The Principle of Direct Syntactic Encoding:
All grammatical relation changes are lexical
Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:
Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:
"A' movement" (long-distance phenomena):
Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]]
Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:
"A' movement" (long-distance phenomena):
Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]]
"A-movement":
Rapporten skrives av sekretæren
XP
VP
V
NP
NP
Configurational analysis of passive
Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:
"A' movement" (long-distance phenomena):
Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]]
"A-movement":
Rapporten skrives av sekretæren
XP
VP
V
NP
NP
Configurational analysis of passive Relational analysis of passive
active passiveR < x y > R < x y >
S O (OBL) S
Two kinds of movement in transformational grammar:
"A' movement" (long-distance phenomena):
Disse kakene sa Petter [at Kari mente [ - var gode]]
"A-movement":
Rapporten skrives av sekretæren
XP
NP VP
NP
V
( SUBJ)
( CF)
The seeming movement under passivization in Englishis simply a consequence of the configurational assignmentof GFs in that language:
CF = non-discourse argument functions
In a non-configurational language likeMalayalam there is no seeming movementunder passivization:
S
NPNP V
kutti aanaye aaraadiccuchild.NOM elephant.ACC worship.PAST
PRED 'worship<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
SUBJPRED 'child'CASE nom
OBJPRED 'elephant'CASE acc
In a non-configurational language likeMalayalam there is no seeming movementunder passivization:
S
NPNP V
kuttiyaal aana aaraadhikkappettuchild.INSTR elephant.NOM worship.PASS.PAST
S
NPNP V
kutti aanaye aaraadiccuchild.NOM elephant.ACC worship.PAST
PRED 'worship<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
SUBJPRED 'child'CASE nom
OBJPRED 'elephant'CASE acc
PRED 'worship<( OBLag)( SUBJ)>'
OBLagPRED 'child'CASE instr
SUBJPRED 'elephant'CASE nom
In a non-configurational language likeMalayalam there is no seeming movementunder passivization:
The classical LFG passive analysis:A lexical redundancy rule
A pattern in the lexicon
writes write < SUBJ OBJ >written write < OBLag/ SUBJ >
eats eat < SUBJ OBJ >eaten eat < OBLag/ SUBJ >
buys buy < SUBJ OBJ >bought buy < OBLag/ SUBJ >
...
The classical LFG passive analysis:A lexical redundancy rule
A pattern in the lexicon
writes write < SUBJ OBJ >written write < OBLag/ SUBJ >
eats eat < SUBJ OBJ >eaten eat < OBLag/ SUBJ >
buys buy < SUBJ OBJ >bought buy < OBLag/ SUBJ >
...
Abstracted as a lexical rule:
OBJ SUBJ⇒SUBJ OBLag⇒SUBJ ⇒
PASS (SCHEMATA) = { SCHEMATA ~(↑PASSIVE)=+ | SCHEMATA (↑PASSIVE)=c + { (↑OBJ) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBL-TH) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBJ-BEN) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑COMP) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑XCOMP) --> (↑SUBJ) } { (↑SUBJ) --> (↑OBL-AG) | (↑SUBJ) --> NULL } }.
Part of the passive template in a Norwegian computational LFG grammar:
PASS (SCHEMATA) = { SCHEMATA ~(↑PASSIVE)=+ | SCHEMATA (↑PASSIVE)=c + { (↑OBJ) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBL-TH) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBJ-BEN) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑COMP) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑XCOMP) --> (↑SUBJ) } { (↑SUBJ) --> (↑OBL-AG) | (↑SUBJ) --> NULL } }.
Part of the passive template in a Norwegian computational LFG grammar:
P V @(PASS [(↑PRED)='P<(↑SUBJ)(↑OBJ)>'... ])
Template invocation in a lexical entry P:
PASS (SCHEMATA) = { SCHEMATA ~(↑PASSIVE)=+ | SCHEMATA (↑PASSIVE)=c + { (↑OBJ) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBL-TH) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑OBJ-BEN) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑COMP) --> (↑SUBJ) | (↑XCOMP) --> (↑SUBJ) } { (↑SUBJ) --> (↑OBL-AG) | (↑SUBJ) --> NULL } }.
