The Problem of Difference in Jürgen Habermas’ Offentlichkeit: Towards a Politics of Public...

8/3/2019 The Problem of Difference in Jrgen Habermas Offentlichkeit: Towards a Politics of Public Credibility

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^di Wrmbei` ma Nlaairicfi lc Hrkic Djbir`jv Maaic~elfdoil~8^m{jrnv j Wmel~lfv ma Wybelf Frinlblel~|

J ^divlvVyb`l~~in ~m

Ajfye~| ma Jr~v jcn Ei~~irv

Yclqirvl~| ma Vjc~m ^m`jv

Lc Wjr~lje Ayealee`ic~Ma ~di rizylri`ic~v amr ~di nikrii%

Bjfdiemr ma Jr~v lc Wdlemvmwd|

B|

RJAJIE N# WJCKLELCJC

@jrfd 2774


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2

JBV^RJF^

^dlv rivijrfd lv j frl~lfje jcje|vlv ma Djbir`jv ^dimr| ma ~di Wybelf jcn l~vjvvmflj~in eikl~l`j~lmc wrmbei`v j~ ~di bjfonrmw ma fm``yclfj~lqi rijvmc jcn

nielbirj~lqi `mniev# L~ itj`lciv Djbir`jv cm~lmc ma ~di wybelf {l~d j qli{ ~mwrmwmvlck jc je~ircj~lqi fmcfiw~lmc ~dj~ lv jbei ~m icfm`wjvv ~di v~ryf~yrje%lcv~l~y~lmcje% jcn fye~yrje eiqiev ma jcje|vlv lc j `mri fmcvlv~ic~ jcn fmdiric~ {j|#@mri vwiflalfjee|% lc kmlck bi|mcn ~di vl`wei v~j~i-cmc-v~j~i nlv~lcf~lmc jv ~dinialclck bjvlv ma ~di wybelf% l~ djv j~~i`w~in ~m iv~jbelvd ~di fejl` ~dj~ ~di fj~ikmr|ma fl~lxicvdlw lv fic~rje ~m ~di nialcl~lmc jv {iee jv mwirj~lmc ma ~di wybelf vwdiri?fmcfiw~yjelxin ~di wybelf vwdiri jv j vwdiri ma ~di wybelf lc ~ir`v ma ~di nlv~lcf~lqilcv~l~y~lmcje jcn fye~yrje wrmwir~| ma wybelfcivv? jcn lc~rmnyfin j ~dimr| ma wmel~lfvma wybelf frinlblel~| ~m fjw~yri ~di fye~yrje jcn wmel~lfje n|cj`lfv ma ~di wybelfvwdiri# L~ fmcfeyniv ~dj~ ~di bjcje wrmbei` ma nlaairicfi lc V~ryo~yr{jcnie niraaic~elfdoil~ fmyen bi vmeqin b| itwjcnlck ~di ~rjnl~lmcje cm~lmc ma ~di wybelf jv jvwdiri ~dj~ `yv~ v~rjnnei ~di nm`jlcv ma mwiccivv jcn vifrif|#

Oi|{mrnv8 Djbir`jv% lcfeyvlmc% wybelf vwdiri% nlvfyrvlqi ~dimr|% flqle vmfli~|


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6

amr `| `m~dir%

Inic Fj~j Nj|mjc Wjcklelcjc


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>

^jbei ma Fmc~ic~v

^l~ei Wjki :

Jbv~rjf~ 2

Ninlfj~lmc 6

^jbei ma Fmc~ic~v >

Elv~ ma Jbbriqlj~lmcv ;

Fdjw~ir L8 ^di Wrmbei` 4

J# Lc~rmnyf~mr| V~j~iìc~B# V~j~iìc~ ma ~di Wrmbei`F# Vlkclalfjcfi ma ~di V~yn|N# Vfmwi jcn El`l~j~lmcvI# Nialcl~lmc ma îr`vA#

Riqli{ ma Riej~in El~irj~yriv

K# Rivijrfd @i~dmnmemk|

Fdjw~ir LL8 ^di Niqiemwìc~ ma ~di Cm~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri >2

J# Dlv~mrlfje Voi~fd ma ~di Wybelf jcn Wrlqj~i Vwdiriv:# ^di Aycf~lmc ma Dlv~mr| lc Djbir`jv aaic~elfdoil~2# Ilkd~iic~d-Fic~yr| Bmyrkimlv Wybelf Vwdiri6# ^di Niqiemwìc~ ma Fm``yclfj~lmc V|v~i`v

lc Ijre| @mnirc Iyrmwi jcn ~di Rlvi ma ~di Wrivv

># [jrv jcn ~di Rlvi ma j Wmel~lfje Wybelf Vwdiri


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9

9# Nlaairic~ Flrfeiv ma Wybelf Wmel~lfje Fm``yclfj~lmc

B# Djbir`jv Fmcfiw~ ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri:# @inlj jv j Wybelf Nibj~i Amry`

j# Wybelf Virqlfi Brmjnfjv~lckb# ^ieiqlvlmc Nibj~if# Lc~irci~

F# Nlvfyrvlqi ^dimr| jv j @mnie ma Djbir`jv Wybelf Vwdiri

N# Wrlqj~iWybelf Nlv~lcf~lmc

Fdjw~ir LLL8 ^di Wrmbei` ma Nlaairicfi lc Djbir`jv

Cm~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri


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jcn Fm``ycje Nlvfmyrviv

F# Lcfeyvlmc jcn Jbv~rjf~lmc8 ^m{jrnv Wybelf Frinlblel~|:# ^di Weyrjel~| ma Amr`v ma Wybelfl~|8

^di Qjrli~| ma Amr`v ma Rijelxj~lmcv ma jc Lnije Wybelf

Fdjw~ir Q8 Vy``jr|% Fmcfeyvlmc% jcn Rifm``icnj~lmc :9>

Blbelmkrjwd| :1:


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;

ELV^ MA JBBRIQLJ^LMCV

Wrl`jr| [mrov ma Hrkic Djbir`jv

BAC Bi~{iic Ajf~v jcn Cmr`v8 Fmc~rlby~lmcv ~m j Nlvfmyrvi ^dimr| ma Ej{ jcnNi`mfrjf|# ^rjcvej~in b| [leelj` Ridk# Fj`brlnki8 Wmel~| Wrivv% :


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4

FDJWÎR L

^di Wrmbei`

J# Lc~rmnyf~mr| V~j~iìc~

Wirdjwv mci ma ~di `mv~ vlkclalfjc~ dlv~mrlmkrjwdlfje niqiemwìc~v ma ~di ejv~

~{m nifjniv djv biic ~di riqlqje ma jc ijre| {mro b| Hrkic Djbir`jv% dlv

V~ryo~yr{jcnie nir aaic~elfdoil~% ~rjcvej~in lc~m Ickelvd jv ^di V~ryf~yrje

^rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri# Alrv~ {rl~~ic jv dlv Djblel~j~lmcvvfdrla~ jcn

wybelvdin lc Kir`jc lc :


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6, Dm{ fjc j wmel~lfv ma wybelf frinlblel~| bi jfdliqin arm` nlvj`blkyj~inv~ryf~yriv ma wybelfcivv jcn wrlqj~icivv=

j# [dj~ lv wybelf frinlblel~|=

b# [dj~ lv ~di rmei ma flqle vmfli~| lc brlcklck amr~d wybelf frinlblel~|=

F#Vlkclalfjcfi ma ~di V~yn|

^di vlkclalfjcfi ma ~dlv rivijrfd jbmqi m~dir {mrov n{ieev vwiflalfjee| mc l~v

frl~lfje iqjeyj~lmc ma ~di fmcfiw~ ma ~di wybelf wmvl~in b| Djbir`jv jcn ~di

cifivvl~| ma fmcvlnirlck j wmel~lfv ma wybelf frinlblel~| $j~ ~di bjfonrmw ma nlvfmyrvi

i~dlfv, lc mrnir ~m jqmln dlv nlv~mr~lmcv ma ~di wybelf l~viea% jcn b| it~icvlmc% ~di

cj~yri ma vmfli~|#

^di vlkclalfjcfi ma ~dlv v~yn| jevm eliv lc l~v j~~i`w~ ~m itj`lci Djbir`jv

cm~lmc ma ~di wybelf {l~d j qli{ ~m wrmwmvlck jc je~ircj~lqi fmcfiw~lmc ~dj~ lv jbei

~m icfm`wjvv ~di v~ryf~yrje% lcv~l~y~lmcje% jcn fye~yrje eiqiev ma jcje|vlv lc j `mri

fmcvlv~ic~ jcn fmdiric~ {j|# @mri vwiflalfjee|% lc kmlck bi|mcn ~di vl`wei v~j~i-

cmc-v~j~i nlv~lcf~lmc jv ~di nialclck bjvlv ma ~di wybelf% l~ j~~i`w~v ~m8

j, ~m iv~jbelvd ~di fejl` ~dj~ ~di fj~ikmr| ma fl~lxicvdlw lv fic~rje ~m ~dinialcl~lmc jv {iee jv mwirj~lmc ma ~di wybelf vwdiri?


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:9

b, ~m fmcfiw~yjelxi ~di wybelf vwdiri jv j vwdiri ma ~di wybelf lc ~ir`v ma ~dinlv~lcf~lqi lcv~l~y~lmcje jcn fye~yrje wrmwir~| ma wybelfcivv? jcn

f, ~m lc~rmnyfi j ~dimr| ma wmel~lfv ma wybelf frinlblel~| ~m fjw~yri ~di fye~yrjejcn wmel~lfje n|cj`lfv ma ~di wybelf vwdiri?

^di rivijrfd lv wdlemvmwdlfje lc cj~yri bifjyvi l~ ~myfdiv ~di alien ma vmflje

wdlemvmwd|# ^di wdlemvmwdlfje cj~yri ma ~dlv rivijrfd eliv lc ~di ajf~ ~dj~ l~ lcqmoiv

Djbir`jv fmcfiw~v ma wybelf vwdiri jcn nlvfmyrvi i~dlfv% fm``yclfj~lqi jf~lmc%

nielbirj~lqi ni`mfrjf|% hyv~lalfj~lmc jcn eikl~l`j~lmc% j`mck m~dirv% lc mrnir ~m

frl~lflxi dlv fmcfiw~lmc ma ~di wybelf% vwiflalfjee|% ~di lcfmckryl~liv ~dj~ bivi~ l~ {dic

jwwelin ~m fir~jlc fm``yclfj~lqi vl~yj~lmcv% jcn ~dirija~ir% ~m maair mwiccivv jv j

oi| ~m ~rjcvamr`lck ~di wybelf lc~m ~dj~ {dlfd lcqmeqiv frinlblel~| jv ~di `mv~

jffiw~jbei amr`#

N# Vfmwi jcn El`l~j~lmcv

^di rivijrfd lv kmlck ~m nije mc ~{m nl`icvlmcv8

:, Djbir`jv ~dimr| ma ~di wybelf jv itwmycnin lc ^di V~ryf~yrje ^rjcvamr`j~lmcma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri? jcn


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:1

2, ~di cifivvl~| ma jnmw~lck jc mwiccivv nlìcvlmc lc ~di wybelf vwdiri% vm jv ~mfmcv~l~y~i j flqle vmfli~|-bjvin wybelf wmel~lfv

^m jrkyi ~di ~divlv% Djbir`jv wmel~lfje jcn vmflje ~dimrliv vdjee bi

i`wem|in% qlx# fm``yclfj~lqi rj~lmcjel~| jcn jf~lmc% v~rj~iklf jf~lmc% nlvfmyrvi

i~dlfv% eikl~l`j~lmc ma ej{% wybelf-wrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc% flqle vmfli~| cityv% wmel~lfje

wrmfivv `mnie% rj~lmcje wmel~lfv jcn fm``yclfj~lqi nivlkc#

Jy~dmrl~j~lqi vmyrfiv amr ~di rivijrfd lcfeyni hmyrcjev% jc~dmemkliv% jcn

fm`ìc~jrliv {dlfd jri vwiflalfjee| elv~in lc ~di blbelmkrjwd|# ^di rivijrfdir

wrl`jrle| rijn jcn yvin ~di ameem{lck bmmov {rl~~ic b| Djbir`jv lc mrnir ~m kjlc j

~dmrmykd ycnirv~jcnlck ma ~di niqiemwìc~ ma dlv wdlemvmwdlfje ~dmykd~

wjr~lfyejre| dlv nibj~i mc rj~lmcjel~| jcn `mnircl~|% jcn `mv~ l`wmr~jc~e| ~m amr`

jc ycnirwlcclck ~dj~ {myen wrmqi ~dj~ ~di wdlemvmwdirv ~dimr| ma ~di wybelf `yv~

bi rifmcv~ryf~in ~m amr`yej~i j wmel~lfv ma wybelf frinlblel~|8 Bi~{iic Ajf~v jcn

Cmr`v8 Fmc~rlby~lmcv ~m j Nlvfmyrvi ^dimr| ma Ej{ jcn Ni`mfrjf|>% ^di V~ryf~yrje

^rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri8 Jc Lczylr| lc~m j Fj~ikmr| ma Bmyrkimlv Vmfli~|% ^di

Lcfeyvlmc ma ~di M~dir8 V~ynliv lc Wmel~lfje ^dimr|9 % Eikl~l`j~lmc Frlvlv1% Mc Vmfli~| jcn

> Hrkic Djbir`jv% Bi~{iic Ajf~v jcn Cmr`v8 Fmc~rlby~lmcv ~m j Nlvfmyrvi ^dimr| ma Ej{ jcnNi`mfrjf|% ~rjcv# [leelj` Ridk $Fj`brlnki8 Wmel~| Wrivv% :


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:;

Wmel~lfv8 J Rijnir;% ^di ^dimr| ma Fm``yclfj~lqi Jf~lmc4 % jcn Mc ^di Wrjk`j~lfv ma

Fm``yclfj~lmc


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:4

lcv~l~y~lmc# ^di v~j~i nmiv ~dlv lc mrnir ~m jbmelvd ~di lnij ma ~di v~j~i jv j

nm`lcj~lck amrfi b| elcolck ej{ ~m rj~lmcje nibj~i# ^di bmyrkimlv v~j~i lv cm~ emck-

elqin% dm{iqir% jv l~ niwicnv mc wjr~lfyejr vmflje jcn ifmcm`lf ajf~mrv ~dj~ jri

yclzyi ~m ~di ilkd~iic~d jcn clci~iic~d fic~yrliv#:7

Flqle vmfli~|# Djbir`jv bmrrm{v ~di ~ir` flqle vmfli~| arm` Dikie#:: Flqle

vmfli~| lv ~di vwdiri ma wrmnyf~lmc jcn itfdjcki% {dlfd amr`v wjr~ ma ~di wrlqj~i

rije` jcn lv nlv~lcf~ arm` ~di v~j~i# Flqle vmfli~| lv ivvic~ljee| {dj~ `mv~ wimwei fjee

~di ifmcm`|% by~ lcfeyniv m~dir vmflje lcv~l~y~lmcv# L~ mwirj~iv jffmrnlck ~m l~v

m{c ej{v% by~ lv jbei ~m riwrivic~ l~v lc~iriv~v ~m ~di v~j~i ~drmykd ~di wybelf

vwdiri#:2

Fm``yclfj~lqi Jf~lmc# L~ mrkjclxiv vmflje lc~irjf~lmc ~drmykd ~di cm~lmc ma

`y~yje ycnirv~jcnlck# L~ lv jc jkicf| lc ~di amr` ma fm``yclfj~lmc% {dlfd ycnir

Djbir`jv ycnirv~jcnlck lv riv~rlf~in ~m nielbirj~lmc% l#i#% ~di arii itfdjcki ma

bieliav jcn lc~ic~lmcv ycnir ~di jbvicfi ma nm`lcj~lmc#:6

:7 Djbir`jv% V^WV% ww# ;


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: ^di wirvmc lv jevm jìcjbei ~m fm`wi~ic~ viea-fmrrif~lmc#

Eikl~l`j~lmc# L~ lv j vwiflje olcn ma hyv~lalfj~mr| wrmfivv% jcn lv eloi{lvi ~m bi

femvie| ~lin ~m fm``yclfj~lmcj eikl~l`jf| fejl`% eloi jc| m~dir fejl` lc~icnin ~m

hyv~la| j bielia% `yv~ vj~lva| ~di wrivywwmvl~lmcv ma rj~lmcje nlvfmyrvi? jffmrnlck ~m

Djbir`jv% j eikl~l`jf| fejl` lv hyv~lalin {dic ~divi jri ì~# Eloi jc| m~dir

y~~irjcfi% y~~irjcfiv ma ~dlv olcn l`we| j ayr~dir fejl` jv ~m ~dilr ~ry~d8 lc ~dlv fjvi%

