The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation

Basic ideas of the Protestant Basic ideas of the Protestant ReformationReformation

► Justification by Faith Justification by Faith AloneAlone

► Rejection of Papal Rejection of Papal AuthorityAuthority

► Clergy less important to Clergy less important to faith and salvationfaith and salvation

► Reduction of the Number Reduction of the Number of Sacraments to two of Sacraments to two (baptism and communion)(baptism and communion)

► Bible is the only source of Bible is the only source of truthtruth

► Printing Press = spread of Printing Press = spread of ideasideas

Lutheranism Lutheranism

► Martin Luther was a Martin Luther was a spiritually uneasy spiritually uneasy man even though he man even though he was a monk of 40 was a monk of 40 yearsyears

► Introduced the idea Introduced the idea of Justification of of Justification of FaithFaith

► Indulgences pushed Indulgences pushed him to attempt to him to attempt to reform the catholic reform the catholic churchchurch

LutheranismLutheranism

►Martin Luther’sMartin Luther’s 95 Theses-- 95 Theses--Posted on the Posted on the door of a churchdoor of a church

► individuals should be able to read the individuals should be able to read the bible and make their own interpretationsbible and make their own interpretations

►Ordered by pope to recant; Charles V Ordered by pope to recant; Charles V summoned Luther to the summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms. Diet of Worms.

►Banished from the H.R.E., he hid out with Banished from the H.R.E., he hid out with various German Princesvarious German Princes

►His ideas led to social, political and His ideas led to social, political and religious revolution throughout Europereligious revolution throughout Europe

►Peasant rebellions erupted, Luther was Peasant rebellions erupted, Luther was horrified—he wasn’t a social horrified—he wasn’t a social revolutionaryrevolutionary

►Luther became more conservative, Luther became more conservative, emphasized need for established emphasized need for established clergy, obedience to the state (only clergy, obedience to the state (only internal spiritual internal spiritual freedom, not external freedom, not external freedom)freedom)

► Local German princes had a strong material interest Local German princes had a strong material interest in the growth of Lutheranism—they could take over in the growth of Lutheranism—they could take over church landschurch lands

► League of SchmalkaldLeague of Schmalkald—German princes, imperial —German princes, imperial free cities against emperor. free cities against emperor.

► France allied with German Princes-- wanted to keep France allied with German Princes-- wanted to keep Germany religiously dividedGermany religiously divided

► Charles V (H.R.E.) was being threatened by Turks Charles V (H.R.E.) was being threatened by Turks & French. Appealed to pope to call a council but & French. Appealed to pope to call a council but popes ignored request—a generation of Lutheranspopes ignored request—a generation of Lutheransgrew upgrew up

► Diet of Augsburg 1530—all Lutherans forced to Diet of Augsburg 1530—all Lutherans forced to convertconvert

► War broke out between the League and Charles V--War broke out between the League and Charles V-- League prevailed, victory for LutheranismLeague prevailed, victory for Lutheranism

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg

►15551555►All states in H.R.E could choose their All states in H.R.E could choose their

own religion (either Lutheranism or own religion (either Lutheranism or Calvinism)Calvinism)

►Bishops who turned Lutheran had to Bishops who turned Lutheran had to leave their land to Catholic churchleave their land to Catholic church

►Furthered fragmentation of Furthered fragmentation of H.R.E./German StatesH.R.E./German States

CalvinismCalvinism

► Felt that life was chaotic Felt that life was chaotic = basis of many of = basis of many of Calvin's extreme ideasCalvin's extreme ideas

► PredestinationPredestination-People -People are already chosen for are already chosen for salvationsalvation

► Hard work was evidence Hard work was evidence of God’s chosen few = of God’s chosen few = Puritan work ethicPuritan work ethic

► Church is above the stateChurch is above the state► No bishops; church to be No bishops; church to be

governed by elected governed by elected bodiesbodies

CalvinismCalvinism► Creation of religiously Creation of religiously

governed communitiesgoverned communities► Not secularNot secular► Church regulated by bibleChurch regulated by bible► Calvin was strict about Calvin was strict about

being obedient to God, no being obedient to God, no frivolityfrivolity

► No transubstantiation or No transubstantiation or consubstantiation, God was consubstantiation, God was only only spirituallyspiritually present present during communionduring communion

► Geneva (“Protestant Geneva (“Protestant Rome”)Rome”)

Differences: OverviewDifferences: Overview

►Calvinism more strictly religious, very Calvinism more strictly religious, very harsh, dependent upon order (not as harsh, dependent upon order (not as much in Lutheranism)much in Lutheranism)

►Calvinism rejected Bishops in the clergyCalvinism rejected Bishops in the clergy►The foundation of Calvinism was The foundation of Calvinism was

predestinationpredestination unlike Lutheranism unlike Lutheranism►Opposite in terms of State controlling Opposite in terms of State controlling

church (Luther) or church controlling church (Luther) or church controlling state (Calvin)state (Calvin)

Martin Luther Vs John CalvinMartin Luther Vs John CalvinJohn Calvin

Martin Luther

• State control over church

• Kept Bishops

•Do not have to be perfect

•Did not want social revolution

•Justification by faith

•Bible only source of truth

•Reduction of sacraments

•Less clergy

•Church control over state

•No Bishops

•Predestination

•Strict and perfectionist

•Not secular

English ReformationEnglish Reformation

► Henry VIII was Henry VIII was originally dubbed originally dubbed “Defender of the Faith “Defender of the Faith by the pope in 1520 for by the pope in 1520 for hishis Defense of the Defense of the Seven Sacraments Seven Sacraments

► Wanted an annulment Wanted an annulment from Catherine of from Catherine of Aragon (Charles V’s Aragon (Charles V’s aunt) and pope would aunt) and pope would not grantnot grant

►1534 he passed Act of Supremacy in 1534 he passed Act of Supremacy in which he declared himself “Protector and which he declared himself “Protector and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England”Clergy of England”

►Thomas More(Utopia) refused to sign oath Thomas More(Utopia) refused to sign oath and was executedand was executed

►Henry then seized all church landsHenry then seized all church lands►Edward VI ruled after Henry, strengthened Edward VI ruled after Henry, strengthened

Protestantism; when he died, “Bloody Protestantism; when he died, “Bloody Mary” took overMary” took over

Catherine--Divorced

Anne--Beheaded

Jane--Died

Anne--Divorced

Catherine—Beheaded

Kathryn--Survived

Zwingli and the Swiss Zwingli and the Swiss ReformationReformation

► Promoted nationalism, opposed foreign Promoted nationalism, opposed foreign mercenary servicemercenary service

► Ended clerical celibacyEnded clerical celibacy► Very literal interpretation of the bibleVery literal interpretation of the bible► Differed from Lutheranism when it came to Differed from Lutheranism when it came to

the Eucharist (Zwingli believed Christ was the Eucharist (Zwingli believed Christ was only only spirituallyspiritually present) present)

► Tetrapolitan ConfessionTetrapolitan Confession► Series of civil wars broke out in SwitzerlandSeries of civil wars broke out in Switzerland

AnabaptistsAnabaptists

►1525-formed by dissatisfied followers of 1525-formed by dissatisfied followers of ZwingliZwingli

►Schleitheim ConfessionSchleitheim Confession--Rejected infant --Rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism, no baptism in favor of adult baptism, no war, no oaths, no participation in govt.war, no oaths, no participation in govt.

►Formed their own religious Formed their own religious communities--persecuted, tortured and communities--persecuted, tortured and executedexecuted

THE ENDTHE ENDand Quotesand Quotes

► ““If I am not allowed to laugh in heaven, I don't If I am not allowed to laugh in heaven, I don't want to go there.” –Martin Lutherwant to go there.” –Martin Luther

► ““Reason is a whore, the greatest enemy that Reason is a whore, the greatest enemy that faith has.” –Martin Lutherfaith has.” –Martin Luther

► ““A dog barks when his master is attacked. I A dog barks when his master is attacked. I would be a coward if I saw that God’s truth is would be a coward if I saw that God’s truth is attacked and yet would remain silent.” – John attacked and yet would remain silent.” – John CalvinCalvin

► ““. . . I consider looseness with words no less of . . . I consider looseness with words no less of a defect than looseness of the bowels.” – John a defect than looseness of the bowels.” – John CalvinCalvin

► ““We must remember that Satan has his We must remember that Satan has his miracles, too.” –John Calvinmiracles, too.” –John Calvin

Catholic Counter ReformationCatholic Counter Reformation

CouncilCouncil

ofof

TrentTrent

► Pope Paul III (1534-1563)Pope Paul III (1534-1563)► Climax of counter reformationClimax of counter reformation► 3 sessions btwn 1545-15633 sessions btwn 1545-1563► Focused on differences btwn C and Focused on differences btwn C and

PP► Rejected all compromise-- kept allRejected all compromise-- kept all

7 Sacraments and upheld 7 Sacraments and upheld transubstantiationtransubstantiation

OutcomesOutcomes

KeptKept► IndulgencesIndulgences► Absolute authority of Absolute authority of

the popethe pope► 7 Sacraments7 Sacraments► TransubstantiationTransubstantiation► Belief in purgatoryBelief in purgatory► PilgrimagesPilgrimages► Cult of saints and Cult of saints and

relicsrelics

ChangedChanged► Selling of indulgencesSelling of indulgences► Selection of bishops for Selection of bishops for

political reasonspolitical reasons► Large landholding of Large landholding of

churchchurch► InflexibilityInflexibility► Absentee clergyAbsentee clergy► Corrupt/worldly priestsCorrupt/worldly priests

No DoctrinalNo DoctrinalChange!! Change!!

Baroque ArtBaroque Art

►Associated with Counter ReformationAssociated with Counter Reformation►Looks stagedLooks staged►Lots of emotion/drama/intensityLots of emotion/drama/intensity►Ornate, lots of detailOrnate, lots of detail►Often promoted the glory of the Often promoted the glory of the

Catholic Church or showcased triumph Catholic Church or showcased triumph of churchof church

►Ex: Bernini, St. PetersEx: Bernini, St. Peters