Part of the passive template in a Norwegian computational LFG grammar:
http://iness.uib.no/xle-web
P V @(PASS [(↑PRED)='P<(↑SUBJ)(↑OBJ)>'... ])
Template invocation in a lexical entry P:
Grammatical Functions
TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT
non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns
Grammatical Functions
TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT
non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns
d-fns
Grammatical Functions
TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT
non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns
d-fns non-d-fns
Grammatical Functions
TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT
non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns
d-fns non-d-fns
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D
Basic schema:
(Left-to-right order unspecified)
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D
Basic schema:
(Left-to-right order unspecified)
Specifier
Head Complement
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema: Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
NP
N'
N0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema:
Cæsar's
conquest of Gallia
Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
VP
V'
V0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema:
Cæsar
conquered Gallia
Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
VP
V0 ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema:
conquered Gallia
Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
AP
A0 ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema:
afraid of dogs
Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
P'
P0 ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema:
past the border
Lexical projections:
PP
YP
three miles
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
PP
P0 ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P
Basic schema:
on the table
Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema: Functional projections:Lexical projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
CP
C0 ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema:
that Mary left
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
IP
I'
I0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema:
may leave John
Mary
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
DP
D0 ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema:
this theory
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Adjunction:
Lexical projections: Functional projections:XP
WP
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema: Lexical projections: Functional projections:
Lexical integrity:"Morphological complete words are leaves of the c-structure treeand each leaf corresponds to one and only one c-structure node."
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema: Lexical projections: Functional projections:
Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema: Example of optionality: Functional projections:
Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."
VP
V0 NPconquered Gallia
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema: Example of optionality: Functional projections:
Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."
VP
NPGallia
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
X'-syntax
X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D
Basic schema: Example of optionality: Functional projections:
Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."
VP
NPGallia
XP
XYP
A
CB
Two kinds of 'heads'
c-structure heads(according to X' theory):
f-structure heads:
XP
YPX
A
CB
A
CB
XP
X'
X0
YP
ZP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.
( DF)
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
IP
I'
I0
NP
VP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.
( SUBJ)
Example([SPEC, IP] as SUBJ):
may leave John
Mary
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.
( DF)
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.
IP
I'
I0
NP
VP
( SUBJ)
may leave John
Mary
Example 1(VP as co-head with I):
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.
DP
D0 NP
this theory
Example 2(NP as co-head with D):
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.
( CF)
( DF)
PP
P'
P0
YP
DP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.
( OBJ)
( DF)
past the border
three miles
Example 1(DP as OBJ of P):
VP
V0 CP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.
( COMP)
( DF)
said that John left
Example 2(CP as COMP of V):
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
FP
F'
F0
YP
ZP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF
or not annotated.
( AF)
( DF)
LP
WP
( DF)
( AF)
FP
WP
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
IP
I'
I0
NP
VP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF
or not annotated.
( AF)
( DF)
LP
WP
( SUBJ)
IP
AP
Example 1 (preposed adjunct):
( ADJUNCT)
unfortunately
Mary
will leave John
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
IP
I'
I0
NP
VP
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF
or not annotated.
( AF)
( DF)
LP
WP
( SUBJ)
IP
NP
Example 2 (topicalized object):
( TOP)
John
Mary
will leave
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
IP
IP
DP
DP
I
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF
or not annotated.
( AF)
( DF)
LP
WP
( SUBJ)
CP
C
Example 3 (scrambling in German;GF unannotated by syntax):
daß
das Buch
der Mann liest
LP
L'
L0
YP
ZP
IP
IP
DP
DP
I
The Mapping Principles
Lexical projections: Functional projections:
a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF
or not annotated.
( AF)
( DF)
LP
WP
( SUBJ)
CP
C
Example 3 (scrambling in German;GF unannotated by syntax):
daß
das Buch
der Mann liest
OBJ function assignedlexocentrically, conditionedby case.
( CASE)=ACC ( OBJ)=
Example:Annotations constrainedby the mapping principles.
IP
NP VP
( SUBJ)
IP
AP
( ADJUNCT)
unfortunately
I
John
CP
IP
NP
C
I'
( COMP)V
believe
that
Mary
leave
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
Iwill
( SUBJ)
IP
NP VP
( SUBJ)
IP
AP
( ADJUNCT)
unfortunately
I
John
CP
IP
NP
C
I'
( COMP)V
believe
that
Mary
leave
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
Iwill
( SUBJ)
Example:Annotations constrainedby the mapping principles.In this structure the auxiliaryand the main verb are membersof the same functional domain.
IP
NP VP
( SUBJ)
IP
AP
( ADJUNCT)
unfortunately
I
John
CP
IP
NP
C
I'
( COMP)V
believe
that
Mary
leave
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
Iwill
( SUBJ)
Example:Annotations constrainedby the mapping principles.In this structure the auxiliaryand the main verb are membersof the same functional domain.Hence only one of them can have a PRED.
