The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net...

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The Prepared Mind: What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University Rutgers University May 15, 2010 May 15, 2010
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Page 1: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

The Prepared Mind: What does it take to turn discovery into

practice?

Clifton LeafClifton LeafThe Prostate Net Rutgers SymposiumThe Prostate Net Rutgers SymposiumRutgers UniversityRutgers UniversityMay 15, 2010May 15, 2010

Page 2: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

James Lind, James Lind, A Treatise of the ScurvyA Treatise of the Scurvy, , 17531753

Page 3: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

Francis Peyton Rous, viral carcinogenesisFrancis Peyton Rous, viral carcinogenesis

Page 4: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

The Prepared Mind: What does it take to turn discovery into

practice?

Clifton LeafClifton LeafThe Prostate Net Rutgers SymposiumThe Prostate Net Rutgers SymposiumRutgers UniversityRutgers UniversityMay 15, 2010May 15, 2010

Page 5: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

James Lind, James Lind, A Treatise of the ScurvyA Treatise of the Scurvy, , 17531753

Page 6: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

Francis Peyton Rous, viral carcinogenesisFrancis Peyton Rous, viral carcinogenesis

Page 7: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

“If I had called it a virus, my grant applications would have automatically been put into the category of ‘unrespectable proposals.’ As long as I used the word ‘factor,’ it was respectable genetics.”

—JOHN BITTNER

MILK FACTOR

Page 8: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

Judah Folkman, AngiogenesisJudah Folkman, Angiogenesis

Page 9: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

What did all these discoverers have in common?

Their minds were prepared to see something in a new light.

Page 10: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

‘‘In the field of observation,chance favors only the

prepared mind.’’——Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

Page 11: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

But the question is:

Does the community at large have to be equally prepared in order to see it?

Page 12: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

Smoking and cancer . . .Smoking and cancer . . .

1761—Hill (snuff > nasal cancer)1761—Hill (snuff > nasal cancer) 1795—von Sommerring (pipes > lip cancer)1795—von Sommerring (pipes > lip cancer) 1920—Broders (pipes > lip cancer)1920—Broders (pipes > lip cancer) 1928—Lombard & Doering (heavy smoking 1928—Lombard & Doering (heavy smoking

> cancer)> cancer) 1938—Pearl (heavy smoking > cancer)1938—Pearl (heavy smoking > cancer) 1950—Wynder & Graham; Doll & Hill 1950—Wynder & Graham; Doll & Hill

(smoking > lung cancer)(smoking > lung cancer)

Page 13: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

Or, again, angiogenesis. . .Or, again, angiogenesis. . .

Page 14: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

Why are BIG discoveries Why are BIG discoveries resistedresisted??

Scurvy (tentative push? require investment)Scurvy (tentative push? require investment) Viral oncogenesis (counter to prevailingViral oncogenesis (counter to prevailing

wisdom, uncertain mechanism )wisdom, uncertain mechanism ) Reverse transcription, Copernicanism (heresy)Reverse transcription, Copernicanism (heresy) Angiogenesis (‘outside the nine dots’)Angiogenesis (‘outside the nine dots’) Dangers of smoking (uncomfortable message)Dangers of smoking (uncomfortable message)

Page 15: The Prepared Mind : What does it take to turn discovery into practice? Clifton Leaf The Prostate Net Rutgers Symposium Rutgers University May 15, 2010.

It is up to usto turn a mere idea

Into an idea whose time has come.


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