The The Progressive EraProgressive Era

Honors US HistoryHonors US History

Section 1: ObjectivesSection 1: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be lesson, I will be able to:able to:

1. Explain the four 1. Explain the four goals of progressivismgoals of progressivism

2. Summarize 2. Summarize progressive efforts to progressive efforts to clean up governmentclean up government

3. Identify progressive 3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state efforts to reform state government, protect government, protect workers, and reform workers, and reform elections.elections.

Origins of Origins of Progressivism:Progressivism:

– Progressive Progressive Movement: Movement: Aimed to Aimed to restore economic restore economic opportunities and opportunities and correct the injustices correct the injustices in American life.in American life.

– These were the These were the problems:problems:

– Economic inequitiesEconomic inequities– Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues– Social welfare Social welfare – Working conditionsWorking conditions– Rights for women Rights for women

and childrenand children

Four Goals of Four Goals of Reformers Reformers (Progressivism)(Progressivism)

1.1. Protect social Protect social welfarewelfare

2.2. Promote moral Promote moral developmentdevelopment

3.3. Secure Secure economic economic reformreform

4.4. Foster Foster efficiencyefficiency

Protect Social Welfare:Protect Social Welfare:

Employers felt little Employers felt little responsibility toward responsibility toward their workers.their workers.

Work was tough and Work was tough and unsafeunsafe

As a result, As a result, settlement houses settlement houses and churches served and churches served the community and the community and organizations like the organizations like the YMCA (opened YMCA (opened libraries and libraries and sponsored classes)sponsored classes) and the and the Salvation Salvation Army (Soup kitchens)Army (Soup kitchens) took on service roles.took on service roles.

Promote Moral Promote Moral Development:Development:

Many reformers felt that the Many reformers felt that the nation would be better off if nation would be better off if they improved their personal they improved their personal behavior. – alcohol was behavior. – alcohol was undermining American morals.undermining American morals.

ProhibitionProhibition – the banning of – the banning of alcoholic beverages.alcoholic beverages.

Many groups fought this Many groups fought this (saloons, and restaurants)(saloons, and restaurants)

Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (urged Temperance Union (urged saloon keepers to close up saloon keepers to close up their bars)their bars) (WCTU) (WCTU)

Later in the 1920’s there Later in the 1920’s there would be a much bigger would be a much bigger prohibition movement.prohibition movement.

WCTU: Ban AlcoholWCTU: Ban Alcohol

Carry Nation would use her hatchet to Carry Nation would use her hatchet to bust up saloons and alcohol bottlesbust up saloons and alcohol bottles

She was 6 feet tall and weighed in at She was 6 feet tall and weighed in at 175…Nobody messes with that!175…Nobody messes with that!

Creating Economic Creating Economic Reform:Reform:

The Panic of 1893 The Panic of 1893 prompted some prompted some Americans to Americans to question the question the capitalist capitalist economic system economic system (uneven balance (uneven balance among businesses among businesses and ordinary and ordinary people.) people.)

Eugene DebsEugene Debs organized the organized the American Socialist American Socialist Party in 1901.Party in 1901.

Muckrakers Criticize Muckrakers Criticize Big Business:Big Business:

Investigative Investigative journalists, known as journalists, known as ““MuckrakersMuckrakers,” ,” exposed corruption in exposed corruption in business. (Modern business. (Modern Day Muckraker Day Muckraker examples?)examples?)

For example, For example, Ida Ida TarbellTarbell exposed exposed Standard Oil Standard Oil Company’s cut-Company’s cut-throat methods of throat methods of eliminating eliminating competition. (vertical competition. (vertical and horizontal and horizontal integration)integration)

Protecting Working Protecting Working Children:Children:

As the number of As the number of child workers rose, child workers rose, reformers worked reformers worked to end child labor.to end child labor.

Children were Children were more prone to more prone to accidents caused accidents caused by fatigue.by fatigue.