PRED 'leave<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
( PRED)='leave<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
COMP
...
...
...
John
IP
NP I'
Mary
leave
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
Iwill
( SUBJ)
In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in V
IP
NP I'
Mary
not
VP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
Iwill
( SUBJ)
Johnleave
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in VNegation is always before the main verb –
IP
NP I'
Mary
not
VP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
Idoes
( SUBJ)
Johnleave
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in VNegation is always before the main verb –even when there is no semantically required auxiliary.
IP
NPMary
( SUBJ)
Johnleaves
VP
NPV
( OBJ)
In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in VNegation is always before the main verb –even when there is no semantically required auxiliary.Hence there is no need to assume that finite main verbs are outside VP.
IP
I S
VP
NP
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
( SUBJ)
IP
I S
VP
NP
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
( SUBJ)
• No specifier of IP, which dominates I and its complement directly.
IP
I S
VP
NP
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
( SUBJ)
• No specifier of IP, which dominates I and its complement directly.• The complement of I is S (not VP), an exocentric phrase.
IP
I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'
weld'see'
VP
V
NP
Siôn'John'
draig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
IP
I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'
VP
NP
Siôn'John'
ddraig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
( SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
Auxiliary or main verb may be in I.
IP
I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'
weld'see'
VP
V
NP
Siôn'John'
draig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
IP
I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'
VP
NP
Siôn'John'
ddraig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
( SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
Auxiliary or main verb may be in I.In the latter case, the VP doesn't dominate any V head.
IP
I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'
weld'see'
VP
V
NP
Siôn'John'
draig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
IP
I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'
VP
NP
Siôn'John'
ddraig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
( SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.
(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)
IP
I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'
weld'see'
VP
V
NP
Siôn'John'
draig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
IP
I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'
VP
NP
Siôn'John'
ddraig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
( SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.
(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)
VP
IP
I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'
weld'see'
VP
V
NP
Siôn'John'
draig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
IP
I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'
VP
NP
Siôn'John'
ddraig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
( SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.
(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)
VP
IP
I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'
weld'see'
VP
V
NP
Siôn'John'
draig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
IP
I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'
VP
NP
Siôn'John'
ddraig'dragon'
NP
( OBJ)
( SUBJ)
( SUBJ)
Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)
Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.
(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)
VP
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).
Subordinate clauses:
at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).
Subordinate clauses:
at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks
• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).
Subordinate clauses:
at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks
• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.• The subject can only occur before the finite verb.
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).
Subordinate clauses:
at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks
• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.• The subject can only occur before the finite verb.• Hence the finite verb is always adjacent to its complements: subordinate clauses are not V2.
Norwegian: a V2 language.
Main declarative clauses:
Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks
• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).
Subordinate clauses:
at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks
• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.• The subject can only occur before the finite verb.• Hence the finite verb is always adjacent to its complements: subordinate clauses are not V2.
Furthermore:
• Auxiliaries are fully-fledged, complement taking verbs (unlike English modals).
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
Example
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP• Since the auxiliary is a complement-taking verb, it (extendedly) heads its own VP.
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
SUBJ
ADJUNCT
PRED 'dessverre'
PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'1
• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP• Since the auxiliary is a complement-taking verb, it (extendedly) heads its own VP.
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
OBJ
SUBJ
ADJUNCT
PRED 'dessverre'
PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'
PRED 'syntaks'
1
1
• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP• Since the auxiliary is a complement-taking verb, it (extendedly) heads its own VP.• The main verb heads the embedded XCOMP.
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
( ADJUNCT)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.
( ADJUNCT)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.• Hence two rules in the same functional domain introduce subjects:
( ADJUNCT)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.• Hence two rules in the same functional domain introduce subjects:
( SUBJ)
( ADJUNCT)...
IP XP I'
S XP ADV* VP'
( SUBJ)
( ADJUNCT)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
dessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.• Hence two rules in the same functional domain introduce subjects:• Functional uniqueness prevents the occurrence of subjects in both positions at once.
( SUBJ)
( ADJUNCT)...
IP XP I'
S XP ADV* VP'
( SUBJ)
( ADJUNCT)
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
( ADJUNCT)
Subordinate clausesThe differing constituent order can becaptured based on the same S subtreeas in main clauses.