~dj~ vyfd-jcn-vyfd j wmel~lfje lcv~l~y~lmc nmiv% fjc% mr {lee rijelxi kicirjelxjbei

lc~iriv~# Eikl~l`jf| lv fmc~lckic~ ywmc ~di kicirjelxj~lmc ma lc~iriv~v% by~ ~dlv fjc

mce| bi rijfdin ~drmykd ~di ayealeeìc~ ma ~di fmcnl~lmcv ma nlvfmyrvi#:9

Elbirje @mnie# B| elbirjelv`% Djbir`jv ìjcv j wmel~lfje wdlemvmwd| ~dj~

fmcfilqiv ~di ariinm` ma ~di lcnlqlnyje jv ~di dlkdiv~ kmmn#:1 L~ viiv ~di lcnlqlnyje

jv j bijrir ma rlkd~v# ^dlv lv j `mnie ma ni`mfrjf| {dlfd emmov j~ ni`mfrjf| jv j

niflvlmc-`jolck ì~dmn#:; ^di bjvlf aij~yriv ma ~dlv `mnie mrlklcj~i lc ~di

wdlemvmwd| ma Dmbbiv:4 jcn Emfoi:< jcn jri bjvin mc ~di lnij ~dj~ wimwei djqi

:>

Eyoi Kmmni%Hrkic Djbir`jv8 Ni`mfrjf| jcn ~di Wybelf Vwdiri $Emcnmc8 Wey~m Wrivv% 2779,% w#1#:; Fa# Hmviwd J# Vfdy`wi~ir% Fjwl~jelv`% Vmfljelv`% jcn Ni`mfrjf| $Ci{ \mro8 Djrwir ! Rm{%

:2,? jcn Jc~dmc| Nm{cv%Jc Ifmcm`lf ^dimr| ma Ni`mfrjf| $Ci{ \mro8 Djrwir ! Rm{% :


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2:

rlkd~v jcn ariinm`v ~dj~ itlv~ wrlmr ~m% jcn dicfi% lcniwicnic~e|% ma jc| wmel~lfje

mrnir# Dy`jc bilckv wmvvivv fir~jlc rlkd~v ~dj~ itlv~ wrlmr ~m ~di iv~jbelvdìc~ ma

wmel~lfje lcv~l~y~lmcv% l#i# lc ~di v~j~i ma cj~yri# ^divi wri-wmel~lfje rlkd~v cm~ mce|

el`l~ ~di wm{ir ma ~di v~j~i% ~di| jevm ic~l~ei lcnlqlnyjev ~m yvi ~di` j~ ~dilr m{c

nlvfri~lmc# Lc ~dlv wjrjnlk` ~diri lv cm bjvlv amr nlvfrl`lcj~lck bi~{iic nlaairic~

lc~iriv~v mc j cmr`j~lqi bjvlv# Vyfd `mnie lv fmcfilqin ~m riv~ mc j fmc~rjf~ lc~m

{dlfd izyje jcn arii lcnlqlnyjev djqi qmeyc~jrle| ic~irin lc mrnir ~m wrm~if~ ~dilr

rivwif~lqi lc~iriv~v#

El~irjr| wybelf vwdiri# L~ niqiemwin lc ~di ilkd~iic~d fic~yr|? l~v oi|

lcv~l~y~lmcv jri el~irjr| hmyrcjev% wirlmnlfjev% jcn ~di fmaaii dmyviv jcn vjemcv {diri

~divi wybelfj~lmcv {iri nlvfyvvin# ^di el~irjr| wybelf vwdiri riwrivic~in ~di alrv~

~lì ~dj~ ~di wybelf fmyen frl~lfjee| nlvfyvv jr~ jcn el~irj~yri% nrj{lck mc ~di

i`m~lmcje rivmyrfiv ~di| niqiemwin {l~dlc ~di aj`le|# L~ niqiemwin lc~m ~di wmel~lfje

wybelf vwdiri#27

Wmel~lfje wybelf vwdiri# ^dlv riwrivic~v wrlqj~i wimwei {dm djqi fmì

~mki~dir jv j wybelf ~m yvi ~dilr rijvmc frl~lfjee|# L~ lv cm~ vm `yfd j wejfi jv j virliv

ma jf~lmcv# L~ niqiemwin my~ ma ~di el~irjr| wybelf vwdiri% jcn niwicnin mc wrlqj~i

wimweiv v~j~yv jv bm~d wrmwir~| m{cirv jcn dy`jc bilckv? l~v rmm~v {iri lc ~di

27 Djbir`jv% V^WV% ww# 9:-96#


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aj`le| jcn lc ~di {mren ma wrmwir~| m{cirvdlw# Lc ~di wjv~% ~di wmel~lfje wybelf

vwdiri riwrivic~in j frl~lfje qmlfi ~dj~ jcje|xin jcn ma~ic mwwmvin kmqircìc~

jf~lmc% jcn wriqic~in nm`lcj~lmc b| ~di wm{iraye v~j~i# Lc l~v `mnirc amr`%

dm{iqir% ~di wybelf vwdiri lv cm `mri ~djc j `jclwyej~lqi amr` ma wybelfl~|% jv

wmel~lfljcv% jnqir~lvlck jkic~v jcn wybelf riej~lmcv itwir~v ~r| ~m frij~i jcn

`jclwyej~i j ajevi wybelf#

Wrlcflwei ma Yclqirvjelxj~lmc#2: L~ lv ~di mce| wrlcflwei {dlfd fjc `joi l~

wmvvlbei ~m frij~i jkriiìc~ jbmy~ cmr`j~lqi zyiv~lmcv% jcn {dlfd fjc bi vjln ~m bi

l`welfl~ lc wimweiv `mrje wrjf~lfi% jcn lv vmì qirvlmc ma ~di lnij {dlfd eliv bidlcn

~di fj~ikmrlfje l`wirj~lqi# L~ lv jevm fjeein ~di brlnklck wrlcflwei {dlfd `joiv

fmcvicvyv wmvvlbei jcn icnyriv ~dj~ mce| ~dmvi cmr`v jri jffiw~in jv qjeln ~dj~

itwrivviv j kicirje {lee# Jffmrnlck ~m Djbir`jv% {dj~ nlv~lckylvdiv $Y, arm` `mv~

m~dir amr`yej~lmcv ma ~di lnij ma yclqirvjelxjblel~|% lv ~dj~ diri ijfd jcn iqir|mci lv

rizylrin ~m qli{ j `j~~ir arm` ~di wirvwif~lqiv ma ijfd ma ~di m~dir wimwei

lcqmeqin#22 ^m Djbir`jv% ~di wmlc~ lv ~dj~ vyfd kmje fjc lc wrjf~lfi mce| bi rijfdin

~drmykd jc mwic nlvfmyrvi% {diri ijfd jcn iqir|mci fjc wrivic~ ~dilr m{c

2: ^di amr`yej~lmc ma ~di wrlcflwei {dlfd Djbir`jv djv amycn `mv~ jnizyj~i lv byle~ lc~m ~divm-fjeein wrlcflwei ma yclqirvjelxj~lmc% {dlfd v~j~iv ~dj~ cj| amr` `yv~ ìi~ ~di ameem{lck fmcnl~lmcv lcmrnir ~m bi qjeln8 $Y, Jee jaaif~in fjc jffiw~ ~di fmcvizyicfiv jcn ~di vlni iaaif~v l~v kicirjembvirqjcfi fjc bi jc~lflwj~in ~m djqi alr ~di vj~lvajf~lmc ma iqir|mciv lc~iriv~ $jcn ~divi fmcvizyicfivjri wriairrin ~m ~dmvi ma ocm{c je~ircj~lqi wmvvlblel~liv amr rikyej~lmc# Vii Hrkic Djbir`jv%Nlvfmyrvi I~dlfv8 Cm~iv mc j Wrmkrj` ma Wdlemvmwdlfje Hyv~lalfj~lmc% lc @mrje Fmcvflmyvcivv jcnFm``yclfj~lqi Jf~lmc $Fj`brlnki8 Wmel~| Wrivv% :


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26

qirvlmc#26 Lc vyfd j nlvfmyrvi% ~di jrkyìc~v {lee vdm{ {di~dir ~di cmr` lc

zyiv~lmc nj`jkiv vmì wimweiv lc~iriv~v `mri ~djc m~dirv% mr la l~ nivirqiv

lc~irvybhif~lqi rifmkcl~lmc bifjyvi l~ itwrivviv j kicylcie| fm``mc jcn l`wjr~lje

lc~iriv~#2>

Rj~lmcje-frl~lfje nibj~i# L~ lv ~di elaibemmn ma ~di wybelf vwdiri# Rj~lmcje-

frl~lfje nibj~i mffyrrin lc ~di ilkd~iic~d fic~yr| wybelf vwdiri bi~{iic ì`birv ma

j wrmwir~|-m{clck% inyfj~in rijnlck wybelf yvlck ~dilr rijvmc# L~ fic~irin alrv~ mc

el~irjr| zyiv~lmcv% ~dic mc wmel~lfje lvvyiv#29

Riaiynjelxj~lmc#^dlv lv j wrmfivv ~dj~ Djbir`jv lnic~laliv lc `mnirc vmflje-

ni`mfrj~lf v~j~iv# Riaiynjelxj~lmc lcqmeqiv j ìrklck ma ~di v~j~i jcn vmfli~|% wybelf

jcn wrlqj~i ~dj~ jwwrmtl`j~iv ~m fmcnl~lmcv lc ~di aiynje v~j~i% jcn j ri~yrc ma

ieiìc~v ma riwrivic~j~lqi wybelfl~|#21 Djbir`jv nmiv cm~ bieliqi ~dj~ `mnirc v~j~iv

jri ri~yrclck ~m ~di @lnnei Jkiv% ìrie| ~dj~ fir~jlc aiynje ieiìc~v jri ri~yrclck#

26Lbln#% w# 11#2> [i `j| jvo8 [dj~ la j wjr~lflwjc~ {dm lc rijel~| {jc~v vwiflje ~rij~ìc~ amr v~rj~iklf

rijvmcv riayviv ~m jffiw~ ~dj~ j cmr` ~rij~v iqir|mci izyjee| jcn lv ~dyv hyv~% je~dmykd di lc dlv m{c

`lcn rijelxiv ~dj~ ~dlv lv jf~yjee| ~di fjvi= ^di vl`weiv~ jcv{ir lc myr fmc~it~ {myen bi ~dj~ ~dlvwjr~lflwjc~ nmiv cm~ ~joi j `mrje j~~l~yni% by~ j v~rj~iklf jf~lmc# ^di fjvi lc zyiv~lmc ~diriamri ajeevmy~vlni ~di vfmwi ma {dj~ {myen bi nlvfyvvin b| rivijrfdir% qlx# {dlfd wrlcflweiv ni~ir`lci itwelfl~e|`mrje jf~lmcv# Dm{iqir% lc rijel~| {i djqi ~m ~joi lc~m jffmyc~ ~dj~ vyfd wjr~lflwjc~v `j| jwwijr% jcnlnijee| j nlvfmyrvi vl~yj~lmc vdmyen bi vyaalflic~ ~m riqije ~divi jf~mrv% bifjyvi ~di| jri cm~ fjwjbei mawrivic~lck j fmcqlcflck rj~lmcje hyv~lalfj~lmc amr ~dilr v~jcnwmlc~v#

29 Mci ma Djbir`jv frl~lflv`v ma ~di `mnirc v~j~i lv ~di nifelci ma rj~lmcje% ìjclckayejrkyìc~#

21 Djbir`jv% mw# fl~#% ww# 222aa#


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Riwrivic~j~lqi wybelfl~|# ^dlv lv j amr` ma wybelf vwdiri ~dj~ wrifinin ~di

el~irjr| wybelf vwdiri# L~ mwirj~in lc ~di aiynje v~j~iv ma ìnliqje jcn ijre| `mnirc

Iyrmwi# Ivvic~ljee|% l~ fmcvlv~in ma ~di Olck mr ~di cmblel~| riwrivic~lck ~dilr

wmel~lfje wm{ir biamri ~di wimwei# ^di| ìrie| nlvwej|in ~dilr wm{ir? ~diri {jv cm

wmel~lfje nlvfyvvlmc% bifjyvi ~diri {jv cm wybelf lc ~di `mnirc vicvi# Lc mrnir amr

wmel~lfje wm{ir ~m itlv~ j~ jee% jc jynlicfi {jv rizylrin# Djbir`jv viiv ieiìc~v ma

~dlv v~|ei ma wybelfl~| ri~yrclck lc ~di bidjqlmr ma `mnirc wmel~lfje wjr~liv jcn

wybelf riej~lmcv itwir~v#2;

Riwybelfjc `mnie# Diri ~di wmel~lfje wrmfivv lv cm~ rikjrnin vl`we| jv j

wrmfinyri amr ieif~lck jcn ki~~lck rln ma eijnirv b| jnnlck yw ~di fl~lxicv

wriairicfiv# Vmfli~| nmiv cm~ fmcvlv~ ma viea-lc~iriv~in jf~mrv jvvir~lck ~dilr

wriairicfiv% by~ ma qlr~ymyv fl~lxicv {dm jri jf~lqie| ickjkin lc fmeeif~lqi jaajlrv%

mc ~di bjvlv ma vmì vdjrin qli{v ma ~di fm``mc kmmn# ^diri jri j~ eijv~ ~{m wmlc~v

mc {dlfd riwybelfjcv nlv~jcfi ~di`vieqiv arm` `mnirc elbirjelv`#24 ^di alrv~ wmlc~

fmcfircv ~di riej~lmc bi~{iic ~di rlkd~ jcn ~di kmmn# Diri elbirjev klqi wriairicfi

~m rlkd~v jcn hyv~lfi% {dlei ~di riwybelfjcv bylen mc ~di lnij ma fm``mc kmmn# ^di|

i`wdjvlxi ~di yvi ma fmcv~l~y~lmc% dy`jc rlkd~v jcn ciy~rje wmelfliv ~m vi~~ei

fmc~rmqirvliv# ^di lcqlmejblel~| ma ~di lcnlqlnyje lv wrm~if~in b| hyv~lfi jcn fjccm~

2; Djbir`jv% emf# fl~#% ww# :9#


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bi nlvwmvin {l~d ~drmykd wmel~lfje fm`wrm`lviv# B| fmc~rjv~% riwybelfjcv bieliqi

~di rlkd~v jri wmel~lfje b| cj~yri% jcn ~dj~ ni`mfrjf| lv ~di ye~l`j~i kmmn# ^di

vifmcn wmlc~ fmcfircv ~di riej~lmc ~m ni`mfrjf|# Jffmrnlck ~m ~di elbirjev%

lcnlqlnyjev djqi j rlkd~ ~m ariinm` ~dj~ wrifiniv ~di fejl` ~m wmel~lfje ariinm`#

Ni`mfrjf| lv ~dyv bmycn jcn el`l~in b| bjvlf lcnlqlnyje rlkd~v ~dj~ jri

fmcv~l~y~lmcjee| wrm~if~in# B| fmc~rjv~% ~di riwybelfjcv vii ariinm` jv niwicnic~ mc

wmel~lfje wjr~lflwj~lmc# [dic ~di fl~lxicv jri klqic ~di mwwmr~ycl~| ~m wjr~lflwj~i lc

~di viea-kmqirclck riwybelf% ~di| jri klqic ariinm` jv {iee#

A# Riqli{ ma Riej~in El~irj~yriv

Bmmov jcn Jc~dmemkliv

Jrj~m% Jcnri{ jcn @lfdie Rmvicaien% inv# Djbir`jv mc Ej{ jcn Ni`mfrjf|8Frl~lfje Itfdjckiv# Biroiei|8 Yclqirvl~| ma Fjelamrclj Wrivv% :


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21

jcn vmflje-{ieajri $`j~irlje, `mniev ma ej{? jcn dlv viqic~|-~{m-wjki Riwe| ~m

V|`wmvly` Wjr~lflwjc~v lnic~laliv `lvycnirv~jcnlckv% fejrlaliv wrmbei`j~lf

nlv~lcf~lmcv% maairv ciinin iejbmrj~lmcv jcn j`icn`ic~v% jcn |i~ ye~l`j~ie|

niaicnv Bi~{iic Ajf~v jcn Cmr`v jkjlcv~ amr`lnjbei frl~lflv`#

Fjedmyc% Frjlk% in#Djbir`jv jcn ~di Wybelf Vwdiri# Fj`brlnki8 @L^ Wrivv% :


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~m ~di itfeyvlmc ma {m`ic# Arjvir lc wjr~lfyejr jrkyin amr j weyrjelxlck ma wybelf

vwdiriv ~m klqi qmlfi ~m ~di nlv~lcf~lqi krmywv fm`wrm`lvlck `mnirc vmfli~liv#

Fdj`birv% Vl`mci# Rijvmcjbei Ni`mfrjf|8 Hrkic Djbir`jv jcn ~di Wmel~lfv maNlvfmyrvi# L~djfj8 Fmrciee Yclqirvl~| Wrivv% :


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jrkyìc~ lv jevm ejynjbei% ~di| vj|% by~ lcvyaalflic~ bifjyvi ~diri lv qir| el~~ei

iqlnicfi ~dj~ l~ fjc {mro lc vl~yj~lmcv ma vfjrfl~|# Iqic ycnir fmcnl~lmcv ma riej~lqi

jbycnjcfi% ~di wm{ir ~m vdjwi jvvmflj~lmcje elai arm` ~di my~vlni lv ~icymyv j~ biv~#

Alcjee|% ~di itwjcnin wybelf vwdiri jrkyìc~ eliv femviv~ ~m myr m{c cmr`j~lqi

wriairicfiv# By~ iqic diri l~ lv% eloi ~di rlkd~v jcn flqlf inyfj~lmc vmey~lmcv%

ivvic~ljee| jc lcv~l~y~lmcje alt% ~di iaalfjf| ma {dlfd wrivywwmviv j eiqie ma vmflje

hyv~lfi ~dj~ `j| cm~ itlv~#

Nijc% Hmnl# Wybelflf~|v Vifri~# Wmel~lfje ^dimr| 2-197#HV^MR# :9 Hyc# 277; 5d~~w8{{{#hv~mr#mrk3#

Nijc maairv ~drii jvwif~v ma wybelfl~| jv lnimemk| lc ~dlv jr~lfei8 myr nlv~jcfi

arm` l~% myr ichm|ìc~ lc l~% jcn myr vjfrlalflje kyle~ biamri l~# Di wyvdiv ~di rmei ma

~di vifri~ lc vifyrlck ~di wybelf vwdiri jv jc lnimemklfje fmcv~ryf~lmc# ^di vifri~

`jrov ~di fmcv~l~y~lqi el`l~ ma ~di wybelf vwdiri% j el`l~ ~dj~ ~dj~ ~di wybelf vwdiri

fjccm~ jfocm{einki# ^dj~ ~dlv el`l~ fjccm~ bi jfocm{einkin% ~dj~ lc ajf~ v~l`yej~iv

cm~ vl`we| ~di fmc~lcyin l`wmvl~lmc ma ~di wybelf by~ ~di itwemvlmc ma ~di

ci~{mroin ìnlj% wmlc~v ~m ~di lnimemklfje aycf~lmc ma ~di lnije ma wybelfl~| lc ~di

lcamr`j~lmc jki# ^di wybelf vwdiri riv~v mc j fmcv~l~y~lqi l`wmvvlblel~| ma j wmel~lfv

{l~dmy~% my~vlni ma% jcn bi|mcn wm{ir% j wmel~lfv {diri niflvlmc lv wmv~wmcin lc

ajqmr ma j fmcvicvyv ~dj~ djv jerijn| biic jfdliqin# Di fmcfeyniv ~dj~ {dic bjvin

mc ~di cm~lmc ma ~di wybelf% ni`mfrj~lf wmel~lfje ~dimr| lv eloie| ~m amfyv `lv~joice|


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mc riqijelck% my~lck% jcn ycfmqirlck {dj~ djv biic fmcfijein mr {l~ddien arm` ~di

wybelf# Wrjf~lfjee|% ~divi riv~rlf~lmcv cjrrm{ ~di rjcki ma ~dlcolck jbmy~ wmel~lfv%

nlv~rjf~lck yv arm` aycnjìc~je vmflje jcn ifmcm`lf jc~jkmclv`v jcn niaeif~lck

j~~ic~lmc arm` zyiv~lmcv ma blmwmel~lfv% ~rjcvcj~lmcje jeeljcfi% jcn j wejfi ma ajc~jv|%

~m ìc~lmc hyv~ j ai{# ^dimri~lfjee|% vyfd riv~rlf~lqi amfyv% jffmrnlck ~m dl`% ricnirv

ni`mfrjf| jv j ajleyri lc jnqjcfi8 bifjyvi ~di wybelf fjc ciqir elqi yw l~v wrm`lvi

$j ajleyri `jroin b| ~di vifri~,% j n|cj`lf ma vyvwlflmc jcn vyrqileejcfi $cm{

`j~irljelxin lc ~ifdcmfye~yri, lv lcv~jeein jv ~di cit~ biv~ ~dlck# Lc ~dlv rivwif~% {dj~

wjvviv jv ni`mfrj~lf wmel~lfv vii`v ~m niwicn mc cm~ ~ieelck ~di blkkiv~ vifri~ ma jee8

~dj~ nivwl~i ~di rdi~mrlf ma wybelfl~|% ~diri lv cm wybelf#

Airrii% @|rj @jrt% i~ je# Amyr @mniev ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri lc @mnirc

Ni`mfrjfliv# ^dimr| jcn Vmfli~| 6:% cm# 6 $Hyc#% 2772,8 24# HV^MR# :9Hyc# 277; 5d~~w8{{{#hv~mr#mrk3#

^di jbmqi riqli{v amyr ~rjnl~lmcv ma ni`mfrj~lf ~dimr|% `lclck ~di` amr ~di

jcv{irv ~di| vykkiv~ amr ~di wybelf vwdiri jcn% `mri wjr~lfyejre|% amr `jvv ìnlj

nlvfmyrvi lc jf~yjee| itlv~lck ni`mfrjfliv# ^di amyr ~rjnl~lmcv jri ejbiein jv

riwrivic~j~lqi elbirje% wjr~lflwj~mr| elbirje% nlvfyrvlqi% jcn fmcv~ryf~lmclv~# Lc ijfd

ma ~di ~rjnl~lmcv voi~fdin% ~di jy~dmrv j~~i`w~ ~m dlkdelkd~ ~di lnijv ~di| vii jv

bilck vdjrin~dyv nialclck j ~rjnl~lmcjcn ~m dlkdelkd~ ~di vwiflalf cmr`j~lqi

frl~irlj ~dj~ ijfd wirvwif~lqi {myen icnmrvi jcn i`wdjvlxi# J~ ~di icn% ~di|

vy``jrlxi ~divi frl~irlj lc ~ir`v ma {dm vdmyen vwijo% ~di fmc~ic~ ma ~di wrmfivv


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${dj~,% v~|ei ma vwiifd wriairrin $dm{,% jcn ~di riej~lmcvdlw bi~{iic nlvfmyrvi jcn

niflvlmc-`jolck $my~fmìv, ~dj~ lv vmykd~ $mr aijrin,# Alcjee|% ~di| fm`wjri ~di

dlirjrfd| ma qjeyiv itwrivvin b| ijfd ~rjnl~lmc% jcn brliae| riwmr~ vmì alcnlckv ma

~di i`wlrlfje v~yn| ~di| djqi ycnir~joic ~dj~ vykkiv~ ~dj~ Kir`jc| jcn ~di Ycl~in

V~j~iv ijfd fmcamr`v `mri femvie| ~m ~di v~jcnjrnv ma nlaairic~ ~rjnl~lmcv#

Alci% Kjr| Jejc jcn Brmmoi Djrrlck~mc# ^lc| Wybelfv8 V`jee Krmywv jcn Flqle

Vmfli~|# Vmflmemklfje ^dimr| 22% cm# 6 $Viw#% 277>,8 6>:-691# HV^MR# :9 Hyc#277; 5d~~w8{{{#hv~mr#mrk3#

Lc ~dlv jr~lfei% ~di jy~dmrv jrkyi ~dj~ v`jee krmywv {mro mc viqirje eiqiev ~m

frij~i flqle vmfli~|# ^di| virqi jv ~di frij~lqi cityv% ~di fmc~it~% jcn ~di

fmcvizyicfi ma flqlf ickjkiìc~# Alrv~% krmyw n|cj`lfv frij~i ~di nivlri jcn ~di

ìjcv amr wybelf jf~lmc% vdjwlck ~di vicvi ma lcv~l~y~lmcje lnic~l~| mc ~di wjr~ ma

wjr~lflwjc~v% jv {iee jv `mblelxlck rivmyrfiv# ^di my~fmì ma krmyw lc~irjf~lmc lv j

fye~yri lc {dlfd flqlf wjr~lflwj~lmc% fl~lxicvdlw% jcn cj~lmcjelv` jri frij~in# Vifmcn%

v`jee krmywv wrmqlni jricjv lc {dlfd ~di jf~lmc ma flqlf ickjkiìc~ lv wej|in my~#

L~ lv j nlvfyrvlqi vwjfi {diri lnijv ma wj~rlm~lv`% cj~lmcjelv`% flqlf rielklmc% jcn ~di

wybelf vwdiri fjc bi itwemrin jcn icjf~in# Alcjee|% j dije~d| flqle vmfli~| wrmnyfiv

j wrmelairj~lmc ma v`jee-krmyw jaalelj~lmc mwwmr~ycl~liv% fmyc~ir-bjejcflck ~di

bjeojclxlck ~icnicfliv ma ejrki jvvmflj~lmcv# Klqic ~dj~% di v~j~iv ~dj~ lcnlqlnyjev

biemck ~m `ye~lwei v`jee krmywv% ijfd wrivic~v lcnlqlnyjev {l~d jc je~ircj~lqi

`mnie arm` {dlfd ~di| fjc fdmmvi#


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Lckrj`% Njqln# ^di El`l~v jcn Wmvvlblel~liv ma Fm``yclfj~lqi I~dlfv amr

Ni`mfrj~lf ^dimr|# Wmel~lfje ^dimr| 2:% cm# 2 $@j|% :


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lc elkd~ ma vyfd j ~dimri~lfje jcn vybv~jc~lqi kjw ~dj~ ~dlv jr~lfei ri{mrov vmì ma ~di

lnijv lc ~di fyrric~ lc~irwri~j~lmcv ma ~di wybelfwrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc# Lc wjr~lfyejr%

wjr~v ma Djbir`jv frl~lfje ~dimr| jcn ^dm`wvmcv wmel~lfje vmflmemk| djqi biic

rilc~irwri~in% riamr`yej~in% itwjcnin% jcn lc~ikrj~in lc~m jc je~ircj~lqi cm~lmc ma

~di wybelf vwdiri jv j vwdiri ma ~di wybelf v~rjnnelck ~di nm`jlcv ma vifrif| jcn

wybelfcivv# Lc riqli{lck Djbir`jv {mro mc ~di wybelf vwdiri% ~di jy~dmr djv

jrkyin ~dj~ {l~dlc ~di fmc~it~ ma flqle vmfli~|% ~di ìnlj i`bmnliv ~{m riej~in

ieiìc~v ma wybelfcivv ~dj~ jri nlv~lcf~lqi% cjìe| mwiccivv qirvyv riv~rlf~incivv

jcn mwiccivv qirvyv vifrif|# ^dlv ~dic eijnv dir ~m wmv~yej~i ~dj~ ~di niqiemwìc~

ma ~di ìnlj djv biic fmcfm`l~jc~ {l~d j ni`mfrj~lf v~rykkei jkjlcv~ v~j~i vifrif|

jcn ~dj~ wmel~lfv ~drmykd ~di ìnlj {myen ciin ~m `joi fmcv~jc~ riairicfiv ~m ~di

v|`bmelf wybelf#

K# Rivijrfd @i~dmnmemk|

:# Rivijrfd @i~dmn

^dlv rivijrfd lv j frl~lfje jcje|vlv ma Djbir`jv ^dimr| ma ~di Wybelf jcn l~v

jvvmflj~in eikl~l`j~lmc wrmbei`v j~ ~di bjfonrmw ma fm``yclfj~lqi rijvmc jcn

nielbirj~lqi `mniev% {l~d frl~lfje ~dimr| jv wyri fmcfiw~yje arjì{mro# L~ {lee

eloi{lvi frl~lzyi ~di l`wjf~ ma ~di Djbir`jvljc fmcfiw~lmc ma fmcvicvyv ~dimr| ma


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{lee jnnrivv ~di zyiv~lmc ma v~j~i mwiccivvvifrif| arm` ~di qjc~jki wmlc~ ma ~di

wybelf vwdiri# Je~dmykd ~di cm~lmc ma wybelf vwdiri djv kjlcin lcfrijvlck

wrm`lcicfi lc rific~ jfjni`lf nlvfmyrviv lc ~ir`v ma ~di fmcfiw~yje nlv~lcf~lmc

bi~{iic wybelf jcn wrlqj~i% el~~ei j~~ic~lmc djv |i~ biic klqic ~m ~di lvvyi ma

mwiccivvvifrif| jv j ajfi~ ma ~di fmcv~l~y~lmc ma ~di wybelf-wrlqj~i bmycnjr|# L~ lv lc

elkd~ ma vyfd ~dimri~lfje jcn vybv~jc~lqi kjw ~dj~ ~dlv fdjw~ir viiov ~m ri{mro vm`i

ma ~di lnijv lc ~di fyrric~ lc~irwri~j~lmcv ma ~di wybelf-wrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc# Lc

wjr~lfyejr% wjr~v ma Djbir`jv frl~lfje ~dimr| jcn ^dm`wvmcv wmel~lfje vmflmemk|

{lee bi rilc~irwri~in% riamr`yej~in% itwjcnin% jcn lc~ikrj~in lc~m jc je~ircj~lqi

cm~lmc ma ~di wybelf vwdiri jv j vwdiri v~rjnnelck ~di nm`jlcv ma vifrif| jcn

wybelfcivv#

Fdjw~ir LQ {lee wrmwmvi jc je~ircj~lqi fmcfiw~lmc ma Djbir`jv cm~lmc ma ~di

wybelf ~dj~ lv jbei ~m icfm`wjvv ~di v~ryf~yrje% lcv~l~y~lmcje% jcn fye~yrje eiqiev ma

jcje|vlv lc j `mri fmcvlv~ic~ jcn fmdiric~ {j|# ^di itwejcj~lmc l~ {lee wrivic~

vdmyen km bi|mcn ~di ~rjnl~lmcje v~j~i-cmcv~j~i nlv~lcf~lmc jv ~di nialclck bjvlv ma

~di wybelf% lc ~dj~ l~ {lee iv~jbelvd ~di fejl` ~dj~ ~di fj~ikmr| ma fl~lxicvdlw lv fic~rje

~m ~di nialcl~lmc jv {iee jv mwirj~lmc ma ~di wybelf vwdiri% {lee fmcfiw~yjelxi ~di

wybelf vwdiri jv j vwdiri lc ~ir`v ma ~di wybelf lc ~ir`v ma ~di nlv~lcf~lqi

lcv~l~y~lmcje jcn fye~yrje wrmwir~| jcn wybelfcivv% jcn {lee lc~rmnyfi j ~dimr| ma


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wmel~lfv ma wybelf frinlblel~| ~m fjw~yri ~di fye~yrje jcn wmel~lfje n|cj`lfv ma ~di

wybelf vwdiri% jcn ~m vmeqi Djbir`jv ~dimri~lfje fmcv~ryf~lmc ma ~di wybelf vwdiri#

Alcjee|% Fdjw~ir Q wrmqlniv vy``jr|% fmcfeyvlmc jcn rifm`ìcnj~lmcv

jbmy~ ~di rivijrfd wrmbei` ~dj~ fmyen vwyr vfdmejrv ma frl~lfje vmflje ~dimr| ~m kjlc j

wrmwir ycnirv~jcnlck ma ~di Maaic~elfdoil~ jcn lcqiv~lkj~i vyfd Djbir`jvljc

fmcfiw~v bi|mcn ~di ma~ic lcqmoin arjì{mro ma fm``yclfj~lqi jf~lmc ~dj~ fmyen

bi fmc~rlby~mr| ~m wmv~ì~jwd|vlfje ~dlcolck jcn wdlemvmwdlfje nlvfmyrvi ma

`mnircl~|#


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>2

FDJWÎR LL

^DI NIQIEMW@IC^ MA ^DI

CM^LMC MA ^DI WYBELF VWDIRI

J# Dlv~mrlfje Voi~fd ma ~di Wybelf jcn Wrlqj~i Vwdiriv

:# ^di Aycf~lmc ma Dlv~mr| lc Djbir`jv aaic~elfdoil~

Amr Djbir`jv% dlv lczylr| lc~m ~di cj~yri jcn niqiemwìc~ ma aaic~elfdoil~ lc

l~v ~{m vicviv ma wybelfcivv jcn wybelf vwdiri lv wjr~ ma j cmr`j~lqi ~dimr| ma

wmel~lfje fm``yclfj~lmc# Dlv jl` lv ~di itwemrj~lmc ma ~di wririzylvl~iv amr

ni`mfrjf|% {dlfd amr dl` lv elcoin ~m ~di l`weiìc~j~lmc ma rijvmc% ~ry~d% `mrjev

jcn hyv~lfi lc wmel~lfje elai# Lc ~ryi icelkd~icìc~ ajvdlmc Djbir`jv alcnv ~di `jlc

vywwmr~ amr vyfd j ni`mfrj~lf wmel~lfje fye~yri lc wybelf wmel~lfje rijvmclck lc jc

icqlrmcìc~ lc {dlfd ~di lcnlqlnyje fjc vwijo ariie| jcn jrkyìc~v jri cm~

nlv~mr~in b| aijr mr wmel~lfje mr vmflje wm{ir#6> ^dyv% ~di fdlia wyrwmvi ma ~di bmmo

{jv ~m ycnirv~jcn jcn frl~lflxi ~di ~drij~ ~m ni`mfrjf| rivye~lck arm` ~di nifelci ma

vyfd j frl~lfje wybelf vwdiri lc ej~i fjwl~jelv~ vmfli~|#69 Lc mrnir ~m ycnirv~jcn ~di

aycf~lmc ma ~di dlv~mrlfje fdjw~irv ma dlv bmmo% ~di| djqi ~m bi rijn lc ~di fmc~it~ ma

~di wmel~lfje jcje|vlv ma ~di fmrryw~lmc ma ~di fmc~i`wmrjr| wybelf vwdiri lc l~v alcje

vif~lmcv#

6> Djbir`jv% V^WV% w# 2;#69 Vii lbln#% ww# 4


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^di ajf~ ~dj~ ~di dlv~mrlfje jrkyìc~ lv fmcv~ryf~in ~m al~ ~di ciinv ma ~dlv

wmel~lfje jcje|vlv `yv~ bi viic jv mci ma ~di {ijocivviv ma ~di bmmo# ^di jcje|vlv

rycv jv ameem{v# Lc mrkjclxin fjwl~jelv`% ~di v~j~i jcn wrlqj~i ifmcm`liv djqi

bifmì lcfrijvlcke| lc~ir~{lcin# ^di {ieajri v~j~iv fjri amr jee lcnlqlnyje djrnvdlw

beyrv ~di nlqlni bi~{iic wybelf jcn wrlqj~i lc~iriv~v {dlfd {jv vm nijr ~m

clci~iic~d-fic~yr| elbirje wmel~lfje ~dimr|# @mnirc wmel~lfje wjr~liv jri cil~dir

lcniwicnic~ ma v~j~i wm{ir cmr ma ~di wrlqj~i ifmcm`lf lc~iriv~v ma blk byvlcivv jcn

fjwl~je# ^di vjì dmenv ~ryi amr ~di ìnlj {dm djqi emv~ ~dilr frl~lfje inki jcn jri

`mri fmcfircin {l~d {lcclck qli{irv jcn jnqir~lviìc~v ~djc bilck ~di wej~amr`

amr nibj~lck zyiv~lmcv ma ~di wybelf kmmn#

Lc mrnir ~m vywwmr~ dlv jcje|vlv ma ~di fmc~i`wmrjr| fmrryw~lmc ma ~di wybelf

vwdiri% Djbir`jv fmcv~ryf~in jv j fmyc~irwmlc~ jc lnije ~|wi {dlfd di cjìn ~di

bmyrkimlv wybelf vwdiri# L~ {jv j vmflje vwjfi {diri wrmwir~lin wimwei rijvmcin lc

wybelf mc ~dmvi wrlqj~i lc~iriv~v ~dj~ {iri ma kicirje rieiqjcfi% vyfd jv ~di ryeiv ma

`jroi~v jcn ifmcm`lf wrmnyf~lmc% jcn riairrin ~divi lc~iriv~v bjfo ~m ~di v~j~i#

^di| nibj~in lc Wjreljìc~ jcn yvin ~di ìnlj amr ~dilr wyrwmviv {l~dmy~ djqlck

~m aijr ficvmrvdlw mr wmel~lfje wrmvify~lmc amr ~dilr mwic frl~lflv`# ^divi {iri ~di

lnije wybelf% jv qli{in lc j elbirje ~dimr| ma ni`mfrjf|# Jffmrnlck ~m Djbir`jv

~dilr iìrkicfi lv bjvin mc ~di rlvi ma wrlqj~i wrmwir~| jcn mc ~di fmcvizyic~

nlqlvlmc bi~{iic v~j~i jcn flqle vmfli~| ìc~lmcin jbmqi# ^dyv% hyv~ jv ~di ajnlck


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nlqlvlmc bi~{iic v~j~i jcn vmfli~| {jv ~di rijvmc amr ~di fmc~i`wmrjr| nifelci ma

~di wybelf vwdiri% l~v rlvi vii`v ~m djqi biic lcl~lj~in b| ~dilr viwjrj~lmc#

Djbir`jv ~joiv ~dlv `lrrmr l`jki fmcv~ryf~lmc ma dlv jrkyìc~ mci v~iw

ayr~dir b| nrj{lck feijr wjrjeeiev bi~{iic ~di lnije ~|wiv ma wri-bmyrkimlv jcn

wmv~-bmyrkimlv wybelf vwdiriv# Lc ~di ijre| `mnirc wirlmn ~di wimwei aycf~lmcin

ìrie| jv jc icqlrmcìc~ amr ~di ryeirv ni`mcv~rj~lmc ma vweicnmr jcn wm{ir#

^dilr wmel~lfje wjr~lflwj~lmc {jv rinyfin ~m ~di rmei ma b|v~jcnirv lc ~di v~rii~v%

{dic ~di wrlcfiv riwrivic~in ~dilr emrnvdlw cm~ amr by~ biamri ~di wimwei#61

Vl`lejre| ~mnj|% wybelf wjr~lflwj~lmc lc wmel~lfje wm{ir jcn l~v fmc~rme ma l~ lv

rinyfin ~m vwmrjnlf jf~v ma jffej`j~lmc mr nlvjwwrmqje ~drmykd kicirje ieif~lmcv

{dmvi my~fmì lv cm~ wrl`jrle| j rivye~ ma rj~lmcje wmel~lfje nlvfmyrvi by~ ma

wybelfl~| fj`wjlkcv wrivic~lck l`jkiv rj~dir ~djc jrkyìc~v ~m ~di wimwei#6;

Lc ~dlv `lrrmr-l`jki fmcv~ryf~lmc jrkyìc~ Djbir`jv wrmqlniv ~di rijnir

mce| {l~d j qir| brlia my~elci ma {dj~ di ~ir`v ~di wri- bmyrkimlv riwrivic~j~lqi

wybelfcivv ma jbvmey~lv~ v~j~iv# Di itj`lciv cil~dir ~di cj~yri ma ijre| `mnirc

ryeirvdlw cmr ~di wmel~lfje aycf~lmc ma ~dlv ~|wi ma wybelf lc ni~jle# Dm{iqir% lc mrnir

~m nrj{ j fm`wjrlvmc {l~d ~di ej~i fjwl~jelv~ wybelf% di wrivic~v ~di ej~~ir jv bilck

qmln ma jc| rj~lmcje fm``yclfj~lmc# ^dlv ~|wi ma wybelf vwdiri lv wrivic~in jv bilck

61Mw# fl~#% w# 4#6;Emf# fl~#% w# :;18 ^di wybelf jv vyfd lv lcfeynin mce| vwmrjnlfjee| lc ~dlv flrfyl~ ma wm{ir%

jcn iqic ~dic l~ lv brmykd~ lc mce| ~m fmc~rlby~i l~v jffej`j~lmc#


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bjvin vmeie| mc ~di wd|vlfje wrivicfi ma ~di ryeir {dm fm``yclfj~iv {l~d dlv

vybhif~v ~drmykd v|`bmev rj~dir ~djc {mrnv# Wrlc~in ìnlj nm cm~ vii` ~m wej| jc|

rmei lc ~dlv ~|wi ma fm``yclfj~lmc#64 Djbir`jv jevm rinyfiv ~di ycnire|lck amrfiv ma

dlv~mrlfje fdjcki ~m ifmcm`lf niqiemwìc~v vyfd jv ~di nifelci ma ìrfjc~lelv~

ifmcm`lf wmelfliv lc ~di ilkd~iic~d fic~yr| jcn wjr~lfyejre| ~di ifmcm`lf rlvi ma ~di

bmyrkimlvli jcn {l~d l~ ~dj~ ma arii ejbmr# Mce| mc ~di bjvlv ma ~divi wrmfivviv {iri

~di ìnlj riqmey~lmc ma ~di ijre| `mnirc wirlmn jcn ~di ci{ vwjfiv ma vmflje

fm``yclfj~lmc vyfd jv ~di fmaaii dmyvi mr ~di vjemc jbei ~m ~rjcvamr` ~di

riwrivic~j~lqi wybelfcivv lc~m ~dj~ lnije-~|wi rijvmclck bmn| {dlfd lv j~ ~di fic~ri

ma Djbir`jv fmcv~ryf~lmc% ~di bmyrkimlv wybelf vwdiri#

^diri lv djrne| jc| jvwif~ ma Djbir`jv fmcv~ryf~lmc {dlfd djv cm~ |i~% biic

zyiv~lmcin b| ijre| `mnirclv~v# Dm{iqir% cm fmcqlcflck je~ircj~lqi ~m dlv `jv~ir

cjrrj~lqi djv biic amycn b| dlv~mrljcv% jcn `jc| frl~lfv vii` ~m bi vj~lvalin {l~d

~di bjvlf elci ma dlv jrkyìc~# ^dyv ^l`m~d| Bejcclck% lc dlv `jv~iraye jcje|vlv ma

~di nljeif~lfv ma fye~yri jcn wm{ir lc ~di Jcflic~ Riklì % fmcfeyniv dlv vyrqi| ma

Djbir`jv mc ~di djr`mclmyv cm~i ~dj~ mcfi ~di @jrtlv~ rivlnyi djv biic feijrin

j{j|~di lcvlv~icfi mc ~di bmyrkimlv cj~yri ma ~di wybelf vwdiri% l~v jeeikine|

mwwmvl~lmcje mrlic~j~lmc% jcn l~v fdrmcmemk|{dj~ ri`jlcv wrmqlniv jc

64 Djbir`jv% V^WV% w# :9


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>1

leey`lcj~lck wirvwif~lqi arm` {dlfd ~m qli{ ~di wmel~lfje fye~yri ma ~di men rikl`i#6


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>;

flrfeiv jcn m~dir jvvmflj~lmcv jcn kj~dirlck wejfiv vyfd jv fmaaii dmyviv {iri amr

~di amr`j~lmc ma j wmel~lfje wybelf# Dm{iqir% {iri ~divi jvvmflj~lmcv jcn flrfeiv

rijee| bmyrkimlv lc ~dilr vmflje fm`wmvl~lmc= Y~i Njclie jcn m~dirv djqi jvoin ~dlv

zyiv~lmc jcn fmì ~m ~di fmcfeyvlmc ~dj~ cm~ mce| lc Kir`jc| by~ jevm lc Arjcfi%

L~je| jcn wjr~e| iqic lc Brl~jlc% ilkd~iic~d-fic~yr| jvvmflj~lmcv% icelkd~icìc~-

mrlic~in rijnlck feybv% vjemcv jcn iqic arii`jvmcv emnkiv {iri b| cm ìjcv

nm`lcj~in b| j rlvlck bmyrkimlvli# ^di fdjrjf~irlv~lf `lt~yri {jv lc ajf~ mci ma

iel~iv% ma cmblel~|% flqle virqjc~v% jfjni`lfv% wrliv~v% jcn mce| j ai{ bmyrkimlv ìc

jcn {mìc#>7 ^l` Bejcclck vy`ìn dlv {lni rivijrfd mc ~di rlvi ma ~di ilkd~iic~d-

fic~yr| wybelf vwdiri yw {l~d ~di l`jki ma l~ bilck vmfljee| `mri eloi Cmjdv Jro

~djc j ìrfdjc~`jc#>:

Djqlck nlvfmqirin ~dj~ ~di ì`birv ma ~dmvi lcv~l~y~lmcv ma vmfljblel~| jcn

wmel~lfje rijvmclck {dlfd amrìn ~di i`br|mclf cyfeiyv ma Djbir`jv wri-

riqmey~lmcjr| bmyrkimlv wybelf vwdiri {iri b| cm ìjcv wrl`jrle| ma bmyrkimlv

mrlklc% l~ {jv djrne| vyrwrlvlck ~dj~ dlv~mrljcv nln cm~ v~mw vdmr~ ma ayr~dir

nlv`jc~elck ~di fmcfiw~ b| emmolck j~ ~di vybv~jcfi ma wri-riqmey~lmcjr| wybelf

nlvfyvvlmc# ^di ~mwlfv nlvfyvvin lc ~divi flrfeiv {iri wrl`jrle| el~irjr| jcn

>7 Djbir`jv% mw# fl~#% :9:#>: Bejcclck% mw# fl~#% w# :28 ~di wybelf vwdiri {dlfd niqiemwin lc ~di fmyrvi ma ~di ilkd~iic~d

fic~yr| fjccm~ bi nivfrlbin jv bmyrkimlv lc j vmflje vicvi% klqic ~di dlkd wrmwmr~lmc ma feirk|ìcjcn cmbeiv ma qjrlmyv ~|wiv {dm mwirj~in {l~dlc l~# Vmfljee| ~di wybelf vwdiri lv `mri eloi CmjdvJro ~djc j ìrfdjc~`jc#


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>4

jfjni`lf% jcn la ~di| {iri wmel~lfje% ~di| {iri `mv~e| nlrif~in ~m{jrnv riamr` jcn

cm~ mwwmvl~lmc# ^dlv nlvfmyrvi mc riamr` {jv vywwmr~in b| ~di v~j~i l~viea% b|

icelkd~icin wrlcfiv jcn flqle virqjc~v {dm {iri arizyic~e| ~m bi amycn j~ l~v

amriarmc~# ^dyv% la ~diri {jv frl~lfje wybelf nibj~i mc `j~~irv ma ~di v~j~i% l~ {jv

rj~dir lcl~lj~in {l~dlc ~di jn`lclv~rj~lmc ~djc nlrif~in jkjlcv~ l~% jcn ma~ic icmykd

l~ {jv fmcnyf~in {l~d itwelfl~ v~j~i vywwmr~# Lc ej~i ilkd~iic~d-fic~yr| Bjqjrljjv

lc Wryvvlj~di icelkd~icin riamr` nlvfmyrvi {jv jbei ~m ycamen ycnir ~di

wrm~if~lmc ma ~di v~j~i jn`lclv~rj~lmc jcn l~v v|v~i` ma ficvmrvdlw% {dlfd ~meirj~in

frl~lfje wmel~lfje ~rij~lviv jv emck jv ~di| {iri cm~ nlrif~in jkjlcv~ ~di wirvmc ma ~di

ieif~mr mr olck#>2 ^dlv fdjckin lc Bjqjrlj mce| lc ~di `lnnei ma ~di :;47v jcn lc ~di

:;6 Dm{iqir%

bm~d wdjviv ma Bjqjrljc wmel~lfv jaaif~lck wybelf wmel~lfje nibj~i vii` ~m wmlc~ lc j

nlrif~lmc jevm vykkiv~in b| m~dir rivijrfd% ~dj~ lc `mv~ ma ilkd~iic~d-fic~yr|

Iyrmwi amr `mv~ ma ~di ~l`i% ~di riej~lmcvdlw bi~{iic ~di wybelf vwdiri jcn ~di

>2 ^di `mv~ fm`wridicvlqi jcje|vlv ma ~dlv lv @lfdjie Vfdjlfd% V~j~i jcn ~di Wybelf Vwdiri lc ~diIeif~mrj~i Bjqjrlj ma ~di Ej~i Icelkd~ic`ic~ $@yclfd% 277:,% ivw# ww# :9;1:? lbln#% w# :1:8 Jc mwwmvl~lmc bi~{iic v~j~i ficvmrvdlw jcn icelkd~icin wybelf vwdiri fjc bjrie| vwijo# ^di icelkd~icin wybelfvwdiri fmyen niqiemw lc ~di fmyrvi ma ~di :;47v rj~dir lc ~di wrm~if~lmc ma ~di ficvmrvdlw#

>6 Vii Djbir`jv% emf# fl~#% ww# :4:-:


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^dlv v~j~iìc~ cm~ mce| lcqjelnj~iv Djbir`jv cm~lmc ma ~di nrlqlck

ifmcm`lf amrfiv bidlcn ~di rlvi ma ~di wybelf vwdiri# L~ jevm wrmqlniv yv {l~d j oi|

~m j nlaairic~ itwejcj~lmc# Lcfrijvlcke| dlv~mrljcv vii ~di ijre| `mnirc v~j~iv jcn

~dilr jn`lclv~rj~lmcv jv ~di `jlc jf~mrv {dm% dm{iqir yclc~ic~lmcjee|% ajflel~j~in

~di rlvi ma j wmel~lfje wybelf vwdiri b| vywwmr~lck ~di l`wrmqiìc~ ma

fm``yclfj~lmc lcarjv~ryf~yriv jcn yvlck ~di ìnlj amr ~dilr m{c wyrwmviv# L~ lv

~divi `j~irlje jvwif~v ma `jvv fm``yclfj~lmc jcn ~dilr niqiemwìc~ lc ~di ijre|

`mnirc wirlmn {dlfd djqi ~m bi itj`lcin alrv~#

6# ^di Niqiemwìc~ ma Fm``yclfj~lmc V|v~i`v lc Ijre| @mnirc Iyrmwijcn ~di Rlvi ma ~di Wrivv

^diri jri ~{m wrmfivviv {dlfd amr` ~di amycnj~lmc ma jc| ~|wi ma `mnirc

ìnlj-bjvin wybelf vwdiri8 ~di wrlc~lck wrivv jv j ìjcv ma `ye~lwe|lck rieiqjc~

lcamr`j~lmc amr j {lnir wybelf% jcn iaalflic~ jcn rikyejr wmv~je rmy~iv amr l~v

nlv~rlby~lmc# [dirijv ~di ijre| `mnirc wrlc~lck riqmey~lmc djv je{j|v j~~rjf~in

vfdmejre| lc~iriv~% ~di rjwln niqiemwìc~ ma jc iaalflic~ Iyrmwi-{lni ci~{mro ma

>> Bejcclck% emf# fl~#% w# :6#


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wmv~je rmy~iv vlcfi ~di ijre| viqic~iic~d fic~yr| djv biic ejrkie| lkcmrin lc l~v

rieiqjcfi amr ~di ~rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ijre| `mnirc wmel~lfje fye~yri#>9 L~ {jv [meakjck

Bidrlckirv wj~d-brijolck {mro mc ~di l`wirlje wmv~je v|v~i` {dlfd wy~ ~dlv ~mwlf

rlkd~ lc~m ~di fic~ri ma ~di nibj~i mc ~di ~rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ~di wmel~lfje wybelf

vwdiriv#>1 Di {jv cm~ mce| jbei ~m vdm{ dm{ ~di niqiemwìc~ ma j femvi ci~{mro ma

wmv~je fmccif~lmcv bifjì j ql~je wririzylvl~i amr iaalflic~ kmqircìc~% by~ jevm ~dj~

~di ryeirv jcn ~dilr jn`lclv~rj~lmcv djn qir| el~~ei lcaeyicfi mc ~di jf~yje vdjwlck ma

~dlv ci~{mro mcfi l~ djn biic iv~jbelvdin% lc~irfmccif~in {l~d m~dir wmv~je rmy~iv

jbrmjn jcn mwicin ~m ~di wybelf#>; ^di wmv~je ci~{mrov aycf~lmcin eloi lcniwicnic~

`jfdlciv {diri lcnlqlnyje {diiev fjccm~ bi ~joic my~ mr fdjckin {l~dmy~

niv~rm|lck ~di ic~lri ìfdjclv`# Fmc~i`wmrjrliv yvin ~dlv ì~jwdmr% jcn l`wirlje

wmv~ `jv~irv {iri jbei ~m wriqic~ j~~i`w~v b| ~di I`wirmr ~m lc~irairi {l~d ~di

v|v~i` b| fmcqlcflck dl` ma l~v lc~rlcvlf rj~lmcjel~| jcn n|cj`lfv#>4 ^dyv%

fm``yclfj~lmc rmy~iv bifjì j fm``mnl~| {dlfd ~di lcnlqlnyje v~j~iv djn ~m

wrmqlni amr iaalflic~ kmqircìc~ jv {iee jv amr ~di wybelf# ^di| {iri% dm{iqir% cm

>9 Je~dmykd Djbir`jv dl`viea nmiv ìc~lmc ~di wmv~ jv j wririzylvl~i ma ~di niqiemwìc~ ma~di wybelf vwdiri# Djbir`jv% V^WV% ww# :>aa#

>1 [meakjck Bidrlckir% L`wirlje Wmv~ jcn Fm``yclfj~lmc Riqmey~lmc lc ~di Ijre| @mnirc ^lìv$K~~lckic% 2776,#

>; Fmc~rjr| ~m ~di fmyrlir v|v~i` ma ~di jcflic~ Rm`jc I`wlri {dlfd {jv itfeyvlqie| amr ~div~j~i% ~di l`wirlje wmv~ bifjì jqjlejbei ~m ~di wybelf jv ijre| jv ~di vlt~iic~d fic~yr|# M~dirIyrmwijc v~j~iv ameem{in# Vii vywrj cm~i% ww# 11aa#

>4Lbln#% ww# 24767:#


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emckir jbei ~m fmc~rme ~di` iaaif~lqie| ~di`vieqiv ja~ir ~di ci~{mrov djn rijfdin j

fir~jlc fm`weitl~|#

L~ {jv ~drmykd ~di fm``yclfj~lmc fdjcciev ma ~dlv Iyrmwijc wmv~je ci~{mro

~dj~ rikyejr lcamr`j~lmc wrmqlnin arm` jee wjr~v ma ~di ocm{c {mren bifjì ~di

vybhif~ ma wrlqj~i jcn wybelf nlvfyvvlmc# ^dlv rivye~in lc j ci{ wirfiw~lmc ma vwjfi

jcn ~di lc~irfmccif~incivv ma iqic~v jcn wrmfivviv% {dlfd lv ql~je amr ~di iìrkicfi

ma j wybelf vwdiri ~dj~ kmiv bi|mcn ~di emfje fm``ycl~|# Fmc~rjr| ~m {dj~

Djbir`jv `jlc~jlcv lc dlv bmmo% ~dlv aycf~lmc ma wrmqlnlck rikyejr wybelf

lcamr`j~lmc {jv b| cm ìjcv j ci{ niqiemwìc~ ma ~di ej~i viqic~iic~d mr iqic ~di

ilkd~iic~d fic~yrliv by~ fdjrjf~irlv~lf ma ~di Iyrmwijc wmv~je virqlfiv rlkd~ arm` ~di

icn ma ~di vlt~iic~d fic~yr| jcn wjr~lfyejre| ja~ir ~di biklcclck ma ~di viqic~iic~d

fic~yr|#>< L~ {jv jbmqi jee ~di rikyejrl~| ma ~di lcfm`lck ci{v {dlfd wrm`w~in

vlt~iic~d- jcn viqic~iic~d-fic~yr| wrlc~irv ~m ~yrc ~dilr ci{v bmmov% {dlfd {iri

wybelvdin bl-jccyjee|% lc~m ci{vwjwirv wybelvdin {iioe|# B| ~di icn ma ~di

viqic~iic~d fic~yr| ~diri djn niqiemwin j wjc-Iyrmwijc% la cm~ kembje `jroi~ amr

rikyejr ci{v vwrijn b| wrlc~in ci{vwjwirv#97

Bidrlckir wrmqlnivamr ~di alrv~ ~lìj ni~jlein jcje|vlv ma ~di ifmcm`lf

jcn m~dir niflvlmc-`jolck wrmfivviv ~dj~ ein ~m ~di jwwijrjcfi ma ~di alrv~ {iioe|

>< Djbir`jv% mw# fl~#% w# :1#97Emf# fl~#% w# :


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fmyr~v ~di`vieqiv yvin ~di wrivveloi ~di wj`wdei~vamr lc~ir-fmyr~

fm``yclfj~lmc# ^dilr ci{v wej|in jc l`wmr~jc~ rmei lc jee ijre| ci{vwjwirv#

Fmyr~v rieijvin maalflje ci{v ~m ~di wrivv jcn `jni vyri ~dj~ ~di rlkd~ lcamr`j~lmc

{jv vwrijn# Nlwem`j~v nln ~di vjì#91 ^dyv ~di fmyr~v jcn ~dilr nlwem`j~v {iri mc

~di klqlck jv {iee jv ~di rifilqlck icn ma ci{vwjwir wrmnyf~lmc#

^dlv {jv cm~ mce| jc l`wmr~jc~ ajf~mr amr ~di rlvi jcn v~jblelxj~lmc ma ~di

ijre| ci{vwjwir `jroi~% by~ djn `mri ajr-rijfdlck iaaif~v mc ~di amr`j~lmc ma j

wybelf vwdiri# ^di ajf~ ~dj~ mrnlcjr| wimwei fmyen rijn jbmy~ wmel~lfje vybhif~v

viqirje ~lìv j {iio vwjroin maa fmcqirvj~lmcv lc ~jqircv% fmaaii dmyviv% rijnlck

feybv jcn vl`lejr emfj~lmcv {diri ci{vwjwirv {iri cmr`jee| jqjlejbei% ma~ic rijn

my~ emyn vm ~dj~ iqic ~dmvi {dm {iri cm~ jbei ~m rijn fmyen wjr~joi lc wmel~lfje

nibj~i# ^di el`l~in wybelf vwdiri ma ~di fmyr~v jcn ma lc~ir-fmyr~ fm``yclfj~lmc qlj

~di wrivv djn yclc~icnin fmcvizyicfiv jcn kjqi rlvi ~m j nibj~lck wybelf ~dj~ {jv

b| cm ìjcv riv~rlf~in ~m ~di cmblel~|#9;

mqir j emckir wirlmn {l~dmy~ ~di wrlc~ir bilck ocm{c# Vm j elficvi {jv ciinin {dlfd ~dic itwmvin l~~m kmqircìc~ fmc~rme#

91 Djbir`jv% mw# fl~#% ww# 4


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># [jrv jcn ~di Rlvi ma j Wmel~lfje Wybelf Vwdiri

Mci jvwif~ fm`wei~ie| lkcmrin b| Djbir`jv {jv ~di l`wmr~jcfi ma {jrv amr

~di amr`j~lmc ma j wmel~lfje wybelf vwdiri# ^di v~iiw rlvi ma ~di wrlc~in ci{vwjwirv

vii`v ~m djqi biic vm femvie| riej~in ~m ~di arizyic~ {jrv ma ~di ~l`i ~dj~ mci wrivv

dlv~mrljc iqic `jlc~jlcin ~dj~ {jr {jv ~di aj~dir jcn wrmqlnir ma ~di ijre|

ci{vwjwir#94 @lel~jr| ci{v {jv `mv~ lc~iriv~lck ~m mrnlcjr| wimwei# [di~dir ~diri

{jv kmlck ~m bi j {jr jcn {di~dir ~dilr m{c jrij {myen bi jaaif~in mr {di~dir l~

{jv vjai ~m ~rjni {l~d jcm~dir fmyc~r| {jv ma ql~je l`wmr~jcfi# [jr-riej~in

riwmr~lck {jv ~diriamri wjr~lfyejre| wrm`lcic~ lc ijre| ci{vwjwir riwmr~lck jcn

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wrmwjkjcnj# Amr ~di ilkd~iic~d fic~yr| l~ lv {iee ocm{c ~dj~ ~di Vleivljc [jrv jcn

ivwifljee| ~di Viqic \ijrv [jr brmykd~ jbmy~ j rjwln lcfrijvi lc wmel~lfje

fmcvflmyvcivv jcn wmel~lfje lc~iriv~ lc jee `jhmr Iyrmwijc v~j~iv#1: Amr ~di Dme|

Rm`jc I`wlri ~dlv fjc bi vdm{c biv~ lc ~di v~iiw rlvi lc ~di cy`bir jcn flrfyej~lmc

ma ci{vwjwirv jcn wmel~lfje hmyrcjev#12 Mci ma ~di eijnlck Kir`jc ci{vwjwirv% ^di

Dj`byrk Fmrrivwmcnic~% lcfrijvin l~v flrfyej~lmc ma wrlc~in fmwliv bi~{iic ~di :;67v

jcn :;47v arm` jrmycn :977 ~m mqir :7%777#16 ^di cy`bir ma lcniwicnic~

ci{vwjwirv lc ~di Kir`jc ~irrl~mrliv rmvi arm` jwwrmtl`j~ie| 17 j~ ~di biklcclck

ma ~di ilkd~iic~d fic~yr| ~m mqir 277 lc ~di :;;7v#1> Ci{vwjwir rijnlck amrìn j

krij~ wjr~ ma {dj~ djv biic ~irìn ~di riqmey~lmc lc rijnlck% ~di mcvi~ ma {dlfd lv

cmr`jee| emfj~in lc ~di :;97v#19

Mc j zyjc~l~j~lqie| em{ir eiqie% vl`lejr iaaif~v ma {jrv mc ~di wybelf lc~iriv~

lc wmel~lfv fjc jerijn| bi vdm{c amr ~di vifmcn djea ma ~di viqic~iic~d fic~yr|# ^dic

~di qjrlmyv {jrv jkjlcv~ Arjcfi lc~icvlalin ìnlj riwmr~lck jcn wybelf nlvfyvvlmc jv

{iee jv ~di kicirje lc~irjf~lmc bi~{iic ryeirv jcn ~dilr vybhif~v# Wjr~lfyejre| ~di

Arjcfm-Kir`jc {jr mqir ~di Ieif~mrje Wjej~lcj~i ma :14< ~m :112Lbln#% w# 29:#16Lbln#% w# 29Lbln#19Lbln#% w# 21:#


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nibj~i jcn ~di iìrkicfi ma ijre| wj~rlm~lv`# Wj~rlm~lf vic~lìc~v lc ~di wrivv {iri

arizyic~e| wjr~ ma maalflje wrivv wmelf| jlìn ivwifljee| j~ ~di cmblel~| jcn ~di ywwir

fejvviv lcqmeqin lc wmel~lfje niflvlmc-`jolck# Dm{iqir% wj~rlm~lf jr~lfeiv jevm diewin

~m frij~i ~di l`wrivvlmc ~dj~ wimwei ma nlaairlck vmflje v~j~yv ciqir~dieivv biemckin

~mki~dir jcn djn j fm``mc ici`|# ^di| frij~in j wj~rlm~lf vic~lìc~ ql~je ~m

kmqircìc~v ciinlck ~m alcn vmenlirv jcn eiq| ~jtiv# Ijre| `mnirc Iyrmwijc fmyr~v

je{j|v djn ~m alkd~ ~dilr {jrv mc ~{m eiqiev? ~di jf~yje alkd~lck {l~d jr`v djn ~m bi

vywwmr~in b| j {jr ma wicv# [jr `jclaiv~mv jcn `jc| m~dir wmel~lfje wj`wdei~v

djnjv mci ma ~di I`wirmrv vfrlbiv wy~ l~ lc :1;>~di aycf~lmc ma niaicnlck ~di

`mcjrfdv riwy~j~lmc% {dlfd lv jc l`wmr~jc~ wleejr ma dlv `lkd~ jcn dlv kemr|#11 Jc|

{rl~~ic j~~jfo mc ~di eikjel~| ma j `mcjrfdv fejl`v jcn fmcnyf~ {jv jc j~~jfo mc dlv

riwy~j~lmc jcn djn ~m bi wybelfe| riay~in# ^dyv j `mcjrfd {jv vmì~lìv amrfin ~m

klqi j wybelf jffmyc~ ma ~di rijvmcv jcn eikje krmycnv ma dlv jf~lmcv je~dmykd di

{jv cm~ eikjee| mbelkin ~m nm vm#

[dmiqir ~di jy~dmrv jcn {dj~iqir ~dilr jl`v {iri% ~di ajf~ ~dj~ wmel~lfje

wj`wdei~v {iri wrlc~in jcn ma~ic vmen lc bmmovdmwv lc `jhmr ~m{cv% vmì~lìv

iqic riwrlc~in leeikjee| mr vmen b| bmmo dj{oirv% ìjc~ ~dj~ `jc| ma ~divi

wj`wdei~v djn j `yfd {lnir rijnirvdlw ~djc lc~icnin b| ~dilr jy~dmrv% jcn ~dj~

11Lbln#% w# 222#


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~di| nln lcniin lcaeyicfi wybelf mwlclmc#1; B| ~di icn ma ~di viqic~iic~d fic~yr|

fmc~rmqirvliv wybelvdin lc wj`wdei~v ~icnin ~m bi wlfoin yw b| m~dir ìnlj vyfd jv

hmyrcjev# Vmì~lìv ~di| amrìn ~di bjvlv ma yclqirvl~| eif~yriv mc wybelf ej{

bifjyvi vmì ma ~di` fmc~jlcin wybelfj~lmcv ma ~rij~liv% lc~irfiw~in fmrrivwmcnicfi

jcn m~dir nmfyìc~v {dlfd `lkd~ bi i`bjrrjvvlck amr ~di ici`|# Wj`wdei~v

~diriamri ma~ic vi~ ~di jkicnj ma nlvfyvvlmcv lc flrfeiv ~di| {iri cm~ jlìn j~ jcn

vywwelin wimwei {l~d lcamr`j~lmc cm~ lc~icnin amr ~di`#

Cil~dir ~di rlvi ma ~di ci{vwjwirv cmr ma j kicirjee| wmel~lflxin rijnlck

wybelf djwwicin lc j ci{ vmflje vwjfi bi~{iic v~j~i jcn vmfli~|% cmr {jv ~dlv ci{

rijnlck wybelf bmyrkimlv b| cj~yri% cmr% lc ajf~% nln l~ ~joi j emck ~lì amr ~dlv wybelf

~m bifmì wmel~lflxin% mce| krjnyjee| ~yrclck fmcqirvj~lmcv mc el~irjr| vybhif~v lc~m

wmel~lfje nibj~iv% jv Djbir`jv vykkiv~in# [i fjc feijre| ~rjfi lc ~di viqic~iic~d

fic~yr| ~di rlvi ma j wybelf lc ~di vicvi ma j vywrj-emfje vmflje ycl~ fmccif~in

~drmykd fm``yclfj~lmc qlj wrlc~in ìnlj jcn bm~d lc~iriv~in lc wmel~lfje `j~~irv

jcn jbei ~m nibj~i ~di`# [dlei l~ `lkd~ cm~ je{j|v djqi biic frl~lfje ma ~di v~j~i% l~

{jv% dm{iqir% fmcfircin jbmy~ jaajlrv wybelf jcn wrlqj~i# Jcn ~di Iyrmwijc

wrlcfiv jcn ~dilr jn`lclv~rj~lmcv jcn {jr `jfdlciv ayr~dirin ~di rlvi ma ~dlv {lnir

wybelf% {leelcke| mr yc{leelcke|% b| wrmqlnlck l~ {l~d lcamr`j~lmc% ìnlj jcn lc

{jr~lì iqic jwwijelck amr l~v vywwmr~# @mv~ ma ~divi ijre| jwwijev ~m wj~rlm~lf

1;Lbln#% w# 261#


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vic~lìc~ `lkd~ djqi mce| biic jlìn j~ ~di iv~j~iv% {dm wirfilqin ~di`vieqiv jv

riwrivic~lck ~di ejcn lc ~di ~rjnl~lmcje vicvi# Dm{iqir% ~di| {iri rijn `mri {lnie|

jcn djn j `yfd {lnir l`wjf~#

9# Nlaairic~ Flrfeiv ma Wybelf Wmel~lfje Fm``yclfj~lmc

Wy~~lck ~di v~j~i bjfo lc~m wej| jv j `jlc jf~mr lc ~di ijre| `mnirc wybelf

vwdiri viiìn cifivvjr|# Dm{iqir% l~ lv cm~ rijee| vyaalflic~# Lc ~di wriajfi ~m dlv

bmmo% Djbir`jv dl`viea djn brliae| ìc~lmcin ~di mrnlcjr| wimwei jv vwmrjnlf

wmel~lfje jf~mrv# I#W# ^dm`wvmc% lc wjr~lfyejr% vdm{in ~dj~ Djbir`jv weibiljc

wybelf vwdiri {jv {mr~d ayr~dir itwemrj~lmc jcn b| cm ìjcv jv jcjrfdlf jcn

lrrj~lmcje jv Djbir`jv vykkiv~in#14 J krij~ nije ma {mro djv biic nmci ~m wrmqi

~dlv# Rivijrfd mc ~di Aricfd Riqmey~lmc djv biic wjr~lfyejre| aryl~aye# Dm{iqir% l~ lv

wrmbjbe| iqic `mri rieiqjc~ ~m emmo j~ ~di wmel~lflxj~lmc ma ~di {lnir wmwyejfi lc

ijrelir jcn eivv it~rjmrnlcjr| ~lìv#

Jc lc~iriv~lck itj`wei ma ~dlv lv wmwyejr ywrlvlckv jcn ~di wrivv lc ijre|

`mnirc Kir`jc| jcn V{l~xirejcn#1Lbln#% w# 264#


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nljemkyiv# L~ lv l`wmvvlbei ~m rifmcv~ryf~ ~di itjf~ rijnirvdlw ma ~divi hmyrcjev jcn

~rjf~v# Dm{iqir% mci fjc jvvyì ~dj~ ~di| {iri rijn b| ~di yrbjc iel~i% lc fmaaii

dmyviv by~ jevm j~ fmyr~v# Lc jc| fjvi% ~divi wirlmnlfjev vdm{ ~dj~ {l~d j ci{ ~|wi ma

hmyrcjelv` j ci{ ~|wi ma wybelf nibj~i jcn rijvmclck {jv iìrklck j~ ~di ~yrc ma

~di viqic~iic~d fic~yr|# ^di ~mwlf ma ~dlv nibj~i {jv `mv~e| amrilkc wmelf| jcn {jr%

jcn ~dlv amrìn ~di byeo ma ~di fmc~ic~v ma ~divi hmyrcjev jv {iee jv ma ci{vwjwirv#;9

Dmì ci{v {jv v~lee rjri jcn j nibj~i mc l~ {l~dlc ~di fmyc~r| njckirmyv#

Ciqir~dieivv% ~di arjì{mro ma j ci{ wybelf vwdiri {jv vi~% jbei ~m amr` l~viea

ivwifljee| lc ~di nlvkylvi ma jc~l-Aricfd riwmr~lck jcn wrmwjkjcnj# Jcn {dj~ {i

vii lv ~di iìrkicfi ma j ci{ ìnlj `jroi~ {dlfd {jv j~ eijv~ lc ~dimr| mwic ~m

iqir|mci jcn {dlfd jwwrmwrlj~in ~di rlkd~ ~m wybelf nlvfmyrvi mc wmel~lfje `j~~irv#

B# Djbir`jv Fmcfiw~ ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri

Nlrif~in jkjlcv~ ~di jbvmey~i {lee ma `mcjrfdv% ~di bmyrkimlv wybelf vwdiri

iìrkin lc ~di :4~d fic~yr| jv j ciy~rje vmflje vwjfi lcniwicnic~ ma ~di wybelf

jy~dmrl~| jcn `jni yw ma wrlqj~i wimwei kj~dirlck ~mki~dir jv j wybelf jcn

jr~lfyej~lck ~di ciinv ma vmfli~| {l~d ~di v~j~i#;1 ^divi wrlqj~i fl~lxicv nibj~in

;9Lbln#% w# :


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`j~~irv ma fm``mc lc~iriv~ lc j arii% rj~lmcje jcn $lc wrlcflwei, nlvlc~iriv~in

{j|#;;

Bjvin mc% jv Fyrrjc vykkiv~v% lnijelxin cm~lmc ma ~di bmyrkimlv wybelf

vwdiri% Djbir`jv niqiemwin j cmr`j~lqi `mnie ma ~di wybelf vwdiri jv j rije` ma

myr vmflje elai lc {dlfd vmì~dlck jwwrmjfdlck wybelf mwlclmc fjc bi amrìn#;4

Jffivv ~m jee fl~lxicv% jv Djbir`jv jrkyiv% `yv~ bi kyjrjc~iin# J wmr~lmc ma ~di

wybelf vwdiri fmìv lc~m bilck lc iqir| fmcqirvj~lmc lc {dlfd wrlqj~i lcnlqlnyjev

jvvi`bei ~m amr` j wybelf bmn|% fmc~icnv Djbir`jv#;#

;4Djbir`jv% ^di WybelfVwdiri8 Jc Icf|femwinlj Jr~lfei% Ci{ Kir`jc Frl~lzyi :% cm# 6 $:,8w# >


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fmìv ~m riair `mri wmvl~lqie| ~m ~di qli{v dien b| ~dmvi {dm hmlc lc rj~lmcje-

frl~lfje nibj~i mc jc lvvyi#42

^di wybelf vwdiri niwicnv bm~d ywmc ~di zyjel~| ma nlvfmyrvi jcn ~di

zyjc~l~| ma wjr~lflwj~lmc# ^dlv ìjcv ~dj~ cm~ mce| vdmyen nlvfyvvlmc bi fmcv~l~y~in

jrmycn rj~lmcje frl~lfje jrkyìc~46by~ ~di `mri wimwei wjr~lflwj~i jv fl~lxicv lc

wmel~lfv% ~di femvir mci fmìv ~m ~di lnije ma j wybelf vwdiri#4>

Dm{iqir% Djbir`jv ni`jcn amr izyje jcn ycriv~rlf~in wjr~lflwj~lmc lv lc j

{j| wjrjnmtlfje# ^di bmyrkimlv wybelf vwdiri lc l~v ijre| nj|v {jv rivirqin `jlce|

amr inyfj~in wrmwir~lin ìc# L~v fdjrjf~ir {jv ~diriamri itfeyvlmcjr|#49 ^di

lcfeyvlmc ma m~dir vmflje krmywv mffyrrin krjnyjee| fmc~rlby~lck ~m ~di mwiccivv ma

~di wybelf vwdiri by~ j~ ~di vjì ~lì lc~rmnyflck nikicirj~lmc lc ~di zyjel~| ma

~di nlvfmyrvi#41

^di rije nifelci ma ~di wybelf vwdiri jcn l~v v~ryf~yrje ~rjcvamr`j~lmc%

jffmrnlck ~m Djbir`jv% fjì {l~d ~di `jvv fmcvy`w~lmc jcn fm``mnlalfj~lmc ma

fye~yri ~dj~ {jv rilcamrfin b| ~di ìnlj# Wirvmcjelxin jffmyc~v ma wmel~lfv djqi

biic nl`lclvdlck wybelf rijnlcivv ~m ~joi wjr~ lc frl~lfje nibj~iv {dlei ~di ci{

42Lbln#46Lbln#% w# 2#4> @lfdjie Vfdynvmc% [jv ^diri Iqir j Wybelf Vwdiri= La Vm% [dic= Riaeif~lmcv mc ~di

Jìrlfjc Fjvi% lc Fjedmyc% in#% emf# fl~#% w# :>;#49 Fjedmyc% lbln#% w# 6#41Lbln#


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wybelf riej~lmcv lcnyv~r| icklciirv fmcvic~ j`mck ~di fmcvyìrv ma `jvv

fye~yri#4; Jffej`j~lmc% aijrv Djbir`jv% cm~ frl~lfje nlvfmyrvi lv {dj~ bifjì

l`wmr~jc~#44

^di ìnlj ~yrc jf~lqi fl~lxicv lc~m wjvvlqi vwif~j~mrv fmcv~ryf~lck j wviynm-

wybelf vwdiri8 ~di {mren ajvdlmcin b| ~di `jvv ìnlj lv j wybelf vwdiri b|

jwwijrjcfi mce|#4#44Lbln#% w# 21#4< Fjedmyc% Lc~rmnyf~lmc% lc Fjedmyc% in#% lc Djbir`jv jcn ~di Wybelf Vwdiri% w# 26#


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L {lee amfyv `mri femvie| mc ~di wm~ic~lje ma ~di wybelf virqlfi brmjnfjv~lck

$jv mwwmvin ~m ~di fm`ìrflje brmjnfjv~lck,% ~ieiqlvlmc nibj~i jcn ~di Lc~irci~ ~m

ajflel~j~i jcn lcl~lj~i j wybelf nibj~i#

j# Wybelf Virqlfi Brmjnfjv~lck

Lc fmc~rjv~ {l~d Djbir`jv {dm viiv ~ieiqlvlmc jv ~di fjyvi ma ~di nifelci ma

~di wybelf vwdiri% rivijrfdirv vyfd jv Wjnn| Vfjcciee jcn Clfdmejv Kjrcdj` jrkyi

~dj~ l~ {jv jf~yjee| ~di wybelf virqlfi brmjnfjv~lck ~dj~ brmykd~ ~di wybelf vwdiri

lc~m itlv~icfi# ^di fm`ìrflje ìnlj% mc ~di m~dir djcn% djqi biic vlkclalfjc~e|

fmc~rlby~lck ~m ~di nifelci ma ~di wybelf vwdiri#

Rifmkclxlck ~di wybelf virqlfi brmjnfjv~lck jv jc l`wiraif~ rijelxj~lmc ma

Djbir`jv lnije% Kjrcdj` jrkyiv ~dj~ l~ lv ~di femviv~ ~dj~ ~di `mnirc vmfli~| fjc

fmì ~m iv~jbelvdlck j vwjfi amr j rj~lmcje jcn yclqirvjelv~lf wmel~lfv nlv~lcf~ arm`

bm~d ifmcm`| jcn ~di v~j~i#

Amycn lc Hmdc Oijci% V~ryf~yrje ^rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri% lc @jrkjri~Vfj`ìee jcn Dmeel Viì~om% inv#% ^di @inlj% Hmyrcjelv` jcn Ni`mfrjf| $@J8 Njr~`my~d Wyb Fm% 277:,%w# 99#


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fdjccie lv ma ~di vj`i olcn#


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vj~ieel~i ~ieiqlvlmc jcn fm`wy~ir ci~{mrov:72Oijci {jrcv ~dj~ ~ieiqlvlmc {lee djqi

~m ycnirkm ~di wrmfivv ma ~di krjnyje rifmkcl~lmc ma ~di arjkìc~j~lmc ma `jvv

jynlicfiv lc~m nlaairic~ ~jv~i wybelf jv rjnlm nln |ijrv jkm# B| {dlfd v~jcnjrnv fjc

mci lcniin ìjvyri ~di ~jv~i ma ~di kicirje wybelf= ^di lnij ~dj~ ~di fm`ìrflje

brmjnfjv~lck icfmyrjkiv weyrjelv` ~drmykd l~v `ye~lwei fdmlfi ma vwifljelxin

wrmkrj`v% rj~dir ~djc icnjckirv ni`mfrj~lf wrlcflweiv b| {lniclck ~di kjw

bi~{iic ~di rlfd jcn ~di wmmr% lv jevm {mr~d klqlck j vifmcn ~dmykd~#

b# îeiqlvlmc Nibj~i

Lc ~di elkd~ ma ~di fmc~rmqirv| bi~{iic ~di wybelf virqlfi brmjnfjv~lck jcn

~di fm`ìrflje ìnlj% l~ `j| bi yviaye ~m ~joi j emmo j~ ~di ~ieiqlvlmc nibj~i jv j

kicri ~dj~ `j| iwl~m`lxi ~di lnij ma wimwei ki~~lck ~mki~dir ~m nlvfyvv `j~~irv ma

kicirje lc~iriv~# L~ lv wrivic~ bm~d lc ~di wybelf virqlfi jcn ~di fm`ìrflje vif~mrv%

by~ {l~d nlaairic~ jl`v jcn iaaif~v#

Jffmrnlck ~m Djbir`jv% ~ieiqlvlmc nibj~iv jri mce| j vi`bejcfi ma wybelf

nlvfyvvlmc by~ lc rijel~| ~di| jri fmcvyìr-mrlic~in jcn djràye amr ~di fmcfiw~ ma

~di wybelf vwdiri#:76

:72 Oijci% emf# fl~#% w# 94#:76 Djbir`jv% V^WV% w# :1>#


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`jroi~% je~dmykd ej| wimwei kjlcin bi~~ir jffivv ~m ~di wrmkrj` ~djc iqir biamri# L~

lv djrn diri cm~ ~m rifjee ~di Djbir`jvljc wjrjnmt ma ~di lcqirvin riflwrmfl~|

bi~{iic ~di it~icnin wjr~lflwj~lmc jcn ~di zyjel~| ma ~di nlvfmyrvi jcn dlv

jrkyìc~v jbmy~ ~di nifelci ma ~di wybelf vwdiri#

Dm{iqir% m~dir jffmyc~v jbmy~ ~di kicri wmlc~ my~ nlaairic~ iaaif~v# V~yroic

jcn Fjr~{rlkd~ amr itj`wei bieliqi ~dj~ nlaairic~ ~ieiqlvlmc nibj~i wrmkrj`v

fmc~rlby~i ~m ~di wybelf vwdiri lc ~dj~ ~di| frij~i j amry` amr fmc~i`wmrjr| lvvyiv

jcn ~dyv wrm`m~i ~di amr`j~lmc ma wybelf vwdiriv#:7;

Amr Vmclj Elqlckv~mci jcn Wi~ir Eyc~ wjr~lflwj~mr| wrmkrj``lck% vyfd jv

jynlicfi nlvfyvvlmc wrmkrj`v% djv ~di wm~ic~lje ~m fmcv~ryf~ j wjr~lfyejr

riej~lmcvdlw bi~{iic ~di ej| wjr~lflwjc~v jcn ~di itwir~v8 Bm~d jri wrivic~in jv

lc~iriv~in wjr~liv by~ jv ocm{lck nlaairic~ ~dlckv lc nlaairic~ {j|v#:74 ^di| jcje|xi

~di fdjckiv lc ~di vi~~lck ma ~divi wrmkrj`v ~dj~ brlnki ~di kjw bi~{iic ~di jeeikin

lcfm`wi~icfi ma mrnlcjr| wimwei jcn ~di iel~lv` ma itwir~v# ^divi fdjckiv rjcki

arm` ~ifdclfje ~dlckv% vyfd jv ~di vij~lck jrrjckiìc~ $~di itwir~v jri vij~in

j`mck ~di v~ynlm jynlicfi% lcv~ijn mc j rjlvin wej~amr`, ~m ~di v~ryf~yri ma ~di

wrmkrj`% {dlfd bifjì rj~dir emmvi% jcn ~di rmei ma ~di dmv~ {dm ~icnv ~m jnnrivv

~di v~ynlm jynlicfi lc j `mri v|`wj~di~lf `jccir jcn lv `mri dmv~lei% `mri

:7; @jrlvj V~yroic jcn Elvj Fjr~{rlkd~% Wrjf~lfiv ma Emmolck8 Jc Lc~rmnyf~lmc ~m Qlvyje Fye~yri%$Mtamrn8 Mtamrn Yclqirvl~| Wrivv% 277:,% w# :42#

:74 Elqlckv~mci jcn Eyc~% mw# fl~#% w# :7:#


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wrmqmfj~lqi ~m{jrnv ~di itwir~v# ^dlv ~|wi ma wrmkrj` icfmyrjkiv amr`j~lmc ma ~di

frl~lfje nlvfmyrvi jcn fmcvicvyv lc ~di wybelf% brlnklck ~di fm``yclfj~lmc kjw

bi~{iic ~di elai-{mren jcn ~di v|v~i` {mren% vmì~dlck ~dj~ jevm Djbir`jv djv

biic v~rlqlck amr#

f# Lc~irci~

^di krm{~d ma ~di Lc~irci~ jcn l~v rjwln itwjcvlmc djv ein ~m it~icvlqi

rivijrfdiv ma ~di wmvvlbei l`welfj~lmcv l~ `lkd~ djqi amr ni`mfrjf|# ^di byeo ma l~

djv biic jnnrivvlck lc~irjf~lql~| jv ~di `jlc ieiìc~ ~m fdjcki ~di cj~yri ma

fl~lxicv wjr~lflwj~lmc lc wmel~lfv jcn wybelf elai lc kicirje# ^di jnqmfj~iv ma ~di vm-

fjeein ieif~rmclf ni`mfrjf|:7< jrkyi ~dj~ ~di Lc~irci~ `j| il~dir l`wrmqi ~di

itlv~lck amr` ma ni`mfrjf| mr riqlqi ~di jcflic~ amr` ma nlrif~ ni`mfrjf|#

Vy``jrlxlck ~di jrkyìc~v amr ieif~rmclf ni`mfrjf|% V~rii~ cm~iv ~dj~ ~di Lc~irci~

`j| maair vmey~lmcv amr ~di wrmbei`v ~dj~ djqi biic mbv~ryf~lck wmel~lfje

wjr~lflwj~lmc~lì% vlxi% ocm{einki jcn jffivv#::7 ^di Lc~irci~ djv mqirfmì ~di

bmycnjrliv ma ~lì jcn vwjfi jcn l~ lv cm emckir cifivvjr| amr fl~lxicv ~m bi

wd|vlfjee| wrivic~ ~m fmc~rlby~i ~m j nlvfyvvlmc# ^di el`l~in wmel~lfje ocm{einki ma

mrnlcjr| fl~lxicv jcn ~di ycizyje nlv~rlby~lmc ma rivmyrfiv% {dlfd djv biic

:7< Hmdc V~rii~%@jvv @inlj% Wmel~lfv jcn Ni`mfrjf| $Ci{ \mro8 Wjekrjqi @jf`leejc% 277:,% w# 2:>#::7Lbln#% w# 2:;#


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dj`wirlck ~dilr fjwjfl~| ~m ki~ lcqmeqin lc ~di wrmfivv ma nielbirj~lmc `j| cm

emckir bi j wrmbei`#:::

^di Lc~irci~ djv biic rifmkclxin jv j wej~amr` amr wybelf nielbirj~lmc jcn ~di

vmey~lmc amr m~dir wrmbei`v `mnirc ni`mfrjf| `j| icfmyc~ir8 ^di ci~ vii`v ~m

wrmqlni j {j| jrmycn ~di wrjf~lfje wrmbei`v wmvin b| ni`mfrjf|% {dj~iqir l~v

amr`? fl~lxicv fjc itirflvi ~dilr qm~i% nielbirj~i mc wybelf wmelf| mr wjr~lflwj~i

nlrif~e|#::2

Fyrrjc riairv ~m Cikrmwmc~i {dm ~dlcov ma f|birvwjfi jv kicirj~lck j ci{

{mren mrnir bjvin mc lc~ircj~lmcje fm``yclfj~lmc jcn wmwyejr i`wm{irìc~#::6

Oijci vykkiv~ ~dj~ ~di lc~irci~ v~l`yej~iv ~di krm{~d ma `jfrm wybelf vwdiriv vlcfi

mci vikìc~ ma ~di {mren wmwyej~lmc yviv ~di Lc~irci~ ~m kicirj~i fmc~rmqirvliv

jbmy~ `j~~irv ma fm``mc fmcfirc {l~d m~dir ì`birv ma ~di qlr~yje fm``ycl~|#::>

L~ lv ~di amry` amr nlvfyvvlmc mr lc~irjf~lmc bi~{iic ~di ì`birv ma vwiflje lc~iriv~

krmywv% jn dmf wrivvyri krmywv mr f|bir wrm~iv~irv# [ibvl~iv wrmqlni lcarjv~ryf~yri

amr nielbirj~lmc% {dlfd `j| iqic~yjee| eijn ~m rije jf~lmcv# Lc ~dj~ vicvi% ~di Lc~irci~

mwicv yw vmì mw~lmcv amr ~di niqiemwìc~ ma ~di lc~ircj~lmcje flqle vmfli~|#

:::Lbln#::2Lbln#% w# 2:4#::6 Fyrrjc% emf# fl~#% w# :6;#::> Oijci% V~ryf~yrje ^rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri% lc ^di @inlj% Hmyrcjelv` jcn

Ni`mfrjf|% w# 1;#


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Dm{iqir% ~di frl~lzyi ma ~di ieif~rmclf ni`mfrjf| riv~v mc nljì~rlfjee|

mwwmvl~i jvvy`w~lmcv8 ni`mfrjf| lcqmeqiv nielbirj~lmc jcn nljemkyi lc ~di

amr`j~lmc ma fmeeif~lqi kmjev% rj~dir ~djc ~di jkkrikj~lmc ma lcnlqlnyje

wriairicfiv#::9 Jcn ~di Lc~irci~ lv jee jbmy~ riklv~irlck wriairicfiv# Wimwei lc `mv~

wjr~v ma ~di {mren nm cm~ djqi jffivv ~m l~% {dlei ~di qir| lnij ma ieif~rmclf

wjr~lflwj~lmc lv bjvin mc ~di jvvy`w~lmc ma ~di yclqirvje jcn fdijw jffivv#::1

Ayr~dir`mri% Fyrrjc jrkyiv ~dj~ ~di ajv~iv~-krm{lck brjcfd ma ~di Lc~irci~ lv i-

fm`ìrfi {dlfd mce| vdm{v ~dj~ ~di riej~lmcv ma wm{ir vdjwi ci{ ~ifdcmemkliv jcn

cm~ ~di m~dir {j| jrmycn#::;

[dj~ nlv~lckylvdiv ~di Lc~irci~ arm` ~di m~dir ìnlj% bivlniv l~v bjvlf

~ifdcmemklfje fdjrjf~irlv~lf% lv l~v rj~dir ycv~ryf~yrin amr` ma fm``yclfj~lmc jcn

~di jbvicfi ma ìnlj~mrv {dlfd lv jc lvvyi ma krij~ fmc~rmqirv| {dic% amr lcv~jcfi%

~ieiqlvlmc nlvfyvvlmc wrmkrj`v jri jnnrivvin#

Nivwl~i ~di wrmaivvlmcje% ~ifdcmemklfje jcn v~ryf~yrje fmcv~rjlc~v jcn ~di

ciin ~m jnhyv~ ~m ~di ryeiv ma ~di `jroi~{dlfd vmì~lìv wrmqiv cm~ ~m bi

wjr~lfyejre| ri{jrnlck amr ~di zyjel~| ma nlvfyvvlmc~di ìnlj djqi ~di wm~ic~lje ~m

ajflel~j~i wybelf nlvfyvvlmc#

::9 V~rii~% mw# fl~#% w# 2:


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Fyrrjc dmwiv ~dj~ ni`mfrj~lf ìnlj fjc brlnki ~di kjw bi~{iic ~di

arjkìc~in vmflje krmywv jcn ~di yclqirvjee| vdjrin jricj ma kicirje nlvfmyrvi#::4

^di vwifljelv~ ìnlj vif~mr vdmyen fj~ir amr nlaairic~ jynlicfiv jcn icjbei ~di` ~m

nibj~i lvvyiv ma vmflje lnic~l~|% krmyw lc~iriv~% wmel~lfje v~rj~ik| jcn cmr`j~lqi

ycnirv~jcnlck mc ~dilr m{c ~ir`v#::< ^divi ìnlj vdmyen amv~ir nlvfyvvlmc {l~dlc

`ye~lwei jcn `y~yjee| mqirejwwlck wybelf vwdiriv# ^di kicirje ìnlj vif~mr vdmyen

rijfd ~di kicirje% di~irmkicimyv wybelf lc vyfd j {j| ~dj~ nlaairic~ krmywv lc

vmfli~| fmì ~mki~dir jcn ickjki lc riflwrmfje nibj~i#:27 ^di kicirje ìnlj vdmyen

bi vicvl~lqi ~m wybelf lcl~lj~lqiv jcn wyrvyi rivwmcvi arm` kmqircìc~v la ~di flqle

vif~mr rizylriv l~#

F# Nlvfyrvlqi ^dimr| jv j @mnie ma Djbir`jv Wybelf Vwdiri

^di elci bi~{iic wjr~lflwj~mr| elbirje jcn nlvfyrvlqi ~dimrliv lv cm~ ijv| ~m

nrj{% ivwifljee| rikjrnlck {dm vdmyen bi lcfeynin lc ~di wybelf vwdiri# Wmwyejr

lcfeyvlmc lv izyjee| i`brjfin b| bm~d ~rjnl~lmcv# Jv Hmvdyj Fmdic wy~v l~% ^di

cm~lmc ma j nielbirj~lqi ni`mfrjf| lv rmm~in lc ~di lc~yl~lqi lnije ma j ni`mfrj~lf

jvvmflj~lmc lc {dlfd hyv~lalfj~lmc ma ~di ~ir`v jcn fmcnl~lmcv ma jvvmflj~lmc wrmfiinv

::4Lbln#% w# :>:#::7#:27Lbln#% w# :>:#


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~drmykd wybelf jrkyìc~ jcn rijvmclck j`mck izyje fl~lxicv#:2: ^di fic~rje qjeyi

diri lv lc ~di wrmfivv ma nielbirj~lmc {l~d wmwyejr lcfeyvlmc bilck nivlrjbei bifjyvi

l~ vywwmr~v ~di qjeyin wrmfivv#

Djbir`jv jffiw~v ~di ajf~ ~dj~ niflvlmcv mc wybelf jaajlrv jri cmr`jee| `jni

j~ ~di wmel~lfje fic~ir b| kmqircìc~ jkicfliv% wjreljìc~v% fmyr~v% jcn wmel~lfje

wjr~liv# Amr rmy~lci niflvlmcv% l~ lv rijvmcjbei jcn jffiw~jbei la ~divi jri `jni

{l~dmy~ it~icvlqi wybelf nlvfyvvlmc# By~ {dic l`wmr~jc~ cmr`j~lqi zyiv~lmcv jri j~

v~joi% l~ lv fryflje ~dj~ ~di nlvfyvvlmc cm~ bi el`l~in ~m jf~mrv j~ ~di fic~ir ma ~di

wmel~lfje v|v~i`# Mc vyfd lvvyiv% j {iee aycf~lmclck wybelf vwdiri vdmyen

vl`ye~jcimyve| lcfeyni jf~mrv arm` ~di wirlwdir| jv {iee~dj~ lv% flqle vmfli~|

jf~mrv lcfeynlck ivwifljee| krjvvrmm~v mrkjclxj~lmcv# Wmel~lfje wjr~liv `j| ~diriamri

maair vyaalflic~ mwwmr~ycl~liv amr wmel~lfje nlvfmyrvi lc ~|wlfje fjviv% by~ lvvyiv ~dj~

jri cmqie mr cmr`j~lqie| vlkclalfjc~ vdmyen rijfd bi|mcn ~di rmy~lci nielbirj~lqi

wrmfivviv amycn lc wmel~lfje wjr~liv jcn nrj{ lc my~vlnirv ~m nlvfyvv ~di`#

[l~dlc ~dlv wirlwdir|% Djbir`jv `joiv j nlv~lcf~lmc bi~{iic jy~mcm`myv

$jy~mfd~mci,jf~mrv% fdjrjf~irlxin b| j `mni ma jvvmflj~lmc ~lin ~m ~di elai-{mren ma

~di fl~lxicv% jcn wm{ir-rikyej~in $qir`jfd~i~i, jf~mrv% fdjrjf~irlxin b| amr`je

:2: Hmvdyj Fmdic% Nielbirj~lmc jcn Ni`mfrj~lf Eikl~l`jf|% ww# :;-6>% lc ^di Kmmn Wmel~|%inv#% Jejc Djèlc jcn Wdlelw Wi~~l~ $Fj`brlnki8 Bejfo{iee% :


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Djbir`jv jvvyìv ~dj~ ~divi jy~mcm`myv jf~mrv fm``yclfj~i lc j nlaairic~

{j|# ^di| jri arii arm` ~di byrnic ma `jolck niflvlmcv jcn arm` ~di fmcv~rjlc~v ma

mrkjclxj~lmcje `jlc~icjcfi# ^dlv jeem{v ~di`% lc fmc~rjv~ ~m m~dir jf~mrv% ~m

nielbirj~i `mri ariie|? ~di| fjc `mri ijvle| ~joi ~di qli{wmlc~ ma m~dir jf~mrv jcn

rivwif~ ~di bi~~ir jrkyìc~v#

Riwrivic~j~lqi elbirje frl~lfv nmyb~ ~dj~ jy~mfd~mci jf~mrv vyfd jv vmflje

`mqiìc~v nielbirj~i `mri ayee| ~djc qir`jfd~i~i jf~mrv mr ~dj~ ~dilr

fm``yclfj~lmc wrmfivviv jri bi~~ir lc ~di {j|v ~dj~ Djbir`jv fejl`v# Ye~l`j~ie|%

~dlv lv jc i`wlrlfje zyiv~lmc% biv~ jcv{irin b| femvie| jcn v|v~i`j~lfjee| itj`lclck

nlaairicfiv% rj~dir ~djc rie|lck mc wrmbei`j~lf j wrlmrl jvvy`w~lmcv#

Viqirje |ijrv biamri Djbir`jv V~ryf~yrje ^rjcvamr`j~lmc ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri

alrv~ jwwijrin lc Kir`jc% F# [rlkd~ @leev vii`v ~m djqi jc~lflwj~in vmì ma ~di

fic~rje ~diìv ma ~di nlvfyrvlqi ~rjnl~lmc8

Lc j wybelf% jv {i `j| ycnirv~jcn ~di ~ir`% :, qlr~yjee| jv `jc|wimwei itwrivv mwlclmcv jv rifilqi ~di`# 2, wybelf fm``yclfj~lmcv

:2> Djbir`jv% Nlvfmyrvi jv j Wrmfinyri8 J Cmr`j~lqi Fmcfiw~ ma ~di Wybelf Vwdiri%@irfyr| >6 $:;;% Jfjni`lf Vijrfd Wri`lir % IBVFM% @lkyie ni Biciqlniv Elbrjr|%@jclej% WD% :4 Hye 277; 5d~~w8vijrfd#ibvfmdmv~#fm`3# ^di zym~j~lmc lv arm` w# >;>#


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rijvmclck lc ~r|lck ~m rivmeqi l~# Nielbirj~lmc diewv vmr~ my~ viea-lc~iriv~in fejl`v arm` wybelf-vwlrl~in mciv#:21

Amr ~di bi~~ir jrkyìc~ ~m bi niflvlqi% l~ vdmyen cm~ `j~~ir {dm lv `jolck ~di

jrkyìc~# Nlaairicfiv lc it~ircje v~j~yv mr wm{ir j`mck vwijoirv vdmyen bi

brjfoi~in~dj~ lv% wy~ jvlni jcn lkcmrin# ^diri `yv~ bi `y~yje jcn riflwrmfje

rifmkcl~lmc ma ijfd b| jee jv jy~mcm`myv% rj~lmcje vybhif~v {dmvi fejl`v {lee bi

jffiw~in la vywwmr~in b| qjeln jrkyìc~v# La ~dlv wrmfivv lv fmcv~rjlcin b| wmel~lfje

mr ifmcm`lf amrfi mr `jclwyej~lmc% mr vmì jrkyìc~v jri nlvjeem{in% ~dic

wjr~lflwjc~v jri cm~ ~jolck ~di jrkyìc~v ma m~dirv virlmyve|jcn ~di fmcnl~lmcv ma

jc lnije vwiifd vl~yj~lmc jri cm~ bilck ì~# ^dyv% wmwyejr lcfeyvlmc lc ~di nlvfyrvlqi

~rjnl~lmc lv hyv~lalin lc wjr~ b| l~v jblel~| ~m amv~ir nielbirj~lqicivv% ~di `mri

~dimri~lfjee| fic~rje frl~irlmc#:2;

M~dir frl~irlj mc ~di dm{ jcn {dj~ ma kmmn wybelf fm``yclfj~lmc jevm aem{

arm` nielbirj~lqicivv# Flqlel~| jcn `y~yje rivwif~ jri rizylrin#:24 Lc jc lnije

nielbirj~lqi wrmfivv% mci viiov jkriiìc~ {dic l~ lv wmvvlbei jcn `jlc~jlcv `y~yje

rivwif~ {dic l~ lv cm~# @y~yje rivwif~ lv j amr` ma jkriilck ~m nlvjkrii% by~ ni`jcnv

:21 J`| Ky~`jcc jcn Nicclv ^dm`wvmc% Ni`mfrjf| jcn Nlvjkriiìc~ $Fj`brlnki8 DjrqjrnYclqirvl~| Wrivv% :


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`mri ~djc vl`we| ~meirjcfi# L~ rizylriv j ajqmrjbei j~~l~yni ~m{jrn% jcn

fmcv~ryf~lqi lc~irjf~lmc {l~d ~di wirvmcv {l~d {dm` mci nlvjkriiv#:2


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lcfeynin mr itfeynin lc j `y~yjee| rivwif~aye nlvfmyrvi% mci fjc vii ~dj~ ~dlv lv

ma~ic fmc~iv~in jcn cm~ fmcvicvyje#

Vywwmvi mci bieliqiv ~dj~ j nmf~mr {dm wiramr`v jc jbmr~lmc lv j `yrnirir%

mr ~dj~ j wirvmc {dm `yrnirv j rifiw~lmclv~ lc j {mìcv dije~d felclf lv my~vlni ma

~di `mrje fm``ycl~|# ^dic l~ djrne| `joiv vicvi ~m it~icn `y~yje rivwif~ ~m ~dmvi

{dm niaicn vyfd wimwei# L~ ~yrcv my~ ~dj~ `mv~ lvvyiv {l~d j v~rmck `mrje

fm`wmcic~ lcqmeqi j`blkyl~| jbmy~ {dm lv mr lv cm~ lc ~di vjì `mrje fm``ycl~|#

Nlaairic~ arjìv klqi nlaairic~ jcv{irv% jcn nrj{ ~di bmycnjrliv ma {dm vdmyen bi

it~icnin `y~yje rivwif~ lc nlaairic~ {j|v# ^di jwwelfjblel~| ma ~dlv cmr`j~lqi

v~jcnjrn ma `y~yje rivwif~ niwicnv mc jcn jvvyìv j fmcvicvyv jbmy~ ~di

bmycnjrliv ma lcfeyvlmc ~dj~ ma~ic nmiv cm~ itlv~ lc wrjf~lfi#

Lc jnnl~lmc ~m `y~yje rivwif~% ~di wjr~lflwjc~v lc wybelf nlvfmyrvi vdmyen

ni`mcv~rj~i ~dilr rijnlcivv amr nljemkyi# Nljemkyi% lc ~di Djbir`jv qirvlmc%

l`weliv j nlvfmyrvi lc {dlfd fejl`v jcn jvvir~lmcv jri bjfoin b| rijvmcin%

ycnirv~jcnjbei jrkyìc~v# ^dlv l`weliv j {leelckcivv ~m ic~ir~jlc ~di jrkyìc~v ma

~dmvi {dm nlvjkrii# Nljemkyi mrlic~in vwijoirv ~joi jffmyc~ ma ~di jrkyìc~v ma

m~dirv% lcfeyni vmì ma ~dilr qjeln wmlc~v lc ayr~dir rialclck jcn niqiemwlck ~dilr

m{c wmvl~lmc% wrmqlni j ayee jffmyc~ ma ~dilr rijvmclck jcn hyv~lalfj~lmcv vm ~dj~


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9 ^di wybelfwrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc

fm`blciv fmc~rjnlf~mr| ~icnicfliv ~dj~ nialci l~ jv jc lnimemk|#

^di `mv~ icfm`wjvvlck jwwrmjfd ~m ~di wybelfwrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc jv jc

lnimemk| lv niqiemwin lc Djbir`jv {rl~lckv#:>1 Djbir`jv jcje|xin ~di

wybelfwrlqj~i nlfdm~m`| nlrif~e| jvjc lnimemk|# Amr Djbir`jv% ~di wybelfwrlqj~i

nlv~lcf~lmc lv wlqm~je amr jcje|xlck lc~irvif~lck eiqiev ma vmflje v~ryf~yri jcn ej{

vyfd jv fejvv riej~lmcv jcn ~di wm{irv ~m frij~i jcn l`weiìc~ eiklvej~lmc# Lc

jnnl~lmc% Djbir`jv niqiemwin j nljeif~lfje frl~lzyi ma ~di wybelfwrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc#

Di itj`lcin bm~d v~ryf~yrje aij~yriv ma vmflje rijel~| jcn wj~~ircv ma ìjclck

~drmykd {dlfd jf~mrv riwrmnyfi ~di vmflje v~ryf~yriv ~dj~ fmcv~rjlc ~dilr jf~lmcv#

^di wybelfwrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc ycnireliv bjvlf lvvyiv ~dj~ Djbir`jv v~ynlin

jcn jevm lcayviv dlv jcje|~lf fmcfiw~v# Djbir`jv niqiemwin je~ircj~lqi jwwrmjfdiv

~m ~di frl~lzyi ma eikje lnimemk| b| jr~lfyej~lck lvvyiv ~drmykd ~di wybelfwrlqj~i

nlfdm~m`|# ^diri jri ~drii `jhmr jwwrmjfdiv ~m ~di wybelfwrlqj~i nlfdm~m`| lc ej{

:>9Cjnlci ^jyb jcn Ielxjbi~d @# Vfdcilnir% Wirvwif~lqiv mc [mìcv Vybmrnlcj~lmc jcn ~diRmei ma Ej{% ^di Wmel~lfv ma Ej{8 J Wrmkrivvlqi Frl~lzyi % Njqln Ojlr|v% in# $Ci{ \mro8 Wjc~dimc Bmmov%:7#

:>1

M~dir fejvvlfje jwwrmjfdiv ~m ~di vmflmemk| ma ej{ wrmqlni je~ircj~lqi nlrif~lmcv amr ~dijcje|vlv ma ~di wybelfwrlqj~i nlv~lcf~lmc# Amr I`lei Nyrodil`% ~di nlv~lcf~lmc lv j `jclaiv~j~lmc mafdjcklck wj~~ircv ma `mrjel~| jvvmflj~in {l~d ~di krm{lck fm`weitl~| ma ~di nlqlvlmc ma ejbmrrijelxin ~drmykd wj~~ircv ma rl~yjelxin wybelf fm``yclfj~lmc _I`lei Nyrodil`%Wrmaivvlmcje I~dlfv jcnFlqle @mrjev % ~rjcv# Fmrcielj Brmmoalien $Keicfmi jcn Leelcmlv8 Arii Wrivv% :


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; Amr itj`wei% flqle vmfli~| jcn ~di wrlqj~i vwdiri

jri `jni ~m jwwijr ~m bi niwicnic~ mc eikje fj~ikmrliv ~dj~ viwjrj~i ~di` jv jricjv

ma jf~lmc# M{clck wrmwir~|% by|lck jcn vieelck mc ~di `jroi~% jcn ickjklck lc

dmyvidmen fmcvy`w~lmc djqi ~dilr vmflje vlkclalfjcfi iv~jbelvdin ~drmykd j eikje

nlvfmyrvi ~dj~ lv yclqirvjelxlck rj~dir ~djc ~drmykd ~di wrjf~lfje `ijclck ~di| djqi

amr jf~mrvwjr~lflwjc~v#

^di nm`lcj~lmc jcn lcizyjel~| fdjrjf~irlv~lf ma flqle vmfli~| jcn ~di wrlqj~i

vwdiri jri mbvfyrin ~drmykd eikje fj~ikmrliv {dlfd jri lnije# Vwiflalfjee|% ~di

izyjel~| jcn ariinm` wmvl~in lc ~di wybelf vwdiri virqi ~m vifyri vmflje% rielklmyv%

jcn `j~irlje nlv~lcf~lmcv lc ~di amr` ma wrlqj~i rlkd~v ~dj~ jri ~di `j~irlje

fmcnl~lmcv ma lcizyjel~| jcn fmcaelf~ ~drmykd {dlfd vmflje riej~lmcv jri

:>; Djbir`jv% V^WV% w# :;>#


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4 Bm~d ~di rinyf~lmc ma ~di {mroirv ciin ~m ~di bjriv~ jcn `mv~

`lvirjbei eiqie ma wd|vlfje vybvlv~icfi jcn ~di rialci`ic~ ma ciinv ma ~dmvi {l~d

{ije~d jri vywwmr~in b| wybelf wrlcflweiv ma amr`je izyjel~| jcn fm``mnl~|

itfdjcki#:>< ^m bi vyri% bmyrkimlv ej{ wrmqlniv jc lnije qlvlmc ma ariinm` jcn

izyjel~|# \i~% l~ jf~yjee| virqiv jv j amr`je arj`i{mro amr ~di rijelxj~lmc ma wrlqj~i

wm{ir jcn nm`lcj~lmc# Djbir`jv cm~ mce| amr`yej~in ~di wybelfwrlqj~i

nlv~lcf~lmc jv lnimemklfje? di jrkyin jkjlcv~ l~ b| vdm{lck ~dj~ ~di ej{ jcn ~di v~j~i

jri cm~ vybhif~v ma jf~lmc ~dj~ wrinlfj~i flqle vmfli~| jcn ~di wrlqj~i vwdiri# Di

`jlc~jlcin ~dj~ ~di yclqirvje% jbv~rjf~ fj~ikmrliv ma ~di wybelf vwdiri jri cm~

jnizyj~ie| krmycnin lc vmflje fmcnl~lmcv jcn ~di amr`v ~drmykd {dlfd vmflje elai lv

fmcnyf~in# Rj~dir% eikje fj~ikmrliv% rmm~in lc lnijelv~ vywwmvl~lmcv% nlv~mr~ vmflje

riej~lmcv# Lc ejrki wjr~% ~di lcjnizyjf| jcn lnimemklfje fdjrjf~ir ma ~dlv lnijelxin

jwwrmjfd ~m ~di wybelf vwdiri rivye~v arm` ninyflck ~dmvi amr`v ma vmflje elai ~dj~

jri femviv~ ~m ~di wrlqj~i vwdiri arm` ~di `mv~ yclqirvje wybelf fj~ikmrliv# Aj`le|

elai% wrmwir~| m{cirvdlw% jcn `jroi~ riej~lmcv jri qli{in jv wirvmcje i`jcj~lmcv ma

i~ircje wrlcflweiv# Jv j fmcvizyicfi% ~di wrlqj~i vwdiri jcn ~di rije`v ma iqir|nj|

jf~lmc jri wrivic~in jv jvwif~v ma jc jbv~rjf~e| yclalin emklf ma vmflje jcn wmel~lfje

fmcv~l~y~lmc#

:>4Lbln#:>


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Lc mwwmvl~lmc ~m ~dlv amr`yej~lmc% Djbir`jv `jlc~jlcv ~dj~ ~di aj`le| jcn

flqle vmfli~| jri% jf~yjee|% ~di nrlqlck amrfi ma ~di v~j~i rj~dir ~djc bilck ìrie|

wrmnyfin b| ~di lnij ma ~di v~j~i#:97 Lcv~ijn ma bilck ni~ir`lcin {l~dlc ~di bmycnv

ma ~di riej~lmcv j`mck lnijv% ~di ajf~ lv ~dj~ ~di v~j~i lvvyiv arm` ~di `ye~l~yni lc

~dilr itlv~icfi jv ì`birv ma aj`leliv jcn jv ì`birv ma flqle vmfli~|#:9: Lcniin% l~

lv arm` ~dlv ajf~lfl~| rj~dir ~djc arm` vwifyej~lqi ~dmykd~ ~dj~ ~di aj`le| jcn flqle

vmfli~| fjc bi fmrrif~e| ycnirv~mmn jv ~di cj~yrje bjvlv ma ~di v~j~i# Lcnlqlnyjev% lc

~dilr jf~yje riej~lmcv {l~d mci jcm~dir lc ~di wrlqj~i vwdiri ma ~di dmyvidmen jcn lc

`mri it~icnin riej~lmcv lc flqle vmfli~|% wrmqlni ~di amycnj~lmcv amr wybelf elai jcn

~di v~j~i#

Lc jnnl~lmc% Djbir`jv frl~lflxin ~di lnimemklfje nlv~lcf~lmc bi~{iic ~di

wybelf jcn wrlqj~i arm` ~di v~jcnwmlc~ ma ni`mfrjf|# Ni`mfrjf| emfj~iv ~di vmyrfiv

ma wmel~lfv% ej{% jcn ~di v~j~i lc ~di jf~lql~liv ma wimwei% jcn ~diriamri riwrivic~v j

`jhmr niwjr~yri amr ~di viea-krmycnlck ma dy`jc jf~lql~|# Ni`mfrjf|% Djbir`jv

`jlc~jlcin% nmiv cm~ rizylri jc jbv~rjf~% ~rjcvficnic~je mrlklc8 ~drmykd ni`mfrjf|

wimwei fjc rifmkclxi ~dj~ l~ lv cm~ ~di fmcv~l~y~lmc {dlfd frij~iv ~di wimwei by~ ~di

wimwei {dm frij~i ~di fmcv~l~y~lmc#:92

:97Lbln#% w# :4:#:9:Lbln#% w# :4>#:92Lbln#% w# :4


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:7:

~di bmyrkimlv mr ~m jc it~icvlmc ma jrlv~mfrj~lf wrlqleikiv ~dj~ lcqmeqin jeeljcfiv

bi~{iic ~di jrlv~mfrjf| jcn bmyrkimlvli#:94 Lcv~ijn ma lnic~la|lck ~di bmyrkimlv jv

~di fjrrlir ma ~di wybelf% Xjri~ emfj~iv ~di mrlklc ma ~di `mnirc wybelf vwdiri lc j

cmqie fm``yclfj~lqi wrjf~lfi j`mck ~di {lnir wmwyejfi-wrlc~in wi~l~lmcv arm`

wmel~lfje jvvmflj~lmcv# Vlkclalfjc~e|% ~divi wybelflv~ wi~l~lmcv b| kicirje fl~lxicv

lcqmoi mr l`we| wmwyejr {lee jv j vmyrfi ma jy~dmrl~|#:9< L ~dlco vyfd fdjckiv

wrmqlni j feyi amr yv ~m rifmcfiw~yjelxi ~di cm~lmc ma ~di wybelf lc ~ir`v ma

fl~lxicvdlw#

Mc ~di lcv~l~y~lmcje eiqie% Djbir`jv cmci~dieivv vii`v ~m bi {iee-nlvwmvin ~m

j rlqje fmcfiw~lmc ma ~di wybelf ~dj~ lv `mri jolc ~m ~di cm~lmc ma fl~lxicvdlw#

Riwybelfjclv`% jv l~ lv jnqmfj~in b| wmel~lfje wdlemvmwdirv eloi Jrlv~m~ei jcn

Rmyvvijy ycnirv~jcnv ~di wybelf vwdiri jv j vwdiri ma nibj~i% nielbirj~lmc% jcn

fmeeif~lqi viea-ni~ir`lcj~lmc {l~dlc j fm``ycl~| ma izyje jcn jf~lqi fl~lxicv# Vyfd j

vwdiri lv nlv~lcf~ arm` bm~d v~j~i jn`lclv~rj~lmc jcn `jroi~ ifmcm`|# Djbir`jv

fmcfilqiv ~di wybelf vwdiri ma rj~lmcje-frl~lfje nlvfmyrvi lc vl`lejr ~ir`v% itfiw~ ~dj~

di lnic~laliv ~di wjr~lflwjc~v jv wrlqj~i lcnlqlnyjevlcnlqlnyjev {dmvi lnic~l~liv

djqi biic ayee| amr`in lc ~di wrlqj~i nm`jlcv ma `jroi~ ifmcm`| jcn aj`le| elai

:94 Fa# Njqln Xjri~% El~irjf| jcn Wrlc~lck lc ~di Rlvi ma Ni`mfrj~lf Wmel~lfje Fye~yri lcViqic~iic~d-Fic~yr| Ickejcn% Rivijrfd mc Ni`mfrjf| jcn Vmfli~| 2 $:


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:72

rj~dir ~djc jv wybelf fl~lxicv# ^dlv riwybelfjc fmcfiw~lmc ma ~di wybelf v~jcnv lc

fmc~rjv~ ~m ~di Rm`jc mr jbvmey~lv~ fmcfiw~lmc# Amr Djbir`jv% ~di amrìr v~rivviv

~di jf~lqi wjr~lflwj~lmc ma ~di wimwei qlv--qlv ~di v~j~i {dirijv ~di ej~~ir

i`wdjvlxiv ~di hyrlvnlf~lmc ma ~di v~j~i mqir l~v vybhif~v#:17 Bm~d ìjclckv jri amycn

lc Djbir`jv arjì{mro {l~dmy~ mci mqirrlnlck ~di m~dir# Lc ~dlv rikjrn% dlv

fmcfiw~lmc ma

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