Nearly every state Nearly every state limited or banned limited or banned child labor by 1918child labor by 1918

Efforts to Limit Hours:Efforts to Limit Hours:

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court and the states and the states enacted or enacted or strengthened laws strengthened laws reducing women’s reducing women’s hours of work to 10 hours of work to 10 hrs. a day. (they were hrs. a day. (they were being overworked)being overworked)

Progressives also Progressives also succeeded in winning succeeded in winning worker’s worker’s compensation to aid compensation to aid families of injured families of injured workers.workers.

Election Reform:Election Reform:

Citizens fought for Citizens fought for and secured such and secured such measures such as:measures such as:

InitiativesInitiatives – voters – voters could create a bill could create a bill rather than lawmakersrather than lawmakers

Referendums Referendums – – Voters Voters accepted or rejected accepted or rejected the initiativethe initiative

Recalls –Recalls – Enabled Enabled voters to force out voters to force out public officials by public officials by having them face having them face another electionanother election

Direct Election of Direct Election of Senators:Senators:

Before 1913, each Before 1913, each state’s legislature state’s legislature had chosen U.S. had chosen U.S. senators. senators.

To force senators to To force senators to be more responsive be more responsive to the public, to the public, ProgressivesProgressives pushed pushed for the popular (vote) for the popular (vote) election of senators. election of senators.

As a result, Congress As a result, Congress passed the 17passed the 17thth Amendment in 1913.Amendment in 1913.

Fostering Efficiency:Fostering Efficiency:

Many Progressive Many Progressive leaders put their faith leaders put their faith in in Scientific Scientific ManagementManagement - - scientific principles to scientific principles to make society better.make society better.

In industry, In industry, Frederick Frederick TaylorTaylor began using began using time and motion time and motion studies to improve studies to improve factory efficiency. factory efficiency.

TaylorismTaylorism became an became an industry fad as industry fad as factories sought to factories sought to complete each task complete each task quickly. quickly.

Did We Meet Our Did We Meet Our Objectives?Objectives?

Can You:Can You: 1. Explain the four 1. Explain the four

goals of progressivismgoals of progressivism 2. Summarize 2. Summarize

progressive efforts to progressive efforts to clean up governmentclean up government

3. Identify progressive 3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state efforts to reform state government, protect government, protect workers, and reform workers, and reform elections.elections.

Section 2: ObjectivesSection 2: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be lesson, I will be able to:able to:

1. Describe the 1. Describe the growing presence of growing presence of women in the women in the workforce at the turn workforce at the turn of the 20of the 20thth Century. Century.

2. Identify leaders of 2. Identify leaders of the woman suffrage the woman suffrage movementmovement

3. Explain how 3. Explain how woman suffrage was woman suffrage was achieved.achieved.

Women in Public Life:Women in Public Life:

Before the Civil Before the Civil War, American War, American women were women were expected to expected to devote their time devote their time to home and to home and family. (Cult of family. (Cult of Domesticity)Domesticity)

By the late 19By the late 19thth and early 20and early 20thth century, women century, women were visible in the were visible in the workforce.workforce.

Women in the Women in the Workforce:Workforce:

Opportunities for Opportunities for women increased women increased especially in the especially in the cities. By 1900, cities. By 1900, one one out of five women out of five women worked. (Typically worked. (Typically held the lowest held the lowest skilled job and lowest skilled job and lowest pay)pay)

The garment industry The garment industry was popular as were was popular as were office work, retail, office work, retail, and education.and education.

Women Lead Reform:Women Lead Reform:

Many of the Many of the leading leading Progressive Progressive reformersreformers were were women. women.

Middle and upper Middle and upper class women class women entered the entered the public sphere public sphere after graduating after graduating from the new from the new women’s colleges. women’s colleges.

Higher Education:Higher Education:

By the late 19By the late 19thth Century, Century, marriage was no longer a marriage was no longer a woman’s only woman’s only alternative.alternative.

Smith, Wellesley, and Smith, Wellesley, and Vassar Colleges accepted Vassar Colleges accepted women.women.

Columbia, Brown, and Columbia, Brown, and Harvard did not. (Created Harvard did not. (Created their own separate their own separate women’s colleges)women’s colleges)

Many women that Many women that graduated from these graduated from these schools schools never marriednever married – – they wanted to retain they wanted to retain their independence.their independence.

Women and Reform:Women and Reform:

Women reformers Women reformers strove to strove to improve improve conditionsconditions at work at work and home.and home.

In 1896, African-In 1896, African-American women American women formed the formed the National National Association of Association of Colored Women Colored Women (NACW). (organized (NACW). (organized kindergartens, kindergartens, nurseries and literacy nurseries and literacy programs)programs)

Suffrage was another Suffrage was another important issue for important issue for women.women.

What do you think is going through these guy’s minds?

Susan B. Anthony:Susan B. Anthony:

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony was was a leading advocate of a leading advocate of women’s women’s suffragesuffrage – the – the right to vote.right to vote.

In 1869 Anthony and In 1869 Anthony and Cady Stanton founded Cady Stanton founded the the National American National American Women Suffrage Women Suffrage AssociationAssociation (NAWSA) (NAWSA)

Many men feared the Many men feared the changing role of women changing role of women in society. WHY?in society. WHY?

A 3-Part Strategy For A 3-Part Strategy For Suffrage:Suffrage:

Suffragist leaders Suffragist leaders tried three tried three approaches to approaches to winning the vote:winning the vote:1.1.Convincing state Convincing state

legislatures to legislatures to adopt the vote.adopt the vote.

2.2.Pursuing court Pursuing court cases to test 14cases to test 14thth Amendment.Amendment.

3.3.Pushing for Pushing for national national Constitutional Constitutional amendment. amendment.

What Was The What Was The Outcome?Outcome?

In 1875, The Supreme In 1875, The Supreme Court ruled that women Court ruled that women were indeed were indeed citizenscitizens but but denied that citizenship denied that citizenship automatically allowed automatically allowed the right to vote.the right to vote.

For the next 40 years, For the next 40 years, other measures were other measures were voted down time and voted down time and time again.time again.

Finally in 1919, the 19Finally in 1919, the 19thth Amendment granted Amendment granted women the right to women the right to vote!!vote!!

Did We Meet Our Did We Meet Our Objectives?Objectives?

Can You:Can You: 1. Describe the 1. Describe the

growing presence of growing presence of women in the women in the workforce at the workforce at the turn of the 20turn of the 20thth Century.Century.

2. Identify leaders of 2. Identify leaders of the woman suffrage the woman suffrage movementmovement

3. Explain how 3. Explain how woman’s suffrage woman’s suffrage was achievedwas achieved

Section 3: ObjectivesSection 3: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be able lesson, I will be able to:to:

1. Describe the events 1. Describe the events of Theodore Roosevelt’s of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidencypresidency

2. Explain how 2. Explain how Roosevelt used the Roosevelt used the power of the presidency power of the presidency to regulate businessto regulate business

3. Identify laws passed 3. Identify laws passed to protect public health to protect public health and the environmentand the environment

4. Summarize 4. Summarize Roosevelt’s stand on Roosevelt’s stand on civil rights.civil rights.

Section 3: Teddy Section 3: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Roosevelt’s Square DealDeal Main IdeaMain Idea: As : As

President, Theodore President, Theodore Roosevelt worked to Roosevelt worked to give citizens a Square give citizens a Square Deal through Deal through progressive reforms.progressive reforms.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: As : As part of his Square Deal, part of his Square Deal, Roosevelt’s conservation Roosevelt’s conservation efforts made a permanent efforts made a permanent impact on environmental impact on environmental resources.resources.

Key TermsKey Terms:: The JungleThe Jungle Square DealSquare Deal Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act ConservationConservation

Key NamesKey Names:: Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Upton Sinclair: The Upton Sinclair: The JungleJungle

People were working hard People were working hard during these hard times.during these hard times.

Profits were soaring…but Profits were soaring…but at what expense?at what expense?

Upton Sinclair wrote The Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle in 1906.Jungle in 1906.

The book focused on the The book focused on the sickening conditions of sickening conditions of the meatpacking the meatpacking industry.industry.

The book made quite the The book made quite the impression on Theodore impression on Theodore Roosevelt.Roosevelt.

He promised to fix the He promised to fix the problems of mass problems of mass production in the US.production in the US.

Workers RightsWorkers Rights

Those who JUMPED!Those who JUMPED! The Triangle Shirtwaist The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory caught fire on Factory caught fire on March 25, 1911. The fire March 25, 1911. The fire spread through the 8th, 9spread through the 8th, 9thth, , 1010thth floors as oil soaked floors as oil soaked machines and cloth fed the machines and cloth fed the fire. As workers attempted fire. As workers attempted to flee, they discovered to flee, they discovered that management had that management had locked all but one exit door locked all but one exit door which was blocked by fire. which was blocked by fire. 146 women died, some 146 women died, some burnt beyond recognition. burnt beyond recognition.

President McKinley is President McKinley is SHOT!SHOT!

President McKinley was President McKinley was at the Pan-American at the Pan-American Expo in Buffalo New Expo in Buffalo New York on September 5, York on September 5, 1901. While shaking 1901. While shaking hands with people, Leon hands with people, Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, Czolgosz, an anarchist, pushed McKinley’s hand pushed McKinley’s hand away, and shot him with away, and shot him with a cleverly disguised gun a cleverly disguised gun inside a bandage. inside a bandage. President McKinley died President McKinley died September 14, 1901.September 14, 1901.

Teddy Roosevelt’s Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal:Square Deal:

Teddy Roosevelt was Teddy Roosevelt was not supposed to be the not supposed to be the president….president….

But when President But when President William McKinley was William McKinley was assassinated six months assassinated six months into his second term, into his second term, Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt became the nation’s became the nation’s 2626thth president president

Roosevelt had always Roosevelt had always been considered by the been considered by the political bosses as political bosses as “impossible” to control.“impossible” to control.

They hadn’t seen They hadn’t seen anything yet.anything yet.

Teddy Roosevelt: Teddy Roosevelt: Background Background InformationInformation

Born into a wealthy Born into a wealthy family.family.

He had severe He had severe asthma, but vowed asthma, but vowed to not let it stop him to not let it stop him – he took up – he took up horseback riding horseback riding and shooting.and shooting.

At Harvard, he At Harvard, he boxed and wrestled.boxed and wrestled.

Teddy Roosevelt: The Teddy Roosevelt: The Rough RidersRough Riders

Roosevelt captured Roosevelt captured national attention by national attention by advocating war with advocating war with Spain in 1898. Spain in 1898.

His volunteer cavalry His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough brigade, the Rough Riders, won public Riders, won public acclaim for its role in acclaim for its role in the battle of San Juan the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba.Hill in Cuba.

Roosevelt returned a Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon hero and was soon elected governor of elected governor of NY and later NY and later McKinley’s vice-McKinley’s vice-president. president.

The Modern The Modern Presidency:Presidency:

When Roosevelt was When Roosevelt was thrust into the thrust into the presidency in 1901, presidency in 1901, he became the he became the youngest president youngest president ever at age 42.ever at age 42.

He quickly He quickly established himself established himself as a modern as a modern president who could president who could influence the media influence the media and shape and shape legislation. (Bully legislation. (Bully Pulpit)Pulpit)

The Teddy Bear:The Teddy Bear:

When the When the president spared president spared a bear cub on a a bear cub on a hunting hunting expedition, a expedition, a toymaker toymaker marketed a marketed a popular new popular new product – the product – the teddy bear.teddy bear.

The Square Deal:The Square Deal:

Roosevelt saw the Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully presidency as a “bully pulpit” where he could pulpit” where he could influence almost anyone.influence almost anyone.

He responded by created He responded by created The Square DealThe Square Deal – The term is used as a – The term is used as a blanket term to describe blanket term to describe the various progressive the various progressive reforms sponsored by the reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration. Roosevelt administration.

Unlike past presidents, Unlike past presidents, Roosevelt set a National Roosevelt set a National Agenda.Agenda.

Using Federal Power: Using Federal Power: Trust busting:Trust busting:

By 1900, By 1900, TrustsTrusts – – legal bodies created legal bodies created to hold stock in many to hold stock in many companies – companies – controlled 80% of controlled 80% of U.S. industries.U.S. industries.

Roosevelt filed 44 Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under antitrust suits under the the Sherman Anti-Sherman Anti-Trust ActTrust Act

The goal was to The goal was to break up unfair break up unfair business practices.business practices.

The 1902 Coal Strike:The 1902 Coal Strike:

In 1902, 140,000 coal In 1902, 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania miners in Pennsylvania went on strike for went on strike for increased wages, a 9-increased wages, a 9-hour work day, and the hour work day, and the right to unionize. Mine right to unionize. Mine owners refused to owners refused to bargain.bargain.

Roosevelt called in both Roosevelt called in both sides and settled the sides and settled the dispute. (Arbitration)dispute. (Arbitration)

Thereafter, when a Thereafter, when a strike threatened public strike threatened public welfare, the federal welfare, the federal government was government was expected to step in and expected to step in and help.help.

Pure Food and Drug Pure Food and Drug Act:Act:

Congress passed the Pure Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in Food and Drug Act in 1906.1906.

At the time, companies At the time, companies were promising their were promising their products to do everything products to do everything from curing cancer, to from curing cancer, to growing more hair.growing more hair.

Popular children’s Popular children’s medicines contained medicines contained opium, cocaine, and opium, cocaine, and alcohol.alcohol.

The Act also halted the The Act also halted the sale of contaminated sale of contaminated foods and medicines and foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.called for truth in labeling.

Expiration dates were also Expiration dates were also included on canned food. included on canned food.

I’m sure these worked pretty well….

Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act

Meat Inspection Act of Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was partially to the 1906 was partially to the credit of Sinclair’s, “The credit of Sinclair’s, “The Jungle”Jungle”

Roosevelt was suspicious Roosevelt was suspicious of the book so he sent top of the book so he sent top aids to make surprise aids to make surprise inspectionsinspections

The aids were revolted The aids were revolted despite efforts to clean the despite efforts to clean the plants upplants up

The Act made federal The Act made federal guidelines for meat guidelines for meat handling and safetyhandling and safety

Roosevelt and the Roosevelt and the Environment:Environment:

Before Roosevelt’s Before Roosevelt’s presidency, the presidency, the federal government federal government paid very little paid very little attention to the attention to the nation’s natural nation’s natural resources.resources.

Roosevelt made Roosevelt made conservation a conservation a primary concern of primary concern of his administration.his administration.

Roosevelt was a big environmentalist because

he spent so much time outside hunting,

horseback riding, and camping.

Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s Environmental Environmental Accomplishments:Accomplishments:

Roosevelt set aside Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of 148 million acres of forest reserves, 1.5 forest reserves, 1.5 million acres of water-million acres of water-power sites (Dams), power sites (Dams), 50 wildlife 50 wildlife sanctuaries, and sanctuaries, and several national several national parks. (Gifford parks. (Gifford Pinchot named head Pinchot named head of Forest Department)of Forest Department)

ConservationConservation – some – some wilderness areas would wilderness areas would be preserved, while be preserved, while others would be others would be developed for the developed for the common good.common good.

Yellowstone National Park -

Wyoming

Did We Meet Our Did We Meet Our Objectives?Objectives?

Can You:Can You: 1. Describe the events 1. Describe the events

of Theodore Roosevelt’s of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidencypresidency

2. Explain how 2. Explain how Roosevelt used the Roosevelt used the power of the presidency power of the presidency to regulate businessto regulate business

3. Identify laws passed 3. Identify laws passed to protect public health to protect public health and the environmentand the environment

4. Summarize 4. Summarize Roosevelt’s stand on Roosevelt’s stand on civil rights.civil rights.

Section 4: ObjectivesSection 4: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be able lesson, I will be able to:to:

1. Summarize the 1. Summarize the events of the Taft events of the Taft presidency.presidency.

2. Explain the 2. Explain the division in the division in the Republican party.Republican party.

3. Describe the 3. Describe the election of 1912.election of 1912.

Section 4: Section 4: Progressivism Under Progressivism Under TaftTaft Main IdeaMain Idea: Taft’s : Taft’s

ambivalent approach to ambivalent approach to progressive reform led to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the Party and the loss of the presidency to the presidency to the Democrats.Democrats.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: : Third-party candidates Third-party candidates continue to wrestle continue to wrestle with how to become with how to become viable candidates.viable candidates.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

Key Names:Key Names: Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

I felt like the bullying meeting yesterday I felt like the bullying meeting yesterday was effective:was effective:

0%

0%

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1.1. DefinitelyDefinitely

2.2. SomewhatSomewhat

3.3. AverageAverage

4.4. Not reallyNot really

5.5. It was a waste of timeIt was a waste of time

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After Roosevelt:After Roosevelt:

Roosevelt was president Roosevelt was president for 8 years and for 8 years and accomplished a lot. accomplished a lot.

Now it was time for Now it was time for someone new – Taftsomeone new – Taft

Some of Roosevelt’s Some of Roosevelt’s policies came under policies came under scrutiny from various scrutiny from various organizations.organizations.

Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot head of head of the US Forest Service came the US Forest Service came under fire for conserving so under fire for conserving so much land for much land for preservation.preservation.

Others were starting to see Others were starting to see the land as a great the land as a great opportunity for opportunity for development and growth.development and growth.

Progressivism Under Progressivism Under Taft:Taft:

Republican William Republican William Howard Taft easily Howard Taft easily defeated Democrat defeated Democrat William Jennings William Jennings Bryan in the 1908 Bryan in the 1908 presidential election.presidential election.

Among his Among his accomplishments, accomplishments, Taft “busted” 90 Taft “busted” 90 trusts during his four trusts during his four years in office – more years in office – more than Theodore than Theodore Roosevelt during his Roosevelt during his eight years in office.eight years in office.

Why was the topic of conservation Why was the topic of conservation important at this time?important at this time?

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1.1. The land wasn’t The land wasn’t bringing in any bringing in any moneymoney

2.2. New opportunities New opportunities could be hadcould be had

3.3. Many people couldn’t Many people couldn’t even use all of the even use all of the open space that was open space that was availableavailable

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

20

The Payne Aldrich The Payne Aldrich Tariff:Tariff:

Payne BillPayne Bill – Lowered rates – Lowered rates on imported manufactured on imported manufactured goods.goods.

Aldrich BillAldrich Bill – Made fewer – Made fewer cuts and increased many cuts and increased many ratesrates

Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff – A – A compromise between the compromise between the two – this tariff angered two – this tariff angered progressives because it progressives because it was really no different than was really no different than the Aldrich Bill.the Aldrich Bill.

Taft stuck his foot in his Taft stuck his foot in his mouth by saying it was: mouth by saying it was: “the best tariff bill the “the best tariff bill the Republican Party ever Republican Party ever passed.”passed.”

Disputing Public Disputing Public Lands:Lands:

Taft deregulated 1 million Taft deregulated 1 million acres of preserved land acres of preserved land and returned it to the and returned it to the public.public.

He and his officials were He and his officials were accused (by some of his accused (by some of his own people – Pinchot) of own people – Pinchot) of letting commercial letting commercial interests exploit the interests exploit the natural resources that natural resources that rightfully belonged to the rightfully belonged to the public.public.

Taft fired Gifford Pinchot Taft fired Gifford Pinchot from his spot at the head from his spot at the head of the US Forest Service.of the US Forest Service.

Taft: Wouldn’t a strip mall look great right

here!

The Republican Party The Republican Party Splits:Splits:

Taft couldn’t hold the Taft couldn’t hold the two wings (conservatives two wings (conservatives and reformers) of the and reformers) of the Republican Party Republican Party together.together.

Voters started to blame Voters started to blame Taft for the rising costs Taft for the rising costs of living and loss of of living and loss of conservation of land.conservation of land.

The Democrats would The Democrats would soon regain control of soon regain control of the House of the House of Representatives for the Representatives for the first time in 18 years.first time in 18 years.

Why did Taft have trouble keeping Why did Taft have trouble keeping the Republican Party together?the Republican Party together?

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1.1. They didn’t like They didn’t like TaftTaft

2.2. They wanted They wanted higher tariffshigher tariffs

3.3. The progressives The progressives and reformers and reformers didn’t agree on didn’t agree on policypolicy

4.4. None of the aboveNone of the above

20

The Bull Moose Party: The Bull Moose Party: 1912 Election1912 Election

Republicans split in 1912 Republicans split in 1912 between Taft and between Taft and Roosevelt (who returned Roosevelt (who returned after a safari to Africa).after a safari to Africa).

Convention delegates Convention delegates nominated Taft and nominated Taft and discontented discontented Republicans formed a Republicans formed a third party, the third party, the Progressive Party Progressive Party (nicknamed the Bull (nicknamed the Bull Moose Party), and Moose Party), and nominated Roosevelt.nominated Roosevelt.

The Democrats put The Democrats put forward a reform-minded forward a reform-minded New Jersey governor, New Jersey governor, Woodrow Wilson. (who Woodrow Wilson. (who would later win the would later win the presidency)presidency)

More About: The Bull More About: The Bull Moose PartyMoose Party

The Bull Moose Party The Bull Moose Party (called this because they (called this because they thought Roosevelt was as thought Roosevelt was as strong as a Bull Moose) strong as a Bull Moose) supportedsupported::

1. Women’s suffrage1. Women’s suffrage 2. Worker’s compensation2. Worker’s compensation 3. An 8-hr. work day3. An 8-hr. work day 4. A minimum wage for 4. A minimum wage for

womenwomen 5. A federal law against 5. A federal law against

child laborchild labor 6. A federal trade 6. A federal trade

commission to regulate commission to regulate business.business.

So, How Did Wilson So, How Did Wilson Win?Win?

The split between Taft The split between Taft and Roosevelt turned and Roosevelt turned nasty. (name calling) – nasty. (name calling) – they divided they divided themselves.themselves.

Wilson endorsed a Wilson endorsed a progressive platform progressive platform called the “New called the “New Freedom”, it demanded:Freedom”, it demanded:

1. Stronger Antitrust 1. Stronger Antitrust legislationlegislation

2. Banking reform2. Banking reform 3. Reduced Tariffs3. Reduced Tariffs Wilson won with a 42% Wilson won with a 42%

popular vote.popular vote.

What aided Woodrow Wilson the What aided Woodrow Wilson the MOST in the presidential campaign?MOST in the presidential campaign?

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1.1. His new ideasHis new ideas

2.2. His popularity His popularity with the peoplewith the people

3.3. The bickering The bickering going on between going on between Roosevelt and Roosevelt and TaftTaft

4.4. All of the aboveAll of the above

20

Did We Meet Our Did We Meet Our Objectives?Objectives?

Can You:Can You: 1. Summarize the 1. Summarize the

events of the Taft events of the Taft presidency.presidency.

2. Explain the 2. Explain the division in the division in the Republican party.Republican party.

3. Describe the 3. Describe the election of 1912.election of 1912.

Section 5: ObjectivesSection 5: Objectives

By the end of this By the end of this lesson, I will be able lesson, I will be able to:to:

1. Describe Woodrow 1. Describe Woodrow Wilson’s background Wilson’s background and the progressive and the progressive reforms of his reforms of his presidency.presidency.

2. List the steps 2. List the steps leading to women leading to women suffrage.suffrage.

3. Explain the limits 3. Explain the limits of Wilson’s of Wilson’s progressivism.progressivism.

Section 5: Wilson’s Section 5: Wilson’s New FreedomNew Freedom Main IdeaMain Idea: :

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson established a strong established a strong reform agenda as a reform agenda as a progressive leader.progressive leader.

Why it Matters NowWhy it Matters Now: : The passage of the 19The passage of the 19thth Amendment during Amendment during Wilson’s administration Wilson’s administration granted women the granted women the right to vote.right to vote.

Key Terms:Key Terms: Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act Federal Trade Federal Trade

Commission (FTC)Commission (FTC)

Key Terms:Key Terms: Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System 1919thth Amendment Amendment

Wilson Wins Financial Wilson Wins Financial Reforms:Reforms:

Wilson was a Wilson was a progressive progressive presidentpresident

He aimed to give He aimed to give greater power to greater power to average citizensaverage citizens

He grew up in the He grew up in the South, which South, which unfortunately unfortunately affected his ability affected his ability to use federal power to use federal power to help civil rights.to help civil rights.

Key Antitrust Key Antitrust Measures:Measures:

In 1914 Congress In 1914 Congress enacted the enacted the Clayton Anti-Trust Clayton Anti-Trust ActAct that that strengthened the strengthened the Sherman Act.Sherman Act.

It had an anti-trust It had an anti-trust provision that provision that prevented prevented companies from companies from acquiring stock acquiring stock from another from another company and company and supported workers’ supported workers’ unions.unions.

Key Antitrust Key Antitrust Measures: Part 2Measures: Part 2

The Federal Trade The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)Commission (FTC) was formed in was formed in 1914 to serve as a 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” “watchdog” agency to end agency to end unfair business unfair business practices. practices.

The FTC protects The FTC protects consumers from consumers from business fraud. business fraud.

A New Tax System:A New Tax System:

Wilson worked Wilson worked hard to lower hard to lower tariffs, however, tariffs, however, the lost revenue the lost revenue had to be made had to be made up and was when up and was when the 16the 16thth Amendment Amendment instituted a instituted a graduated federal graduated federal income tax.income tax.

Federal Income Tax:Federal Income Tax:

Larger incomes were Larger incomes were taxed at higher rates taxed at higher rates than smaller than smaller incomes.incomes.

Ranged from 1-6%Ranged from 1-6% Today, income taxes Today, income taxes

from businesses and from businesses and individuals represent individuals represent the federal the federal government’s main government’s main source of revenue.source of revenue.

Federal Reserve Federal Reserve System:System:

Now financial reform was Now financial reform was on the tableon the table

Credit and money supply Credit and money supply had to keep pace with the had to keep pace with the economy.economy.

The The Federal Reserve Federal Reserve SystemSystem was put into was put into action.action.

It created a network of It created a network of banks that could loan banks that could loan money to one another and money to one another and even issue new currency if even issue new currency if needed.needed.

This system still serves as This system still serves as the basis of our nation’s the basis of our nation’s banking system.banking system.Federal Reserve

Building

Women Win Suffrage:Women Win Suffrage:

The suffrage movement The suffrage movement was given new strength was given new strength by the growing numbers by the growing numbers of college-educated of college-educated women.women.

So, how did they finally So, how did they finally achieve success?achieve success?

Catt Chapman Catt Chapman succeeded Susan B. succeeded Susan B. Anthony for the head of Anthony for the head of the NAWSA.the NAWSA.

She concentrated on She concentrated on FIVE tactics.FIVE tactics.

Five Tactics of NAWSA:Five Tactics of NAWSA:

1. Painstaking 1. Painstaking organizationorganization

2. Close ties 2. Close ties between local, state, between local, state, and national workersand national workers

3. Establishing a 3. Establishing a wide base of supportwide base of support

4. Cautious lobbying4. Cautious lobbying 5. Gracious, ladylike 5. Gracious, ladylike

behaviorbehavior

How the War Helped:How the War Helped:

America became America became involved in WW I.involved in WW I.

Patriotic women headed Patriotic women headed committeescommittees

They knitted socks for They knitted socks for soldierssoldiers

Sold liberty bondsSold liberty bonds In 1919, Congress finally In 1919, Congress finally

passed the passed the 1919thth AmendmentAmendment – granted – granted women the right to vote.women the right to vote.

It had only taken 72 yrs It had only taken 72 yrs (Seneca Falls (Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was Convention of 1848 was when they first tried) when they first tried)

Limits of Limits of Progressivism:Progressivism:

While the While the Progressive era Progressive era was responsible was responsible for many for many important reforms, important reforms, it failed to make it failed to make gains for African gains for African Americans.Americans.

Like Roosevelt and Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil retreated on Civil Rights when he Rights when he entered office.entered office.

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

Did We Meet All Of Our Did We Meet All Of Our Objectives?Objectives?

1. Describe 1. Describe Woodrow Wilson’s Woodrow Wilson’s background and the background and the progressive reforms progressive reforms of his presidency.of his presidency.

2. List the steps 2. List the steps leading to women leading to women suffrage.suffrage.

3. Explain the limits 3. Explain the limits of Wilson’s of Wilson’s progressivism.progressivism.