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
( ADJUNCT)
Subordinate clauses
S
( SUBJ)VPNP
deltagerne
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
CP
C
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
atfordihvis...VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
( ADJUNCT)
Subordinate clauses
S
( SUBJ)VPNP
deltagerne
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
V[fin] Sville
I’
No IP in subordinate clauses:CP takes S as complement.
CP
C
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
atfordihvis...VPNP
deltagerne
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
( ADJUNCT)
Subordinate clauses
S
( SUBJ)VPNP
deltagerne
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
V[fin] Sville
I’
No IP in subordinate clauses:CP takes S as complement.Consequence: There is no higherhead for the VP, and this forces theoccurrence of a dominated V head.
NP
N
V
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
VP
( XCOMP)
CP
C
( SUBJ)
IP
ADVdessverre
atfordihvis...VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
( ADJUNCT)
Subordinate clauses
S
( SUBJ)VPNP
deltagerne
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
V[fin] Sville
I’
No IP in subordinate clauses:CP takes S as complement.Consequence: There is no higherhead for the VP, and this forces theoccurrence of a dominated V head.
NP
N
V
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
VP
( XCOMP)V[fin]ville
S in main and subordinate clauses have similar scrambling possibilities:
Main:Dessverre vil [S deltagerne ikke [VP [VP lære syntaks]]]Dessverre vil [S ikke deltagerne [VP [VP lære syntaks]]]
Subordinate:hvis [S deltagerne ikke [VP vil [VP lære syntaks]]]hvis [S ikke deltagerne [VP vil [VP lære syntaks]]]
Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:
Kari sa at hun var ikke syk
Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:
Kari sa at hun var ikke syk
Hence CP can alternatively take IP as complement:
CP
C IP
Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:
Kari sa at hun var ikke syk
Hence CP can alternatively take IP as complement:
However, this is difficult unless the speaker can be taken to endorsethe proposition expressed by the clause:
?? Jeg tviler på at Kari var ikke sykOK Jeg tviler på at Kari ikke var syk
CP
C IP
Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:
Kari sa at hun var ikke syk
Hence CP can alternatively take IP as complement:
However, this is difficult unless the speaker can be taken to endorsethe proposition expressed by the clause:
?? Jeg tviler på at Kari var ikke sykOK Jeg tviler på at Kari ikke var syk
This emphasizes the semantic import of the IP domain:IP is the modal core of the sentence;this is where the speech act "happens".
CP
C IP
Long-distance dependenciesand Functional Uncertainty
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with a set of alternativesto handle topicalization
( SUBJ)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
( SUBJ)
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
NPdeltagerne
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with a set of alternativesto handle topicalization.Let us topicalize the object as illustration.
( SUBJ)
Topicalization
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with a set of alternativesto handle topicalization.Let us topicalize the object as illustration.
( SUBJ)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with a set of alternativesto handle topicalization.Let us topicalize the object as illustration.Will these equations do?
( SUBJ)
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
OBJ
SUBJ
ADJUNCT PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'
PRED 'syntaks'
1
1
2
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
2TOPIC
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
OBJ
SUBJ
ADJUNCT PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'
PRED 'syntaks'
1
1
2
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
2TOPIC
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
OBJ
SUBJ
ADJUNCT PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'
PRED 'syntaks'
1
1
2
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
2TOPIC
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
OBJ
SUBJ
ADJUNCT PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'
PRED 'syntaks'
1
1
2
2
TOPIC
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'
XCOMP SUBJ
PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'
OBJ
SUBJ
ADJUNCT PRED 'ikke'
PRED 'deltager'
PRED 'syntaks'
1
1
2
2
TOPIC
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
The equations work for thissentence. But what aboutthe following?
[Syntaks lærte deltagerne]
[Syntaks sa Kari [at deltagerne ikke lærte]]
[Syntaks ville deltagerne [prøve [å lære]]]
[Syntaks må da deltagerne [ha [kunnet [ville lære]]]]
[Syntaks vil Kari [ha [sagt [at deltagerne ikke kan [ha [villet lære]]]]]]
http://iness.uib.no/xle-web
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( OBJ)=↓
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ COMP OBJ)=↓
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ COMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP COMP OBJ)=↓
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ COMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP COMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ COMP XCOMP OBJ)=↓
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
V
lære
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPsyntaks
( SUBJ)NP
deltagerne
What should we have instead of(↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓, then?A disjunction?
{ ( OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ COMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP COMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ COMP XCOMP OBJ)=↓| (↑ XCOMP XCOMP COMP OBJ)=↓| ... }
{ ( SUBJ)
| ( XCOMP OBJ)
( TOPIC)
We are faced with an infinite number of alternative strings;
OBJXCOMP OBJCOMP OBJXCOMP COMP OBJCOMP XCOMP OBJXCOMP XCOMP COMP OBJ...
We are faced with an infinite number of alternative strings;
OBJXCOMP OBJCOMP OBJXCOMP COMP OBJCOMP XCOMP OBJXCOMP XCOMP COMP OBJ...
SUBJXCOMP SUBJCOMP SUBJXCOMP COMP SUBJCOMP XCOMP SUBJXCOMP XCOMP COMP SUBJ...
We are faced with an infinite number of alternative strings;
OBJXCOMP OBJCOMP OBJXCOMP COMP OBJCOMP XCOMP OBJXCOMP XCOMP COMP OBJ...
SUBJXCOMP SUBJCOMP SUBJXCOMP COMP SUBJCOMP XCOMP SUBJXCOMP XCOMP COMP SUBJ...
In other words, we are faced with a language
This language is very simple: it consists of all strings that begin withany number og COMPs and XCOMPs (including zero) in any order, and endswith either SUBJ or OBJ.
.
This language is very simple: it consists of all strings that begin withany number og COMPs and XCOMPs (including zero) in any order, and endswith either SUBJ or OBJ.
It can be captured by a Regular Expression:
{ COMP | XCOMP }* {SUBJ | OBJ }
.
This language is very simple: it consists of all strings that begin withany number og COMPs and XCOMPs (including zero) in any order, and endswith either SUBJ or OBJ.
It can be captured by a Regular Expression:
{ COMP | XCOMP }* {SUBJ | OBJ }
This means that it is a Finite State Language, which can be parsed veryefficiently.
This language is very simple: it consists of all strings that begin withany number og COMPs and XCOMPs (including zero) in any order, and endswith either SUBJ or OBJ.
It can be captured by a Regular Expression:
{ COMP | XCOMP }* {SUBJ | OBJ }
This means that it is a Finite State Language, which can be parsed veryefficiently.
Allowing regular expressions in constraint equations, enables them tospecify sets of attribute paths rather than single paths:
(↑{ COMP | XCOMP }* {SUBJ | OBJ }) =↓
This language is very simple: it consists of all strings that begin withany number og COMPs and XCOMPs (including zero) in any order, and endswith either SUBJ or OBJ.
It can be captured by a Regular Expression:
{ COMP | XCOMP }* {SUBJ | OBJ }
This means that it is a Finite State Language, which can be parsed veryefficiently.
Allowing regular expressions in constraint equations, enables them tospecify sets of attribute paths rather than single paths:
(↑{ COMP | XCOMP }* {SUBJ | OBJ }) =↓
This constraint equation is satisfied if there is at least one path in the setwhich maks it true.
We can define syntactic variables:
COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPdeltagerne
We can define syntactic variables:
COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPdeltagerne
( TOP)( COMPFN* TERMFN)
We can define syntactic variables:
COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}
This simplifies the equations
Topicalization
I’
V[fin] S
IP
ville
VP
NP
N
V
lære
syntaks
( OBJ)
ADV
( ADJUNCT)
ikke
VP
( XCOMP)
NPdeltagerne
COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}
F-structures and Dependency Structures
From the PROIEL Project:
A sentence from the Gothic Bible (Mark 1.8):
From the PROIEL Project:
A sentence from the Gothic Bible (Mark 1.8):
Norwegian translation:
For jeg døper dere i vann, men han døper dere i hellig ånd.
‘PREDs only’ version:
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
The f-structure as a directed graph
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
PRED
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PREDPRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
PRED
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
PRED
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
Label the root of each subgraph with the value of its PRED (if any),and remove the PRED arcs:
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd''men'
CO
OR
D-FO
RM
'han'
'dere'
'i'
Label still unlabeled roots with the value of COORD-FORM (if any):
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
ADJUNCTADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd'
'men'
'han'
'dere'
'i'
Label still unlabeled roots with the value of COORD-FORM (if any):
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
ADJUNCTADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
SUBJ
SUBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ
OBJ'døpe'
'døpe'
'jeg'
'dere'
'i'
'vann'
'hellig'
'ånd'
'men'
'han'
'dere'
'i'
'for'
DISCCOORD-F
ORM
Turn it 90 degrees...
Turn it 90 degrees...
and compare: