The PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR … · 2011. 4. 12. · The Nahr El Bared...

The PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND FOR INCORPORATING ENVIRONMENTAL

STANDARDS IN THE REBUILDING OF NAHR EL BARED PALESTINIAN CAMP, LEBANON

BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT

Prepared by:

EARTH LINK AND ADVANCED RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT S.A.R.L.

(ELARD)

Submitted to:

UNITED NATION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Date of Submission:

June 16, 2008

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prepared by ELARD ii

ELARD LEBANON

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP-) Document Type:

Background Review Report

Contract Ref: LEB/RFP/05/08

Title No. of Pages: 39 The Provision and Development of Action Plan for Addressing Environmental Damage and for Incorporating Environmental Standards in the Rebuilding of Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp, Lebanon

Version 1

Approved by Ramez Kayal Project Director- Senior Water Resources Specialist June 16th, 2008

Reviewed by Ricardo Khoury Assistant Project Director June 16th, 2008

Prepared by Joanna Doummar Project Manager- Water Resources Specialist June 13th, 2006

Rabih Fayad Solid Waste Specialist June 12th, 2006 Amal Othmani Environmental Expert June 12th, 2006

DISCLAIMER

This EIA report has been prepared by ELARD , with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. The information contained in this report is, to the best of our knowledge, correct at the time of printing. The interpretations and recommendations are based on our experience, using reasonable professional skill and judgment, and based upon the information that was available to us. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility whatsoever to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk.

ELARD

Hojeily Center 6th Fl. Pere Yaoub Street Sin El Fil, 2708 5803 Tel: +961 (1) 512121/2 Fax: +961 1 512123


Prepared by ELARD iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ iii

List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. iv

List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................ v

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.1. General .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2. Objectives and structure of the Background Review report ......................................................... 1-1

2. General Description of the Camp ................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2. Building Infrastructure prior to conflict ................................................................................................ 2-1

2.3. Economic Activities Prior to conflict .................................................................................................... 2-2

2.4. Physical Description ............................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.4.1. Topography ........................................................................................................................................ 2-2

2.4.2. Meteorology ....................................................................................................................................... 2-3

2.4.3. Geology ............................................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.4.4. Hydrogeology ..................................................................................................................................... 2-6

2.4.5. Hydrology ............................................................................................................................................ 2-7

3. General description of the conflict ................................................................................................................ 3-1

4. Background Information Review .................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1. General .................................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2. Municipal Solid Waste ............................................................................................................................ 4-3

4.2.1. Pre conflict status ............................................................................................................................... 4-3

4.2.2. Future status ........................................................................................................................................ 4-5

4.3. Demolition waste .................................................................................................................................... 4-5

4.3.1. Damage Extent .................................................................................................................................. 4-6

4.3.2. Damage quantification and composition .................................................................................... 4-6

4.4. Water and Waste Water ....................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.4.1. Water Supply ....................................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.4.2. Water Quality ...................................................................................................................................... 4-8

4.4.3. Waste water ........................................................................................................................................ 4-9

4.4.4. Storm water ......................................................................................................................................... 4-9


Prepared by ELARD iv

4.4.5. Future Plans for the Water Wastewater Sectors ........................................................................... 4-9

4.5. Air Quality ............................................................................................................................................... 4-10

4.5.1. Overview of impacts ....................................................................................................................... 4-10

4.5.2. Pre-conflict Status ............................................................................................................................ 4-10

4.6. Marine Environment ............................................................................................................................. 4-11

4.7. Environmental Risks............................................................................................................................... 4-11

4.8. Master plan upon reconstruction ...................................................................................................... 4-15

4.8.1. General .............................................................................................................................................. 4-15

4.8.2. Restructuring: Increasing open and green spaces ................................................................... 4-15

5. Identification of Data Gaps ............................................................................................................................ 5-1

6. References.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1

Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................................ 6-2

Appendix A

LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Description of the Old Camp Prior to the Conflict (UNRWA) .................................................... 2-1

Table 2-2 List of wells used for water supply for the old camp (ICRC, 2008) ............................................ 2-6

Table 3-1 Timeline of the 2007 Nahr El Bared Conflict (MAG, 2008) .......................................................... 3-1

Table 4-1 References related to the Nahr El Bared rebuilding process .................................................... 4-1

Table 4-2 Average composition per weight (%) in Beirut (AUB, 1994) ...................................................... 4-4

Table 4-3 Estimation of the Daily water demand and Wastewater Discharges in the Old Camp (estimations based on population data provided by UNRWA, 2008) ........................................................... 4-10

Table 4-4 Required Supporting Activities for each Risk Category (MAG, 2008) ................................... 4-13

Table 5-1 Synthesis of the Background Review Report outlining the available data and the identified data gaps 5-1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 Location map of the Nahr El Bared Old Camp ........................................................................... 2-3

Figure 2-2 Average Max & Min Temperatures at Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07) ................ 2-4

Figure 2-3 Average Wind Rose diagram for Tripoli- Al Mina (Atlas Climatique du Liban, 1973) ............. 2-4

Figure 2-4 Maximum & Average Wind Speed Data from Tripoli Weather Station (2003) ........................ 2-5

Figure 2-5 Monthly Precipitation rates and total amount of rainy days recorded at Al-Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07) ......................................................................................................................................... 2-5


Prepared by ELARD v

Figure 2-6 Nahr El Bared monthly average discharge (m3/s) and average monthly volume (Mm3); (years 1952-1956; FAO; 1970) .................................................................................................................................. 2-7

Figure 4-1 Photographic Image of Destruction at the Nahr El Bared Camp ............................................ 4-6

Figure 4-2 Photograph showing the composition of Demolition Waste ..................................................... 4-7

Figure 4-3 Air Pollution Generated during the Nahr El Bared Conflict ...................................................... 4-11

Figure 4-4 General View of Significant Damage to Coastal Front of Nahr El Bared Camp ................. 4-11

Figure 4-5 EO Contaminated Zones (MAG, 2008) ........................................................................................ 4-12

Figure 4-6 Risk Assessment Map (Audi, 2008) ................................................................................................ 4-14

Figure 4-7 Master Plan for the Old Camp (UNRWA & NRC, 2008) ............................................................. 4-15

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ELARD Earth Link and Advanced Resources Development

LAF Lebanese Armed Forces

LMAC Lebanese Mine Action Center

MAG Mines Advisory Group

NBC Nahr El Bared Camp

PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNRWA United Nations Relief and Work Agency

WHO World Health Organization

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT Introduction

Prepared by ELARD 1-1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENERAL The Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp (NBC) in North Lebanon was severely damaged as a result of the military conflict that occurred in 2007. The conflict resulted in significant environmental impacts on the camp and its surrounding. These mainly include but are not limited to: 1) generation of significant amount of waste, particularly special wastes such as construction/demolition wastes, and scrap vehicle wastes; 2) pollution of water resources, including groundwater sources surface waster (Bared River), 3) marine and soil pollution, due to leakage; and 4) air pollution. Following the request of UNRWA, the UNDP has launched a tender document for the Development of an Action Plan for Addressing Environmental Damage and for Incorporating Environmental Standards in the Rebuilding of Nahr Bared following the 2007 conflict. Earth Link and Advanced Resources development (ELARD) was appointed by UNDP to conduct the rapid assessment of the environmental damages related to the conflict, as per the contract signed on May 16th, 2008. As portrayed in the inception report, o meet the objective stated above, and as suggested by the UNDP in the RFP, the study is being conducted in a five-phase approach, each comprising a series of tasks and activities. The output of the assessment will be presented in five reports outlining the work progress over a total period of 16 weeks. The project objectives were presented in the inception report submitted on June 2nd 2008.

1.2. OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT This report presents the results of the background review of the such as published and unpublished reports, studies, work plans, aerial photos, satellite imagery, journal reports, maps related to the Nahr El Bared old camp, and interviews with stakeholders. The review of background information entails the collection and review of data related to the sectors (solid waste, waste water management practices, water supply and quality, air quality and housing congestion degree, noise etc..) prior to the conflict. Data conveying the status of the main environmental issues were also assessed.

The purpose of this phase is to highlight the conditions prevailing before the crisis and collect all the information related to the camp during and after conflict, for a preliminary understanding of the issues of environmental concern within the camp, the quantification of the available data, and for identifying ultimately the data gaps to be collected during the field survey.

Section II presents a general description of the camp. Section III provides a summary of the main events of the conflict that occurred in 2007. Section IV presents the review of collected data segregated into major sectors of environmental concern, such as solid waste, demolition waste, water supply and waste water, air quality, marine ecosystem, the risk assessment issue, as well as the future master plan for the area. Section V provides a synopsis of the available data, and identified data gaps.

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT General Description of the Camp


2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMP

2.1. INTRODUCTION Named after the river running south of it, the Nahr El Bared Camp (NBC) was established in 1949 by the League of Red Cross Societies to accommodate Palestinian refugees suffering from the harsh winter conditions in the Beqa’a valley and the suburbs of Tripoli. The NBC lies 16 km to the north of the metropolitan city of Tripoli, and occupies a total surface area of about 20 km2. About 31,000 displaced Palestinians and their descendents live in and around the camp.

The NBC is divided into two units: the “old camp” and the “new camp”. The old camp, with a total area of 199,000 m2, falls under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Tripoli and is under UNRWA management and supervision. The adjacent area, more commonly referred to as the “new camp”, has no clear boundary. The “new camp” is under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Muhammara and is managed by the Lebanese Republic is not being tackled in this inception report.

The Nahr El Bared Palestinian Camp (NBC) in North Lebanon was severely damaged as a result of the military conflict that occurred in 2007. The conflict resulted in significant environmental impacts on the camp and its surrounding. These mainly include but are not limited to: 1) generation of significant amount of waste, particularly special wastes such as construction/demolition wastes, and scrap vehicle wastes; 2) pollution of water resources, including groundwater sources surface waster (Bared River), 3) marine and soil pollution, due to leakage; and 4) air pollution.

2.2. BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE PRIOR TO CONFLICT The old camp, inhabited solely by Palestinian families, witnesses one of the highest urban densities in the world with 1100 persons/10,000 m2. Having a total number of 3 800 housing units (UNRWA), the old camp provides shelter for about 22 000 inhabitants living in degraded conditions. Sub-standard housing norms are widespread among the old camp, where buildings are highly congested thus leaving minimal public spaces among them. Table 2-1 provides a description of the built-up area of the old camp prior to the conflict.

The loss of public building (community centers, mosques, etc.) represents the second largest loss after the housing sector.

Table 2-1 Description of the Old Camp Prior to the Conflict (UNRWA)

Built-up Structure Area Unit Percentage/Number

Total area of the official camp 195 000 m2

Estimated built-up area (footprint) 156 000 m2 80%

Estimated average number of storey 2

Number of households 3 800 Unit

Estimated average surface/household 70 m2

Total built-up surface for households 266 000 m2



Built-up Structure Area Unit Percentage/Number

Shops, workshops 26 600 m2

Community Facilities

Kindergartens, mosques, centers & associations, clinics, etc,

41 000 m2 19

Total built-up surface for work & common space 41000 m2

Total built-up surface in Old Camp 307 000 m2

2.3. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES PRIOR TO CONFLICT Nahr El Bared Camp has a dense trade and services activity and is a labor provider to the surrounding areas. Many of the businesses at NBC are oriented toward: (1) servicing the transport sector (reparation and maintenance), (2) servicing travelers and drivers (food and beverage), and (3) providing neighboring villages and Akkar with goods and services.

Most of the businesses in the old camp belong to the services sector (94 %) and, more specifically, the retail trade (79 %). In addition, a number of small enterprises–especially single family artisans and shop are prevailing in the old camp.

Many residents also rely on agricultural practices such as processing of vegetables for subsistence.

2.4. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

2.4.1. Topography Nahr El Bared old camp lies 16 km from the city of Tripoli, south to Al Abdeh Village on the coastal Lebanese trench. It mostly consists of a relatively plain area plunging towards the sea, where elevation ranges between sea level and 26 m above sea level. The highest elevation point (26 m asl) divides the camp into two northern and southern topographical zones. Nahr El Bared River lies to the south western side of the old camp (Figure 2-1).



Figure 2-1 Location map of the Nahr El Bared Old Camp

2.4.2. Meteorology Temperature and Precipitation data witnessed during the time span of the conflict will be presented herein. Wind data for the year 2004 will also be displayed, thus giving a notion of the maximum and average wind speeds, in addition to the wind direction in adjacent areas.

The meteorological data were collected from Al-Abdeh (34:31N, 36:00E, 40 m) and from Tripoli (34:27N, 35:28E, 5m) weather stations in North Lebanon.

2.4.2.1. Temperature The Study Area is affected by the Mediterranean climate, where temperature variation is typical. Average monthly temperatures recorded from November, 2006 till October, 2007 range between a low of 14.5 to a high of 24.9 ˚C, as shown in Figure 2-2 below.



0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Nov-06

Dec-06

Jan-07

Feb-07

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-07

Jun-07

Jul-07

Aug-07

Sep-07

Oct-07

Tem

pera

ture

oC

Avg min.Avg max.

Figure 2-2 Average Max & Min Temperatures at Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07)

2.4.2.2. Wind The maximum wind speed reported in Tripoli weather station (34:27N, 35:28E, 5 m) in the year 2003 ranged between 11m/sec in August and 20 m/sec during the months of October and March. Figure 2-4 illustrates the maximum and average monthly wind speed data collected from the Tripoli weather station.

The wind direction varies from southwest prevailing from March to August to southeast from September to February (Refer to Figure 2-3).

Figure 2-3 Average Wind Rose diagram for Tripoli- Al Mina (Atlas Climatique du Liban,

1973)



0

5

10

15

20

25

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

Marc

h Ap

rilMa

yJu

ne July

Augu

st

Septe

mber

Octobe

r

Nove

mbe

r

Dece

mber

max

win

d sp

eed

(m/s

ec)

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

aver

age

win

d sp

eed

(m/s

ec)

Max wind speedAvg wind speed

Figure 2-4 Maximum & Average Wind Speed Data from Tripoli Weather Station (2003)

2.4.2.3. Precipitation The average precipitation levels recorded at Al-Abdeh weather station during the period of November, 2006- October, 2007 does not exceed 824 mm (refer to Figure 2-5). The total amount of rainy days (> 0.3 mm) is about 7 to 12 days during high flow periods. The highest precipitation rate was recorded in March 2007 (over 2006-2007 hydrological year).

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Nove

mbe

r-06

Dece

mbe

r-06

Janu

ary-07

Febr

uary-0

7

March

-07

April-

07

May

-07

June

-07

July-

07

Augu

st-07

Septem

ber-0

7

Octobe

r-07

rain

y da

ys >

0.30

mm

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

prec

ipita

tion

(mm

)

rainy days >0.30mmprecipitation (mm)

Figure 2-5 Monthly Precipitation rates and total amount of rainy days recorded at Al-

Abdeh Weather Station (Nov, 06-Oct, 07)

2.4.3. Geology The area of Nahr El Bared constitutes the southern portion of a depression of structural origin situated between the Alaouite Massif in the North in Syria, and the Basaltic Plateau of Tell Kalakh in the east.



The geological formations exposed In the Nahr El Bared Old camps, are limited to the Quaternary deposits, consisting mainly of beach sands on the coast, and sandy clay and clay loam with pebbles covering the rest of the camp area. The Quaternary deposits are also formed in the subsurface by conglomerates, sandy limestone and sandstone.

Other formations ranging from Miocene (Tertiary) to Cenomanian (Cretaceous) are expected in the subsurface. Quaternary marine and continental deposits overlie Pliocene and Miocene units composed of limestone, marl, clay and gypsum. Senonian (Cretaceous) marly and marly limestone can be found below the Miocene strata. The latter is underlain by the limestone and marly limestone of Cenomanian-Turonian (cretaceous) age (FAO, 1970)

2.4.4. Hydrogeology

2.4.4.1. Hydrostratigraphic units There are three main aquifers existing in the study area presented below from younger to older:

• A shallow Pliocene-Quaternary Aquifer currently exploited in the study area is the quaternary aquifer of porous type. It has a total thickness of about 65 m, out of which only 10-15 meters constitute the water bearing strata in the west. Based on various pumping tests conducted on the quaternary aquifer in the area, transmissivities in this aquifer range between 10-3 to 10-1 m2/sec (FAO, 1970)

• An intermediate Miocene Aquifer composed of marl and marly limestone (found about 200 m to 250 m below surface)

• A deep Cenomanian-Turonian Aquifer composed of highly karstic limestone(the top aquifer is located about 450-500m below surface)

Currently no information is known about the two older aquifers in the study area, a further investigation/survey extending beyond the camp shall be undertaken for a better understanding of the other aquifer systems existing in the study area, mainly in terms of water quality especially that the NBC lies is a coastal area.

2.4.4.2. Wells About 9 wells were reported in the premises of the New Camp along the railroad. About 12 other private wells are also used on individual level mainly for domestic purposes. Table 2-2 presents the hydrogeological characteristics of the wells used in the study area, such as the discharge rates observed with the originally installed pumps and static hydraulic heads.

Table 2-2 List of wells used for water supply for the old camp (ICRC, 2008)

Well Location / supervision Q (m3/hour) Q (m3/day) Head

Well 1 Railroad/ UNRWA NR NR NR







Well Location / supervision Q (m3/hour) Q (m3/day) Head

Well 6 Railroad/ ICRC 60 1440 122

Well 10 Railroad/ ICRC 36 864 74

Gineen Well Gineen Station/ ICRC 36 864 74

Hameed Well Railroad/ ICRC 52.5 1252 110

Static water levels range between 8 to 20 m below sea level. All the wells penetrate the shallow aquifer of quaternary age. The discharge reached a maximum rate of 113.4 m3 per hour (based on a continuous pumping for 4.5 hours in well with a test pump for well 6 and 10 performed by ICRC; 2008) with a total drawdown of about 3.3 m. Recovery was achieved approximately less than 30 minutes after pump shutting off.

2.4.5. Hydrology Nahr El Bared consists of the only resource of surface water in the study area. It runs relatively sinuously south to the Old Nahr El Bared camp. Its outlet to the sea is located southwest to the NBC. It is characterized by an annual volume of about 48 Mm3 at average discharge rates varying between 2.2 m3 /s in March and 0.7 m3 /s in August (FAO, 1952-1956). The monthly average discharge and volume recorded at Nahr El Bared (1952-1956) are presented in Figure 2-6.

Figure 2-6 Nahr El Bared monthly average discharge (m3/s) and average monthly volume (Mm3); (years 1952-1956; FAO; 1970)

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT General description of the conflict


3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CONFLICT The conflict began on May 20th, 2007 when fierce clashes erupted between armed members of the radical group Fatah Al Islam and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) in Tripoli, North Lebanon. The conflict quickly spread to the nearby Palestinian refugee camp of Nahr El Bared causing severe consequences on the humanitarian, economical, and political levels. Fighting continued for about 3.5 months until early September 2007, when the LAF declared victory on September 7th, 2007.

ELARD is in the process of acquiring other relevant data on the conflict from concerned parties that can help delineate major events that could have resulted in an environmental impact, such as burning of infrastructure with diesel or fuel, explosions of fuel storage tanks or facilities containing hazardous materials, observed/ recorded leakages, etc…

A brief summary of the main events of the Nahr El Bared Conflict based on available data is described in Table 3-1 below.

Table 3-1 Timeline of the 2007 Nahr El Bared Conflict (MAG, 2008)

Date (2007) Main Events

May 20

Start of Fighting in Tripoli and Nahr Ell Bared

Start of fighting in Tripoli between militants from Fatah al-Islam and Lebanese Army

Militants attacked a Lebanese military post at the gate of the camp, slaughtering 27 soldiers during their sleep.

May 21-31

Nahr El Bared Under Siege

Battles continued at the outskirts of the refugee camp

Camp was totally surrounded by the Lebanese Army

Military aid shipments coming from the U.S included ammunition for automatic rifles and heavy weapons, spare parts for military helicopters and night vision equipment

June 1-2

First Lebanese Army Attack

Fighting continued in the southern and northern entrances of the camp

After 48 hours of fighting, the battle was over and the army was repelled

June 3-4

Ain al-Hilweh Violence

Fighting broke between Jund al-Sham militants and Lebanese army at a second Palestinian refugee camp in near the southern city of Sidon

June 9-12

Second Lebanese Army Attack

After the refusal of Islamists to surrender, the Lebanese Army attacked once again. The troops advanced 50 m stopping after taking heavy casualties due to booby-trapped buildings

On June 12, Lebanese Army took 2 key positions within the camp, one of them on




the coastal front of the camp

June 16-19

Third Lebanese Army Attack

On June 16, two (2) Lebanese Gazelle helicopters fired suspected militant positions inside the camp

On June 19, the army finally managed to take all of the main positions of the Islamists

June 21

Outer parts of the Camp Fall

On June 21, all the militants’ positions on the outlaying areas lf the camp have been taken or destroyed

The only position left were those in the center of the camp from which the militants pose no threat to the Lebanese Army

With this it was declared that the Lebanese military to destroy Fatah al-Islam was over, but heavy fighting still continued in the days ahead

June 24-25

Renewed Fighting in Tripoli and Nahr El Bared

On June 24, fighting erupted at an apartment building after a military raid on an Islamist militant cell

On June 25, forces of the mainstream Fatah organization, headed by Mahmoud Abbas, entered the camp to fight Islamic militants

On June 28, the military found and engaged a group of Fatah al-Islam militants in a cave in the mountains south of Tripoli

June 30

Jund al-Sham disbanded

On June 30, the Usbat Al-Ansar source said that 23 members of Jund al-Sham in Ain al-Hilweh camp on the outskirts of the port city of Sidon have joined up with Usbat at a meeting, while the rest had laid down their weapons

July 12-24 Fourth Lebanese Army Attack

On July 12, Lebanese Army launched a new attack towards the center of the camp where the last battle position of the Islamists were

On July 14, militants escalated the fighting by firing Katyusha rockets at towns surrounding the camp

On July 20, only 300 square yards had been left in the hands of the Islamists in the southern part of the camp. The army’s advance was slowed down until they were able to defuse of booby-traps left in the ruins of the camp

July 25-August 13

Fifth Lebanese Army Attack

Soldiers moved into the fighting area under cover from artillery fire, tank fire, and gunfire. Heavy shelling of insurgent positions was witnessed

On July 28, a tiny enclave in the already recaptured part of the camp was




captured and the militants inside were killed. Cannons and armored vehicles were driven into the camp to demolish fortified houses, bunkers, and tunnels

On August 2, Abu Hureira, the deputy commander of Fatah al-Islam was killed in Abou Samra during a shootout with Lebanese police when he tried to flee them whilst shooting at a checkpoint set up by the police

On August 8, it was reported that the advance of the Lebanese troops was troubled by the smell of rotting corpses of slain militants who were not buried even weeks after their deaths

August 17-23

Sixth Lebanese Army Attack

In the days leading up to the latest assault on the militants, Gazelle helicopters bombed the Islamists positions and bunkers

On August 17, the army advances continued

A truce was made on August 24 to allow the 63 family members, 25 women and 38 children of the Islamist fighters to leave the camp. This left a chance for a final assault in the militants by the army, and indicators were that only 70 militants were left in the camp, in reality almost 100 were still holed up

Air raids continued the next day

August 30-September 3

Final Lebanese Army Attack

Heavy fighting continued on August 30 after the evacuation of the civilians and almost a week of heavy bombing raids from attack helicopters

By this point, most of the subterranean shelters had been taken by the army but still the militants had their positions in bunkers and among the ruins of the camp

On September 1, the army managed to take the homes of Shaker al-Abssi and his deputy Abou Hureira who was killed during the fighting. However there was still no sign of Abssi himself

September 2

Militant Breakout and the Fall of the Camp

On September 2, militants attempted to escape from Nahr El Bared

The whole militant leadership was thought to have escaped. It was later confirmed that al-Abssi actually fled the camp a day before the breakout. His fate remains unknown

The army said 35 militants managed to break cordon and flee; but most of them were killed or captured in the coming days

The fighting lasted from dawn through early afternoon with troops engaging Fatah al-Islam fighters in buildings, fields and roads around the Nahr El-Bared camp. The camp finally fell by 11:00 a.m.

Sporadic fighting continued near the camp until September 7. Lebanon then declared victory

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT Background Information Review


4. BACKGROUND INFORMATION REVIEW

4.1. GENERAL This section presents the results of the review of background information divided by sectors of environmental interest, 1) Solid waste, 2) demolition waste 3) Water supply and Waste water, 4) Air quality, and 5) Marine ecosystem. The results of the review of all undertaken risk assessment studies is also presented hereafter, as well as the master plan for the future reconstruction of the camp.

In the reviewed documents, Nahr El Bared Camp (NBC) is divided into two units: the “old camp” and the “new camp”. The results of the desk review which follows will focus solely on the “old camp” area.

A number of reports and documents have been prepared by various authorities concerning the rebuilding of the Nahr El Bared Camp. Additionally, this report presents the results of various meetings (Refer to Inception Report, 06, 2008) held with concerned authorities/ individuals. A description of the available references provided to ELARD mainly by UNDP, that have been reviewed in the background review report is illustrated in Table 4-1 below.

Table 4-1 References related to the Nahr El Bared rebuilding process

Type Title Date Prepared by Objective/Purpose

Future

Master

Plan/Recon

struction

Preliminary Feasibility Study

on possible Reconstruction

Scenario

2007

UNRWA & Nahr El Bared

Reconstruction

Commission-for Civil

Action and Studies

(NRC)

It provides general design

principles, logic, and planning

frameworks.

Risk

Assessments

Risk Assessment Survey

Report 2008 Philippe Audi Office

Mapping of stable and

unstable buildings, and

assessing the presence of

asbestos in construction or any

other hazardous material

(mercury, etc.)

Water

Supply

Technical Audit Report for

the “Rehabilitation of Water

Supply System in Nahr El

Bared Camp”

2004 ELARD

It studies the implementation

(design and execution) of the

water supply system to

evaluate them based on

specific criteria, with focus on

the technical aspect of the

project, and the quality control

of the achieved works.




Water

Supply

Nahr El Bared Camp Water

Network

2007-

2008

International Committee

of the Red Cross (ICRC)

in coordination with

UNRWA

It provides the basic structure

of the future water network of

Nahr El Bared, implementing

high standard material quality

in order to build a durable and

upgradeable infrastructure.

Future

Master

Plan/Recon

struction/

Demolition

waste

Nahr El Bared Crisis Appeal

Post Conflict Relief,

Recovery, and

Reconstruction

2007 UNDP

It provides background on the

NBC, the government strategy

towards Palestinian refugees in

Lebanon, current humanitarian

needs and the preliminary

estimate of the cost of the

recovery and reconstruction

effort

Future

Master

Plan/Recon

struction/

Demolition

waste

Nahr El Bared and

Surroundings Reconstruction

and Recovery Program

Technical Note

2007 World Bank

It presents the early findings of

the rapid assessment of

damages and needs resulting

from the conflict that struck

NBC. The TN also identifies the

needs for reconstruction and

recovery and outlines a

strategy for implementing a

recovery program.

Future

Master

Plan/Recon

struction

Preliminary Master plan &

Guidelines for the

Reconstruction of (old) Nahr

El Bared Refugee Camp

2008

UNRWA & NRC (Nahr El

Bared Reconstruction

Commission-for Civil

Action and Studies)

It provides design principles

and basic concepts, gives a

more accurate costing for the

reconstruction of the Nahr El

Bared Camp, and outlines

planning principles that are

binding throughout the

planning and reconstruction

process.




Risk

Assessment

Risk Assessment and Survey

of Nahr El Bared Camp 2008 MAG

The aim of the risk assessment

was to identify the risk

management measures

required for the survey and to

conduct a desktop survey of

expected density of explosive

ordnance (EO).

The aim of the survey was to

assess the density level of EO

throughout the camp and

provide recommendations on

the methods of clearance and

associated risks.

Risk

Assessment

Security Survey-Nahr El Bared

Old Camp, North Lebanon 2008 UN security officers

The survey is focused on the

general security risks that

involved personnel might

become exposed to during the

rubble removal process. The

purpose of the survey is to

recommend SOP (Standard

Operating Procedures) and

guidelines for the rubble

removal process with the aim

of ensuring staff safety and

security.

4.2. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal Solid Wastes generation prior and post conflict in the Nahr El Bared Old camp are covered in this section. Demolition wastes shall be covered in other sections. This section provides guidance to decision-makers on the best alternatives for waste disposal upon future camp operation.

4.2.1. Pre conflict status

4.2.1.1. Composition

The composition of the municipal solid waste varies according to socio-economic and seasonal changes.

Table 4-2 below presents the average composition of raw solid waste (% by weight) in Beirut city. The solid waste of Nahr El Bared is expected to witness a higher proportion of organic waste (up to 80 %) with respect to other waste categories. The high organic waste content is reflective of the agricultural activities such as processing of vegetables practiced by the Palestinian families.



Table 4-2 Average composition per weight (%) in Beirut (AUB, 1994)

Components Average Composition % by Weight

Summer Winter Annual (%)

Organic material 62.4 61.0 61.7

Paper & cardboard 11.3 16.1 13.7

Plastics 11.4 10.9 11.1

Metals 2.9 2.6 2.7

Textiles 4.2 2.4 3.3

Glass 5.6 4.8 5.2

Others1 2.6 2.0 2.3

1 Others include bulky items, electronics, light bulbs, batteries, packages, etc.

4.2.1.2. Quantities With a total population of 22 000 inhabitants, according to the UNRWA, the quantities of solid waste evacuated daily from the old camp amount to 70 m3. Assuming that the density of municipal waste (containing about 85 % organic matters) is about 300 kg/m3 (METAP, 2000), the total daily quantity of generated solid waste is about 21 tons. However, because the “new camp” lacks an appropriate solid waste management facility, dumping practice of the waste was in the vicinity of the “old camp” and in the Bared River. As such, the estimated 70 m3/day might account also for part of the solid waste generated from the “new camp”.

Assuming an average daily generation of solid waste of 0.64 kg/ capita (Tripoli; AUB, 1994), the total rate of solid waste generation per day will be on average about 14 tons, which falls within the same range estimate reported by UNRWA.

4.2.1.3. Solid waste disposal Nahr El Bared “old camp” is under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Tripoli, while managed and supervised by UNRWA. The collection and disposal of municipal solid waste is managed by UNRWA. Collection of MSW was carried out by special trucks which convey the waste from the “old camp” to the Tripoli Landfill. The Tripoli Landfill is operated by a private company, BATCO, charging the Tripoli municipality and UNRWA a 20 USD fee for every ton of solid waste treated and disposed at the Landfill.

The Tripoli landfill serves the municipality of Tripoli and Beddaoui. The landfill is operated by a private company- BATCO- which takes charge of waste covering, dumping, and treating the gases. Transportation of solid waste is done by another private company, contracted by the municipality of Tripoli.

The following actions are carried out at the landfill:

• Treatment of the generated leachate,



• Groundwater monitoring enabled through monitoring wells located around the landfill,

• Collection and flaring of gases,

• Waste treatment and coverage with soil,

• Unofficial sorting of the generated waste (rubber, wheels, batteries, etc) by local inhabitants. Separation and collection is performed at the landfill, A sorting plant is planned for 2008,

• Hazardous wastes are incinerated in special facilities.

The capacity of the landfill is about 300 tons per day. The landfill has already reached saturation at its current altitude of 23 meters above sea level. Current construction activities executed by the CDR, intend to increase the capacity of the landfill by building walls of 10 m height. The latter is expected to increase the lifespan of the landfill of about 4 years. The total waste generated from Nahr El Bared consists of about 7% of the total generated waste processed daily at the Tripoli landfill.

4.2.2. Future status The future quantities of solid waste that might be generated during operation of the camp (up to August 2011) were estimated based on average daily estimates of solid waste generation in Lebanon (0.64 kg/ capita; AUB, 1994) and on population estimate provided by UNRWA.

In December 2011, the total numbers of families in the old camp is expected to reach 4,000 (August 2010), which is equivalent to about 20,000 inhabitants assuming 5 members per family. Therefore the expected quantities of generated solid waste in the old camp will be about 13 tons. Upon future expansion, additional constructions and development of new economic activities, the old camp will be able to host only a maximum demographic capacity of 32,000 capita. At this stage, the maximum quantities of generated waste in the old camp are anticipated to reach an average of about 20 tons. Higher rates of generations might be expected, depending upon the type of economical activities, and living standards existing in the camp in the future.

4.3. DEMOLITION WASTE One of the major impacts of the Nahr El Bared Conflict (2007) was the generation of large quantities of solid wastes. Two waste streams are of particular importance: Demolition waste (DW) and household Solid Waste (MSW). These waste streams are noteworthy due to their large produced quantities and to their quality, thus requiring special means and equipment for their treatment and/or disposal.

The three (3) months conflict incurred on Nahr El Bared Palestinian camp in May, 2007 resulted in significant destruction of the camp’s infrastructure. The collective damages incurred consist of the destruction of 43 km of roads network, 6 km of sewerage network, hospitals, clinics, electricity infrastructure, Deir Ammar power plant etc. The major impact was the destruction or damage of an estimated total of 6 000 residential and commercial units (UNDP). The need for direct intervention to find a sustainable solution for demolition waste end-use was raised by all the related stakeholders, and concerned authorities.



4.3.1. Damage Extent As previously stated in section 2.2, the old camp has an area of 195 000 square meters (Figure 4-1). The total built-up area (footprint) in the old camp is 156 000 square meters (80% of the total). In the old NBC, most of the buildings in the affected area were of residential nature, comprised of an estimated average of two (2) stories. It was estimated that about 6 000 residential and commercial units (in both old and new camp) were damaged or destroyed (UNDP).

Figure 4-1 Photographic Image of Destruction at the Nahr El Bared Camp

4.3.2. Damage quantification and composition According to a report by UNDP (2008), the total quantity of demolition waste was estimated at about 500,000 to 600,000 m3.

According to UNDP, the observed demolition waste constituents generated after the 2007 conflict in Nahr El Bared consisted of mainly of:

• Rubble: masonry, concrete, wood and metal, estimated at 90 % of the total demolition waste 450,000 to 540,000 m3)

• Demolition debris: furniture, clothes, household appliances, and white goods (Figure 4-2). It was estimated that the quantity of generated solid domestic waste (composed mainly of used demolished furniture, clothes, and household material) found within the rubble is about 10% of the total demolition waste, i.e., a total volume of 50 000 to 60 000 m3.

However, all the numbers are to be verified at later stages in terms of density and mass per house unit of expected household and debris material in the old NBC.



Figure 4-2 Photograph showing the composition of Demolition Waste

It is worth also noting that The 5,449 displaced families have also generated significant quantities of mixed solid waste, hence exerting pressure on the municipal waste service provider in hosting areas, (especially that most of the displaced Palestinian families have found refuge in the neighboring villages of Beddawi, Mhammara, etc. which lack a solid waste infrastructure.)

Domestic municipal waste composition were mostly affected by increase of incoming food aid, temporary change in social behavior and early recovery and rehabilitation works (such as disposal of rotten food, shattered window glass, damaged bulky items, damaged furniture, etc.). Information pertaining to the waste composition during the conflict is lacking.

4.4. WATER AND WASTE WATER

4.4.1. Water Supply Assuming a total population of 22,000 inhabitants prior to the conflict, the daily water demand was estimated at 90 liters per capita (ELARD, 2004), and 130 liters per capita to account for water losses from pumping through reservoirs, through the supply network (ICRC, 2008). On this basis, the daily water demand was estimated at about 1980 m3 to 2860 m3 prior to the conflict in the Nahr El Bared old camp.

According to the ICRC (2008), the peaks of water demand are mainly from 6 to 10 AM in the morning, and 5 and 8 PM in the afternoon. The camp relies on about 8 wells (2004), and 9 wells (ICRC, 2008), with the additional well drilled in 2004-2005 (Section 2.4.4).

After pumping from the existing wells with installed submersible17 to 28 KW power pumps, water is treated at the source by direct chlorination using calcium hypochlorite. After treatment, water is pumped into six existing water concrete towers at high pressure of capacities ranging between 40 m3 to 55 m3. The water is relayed in the primary network, then secondary ramified lines, covering most of the old camp. The water supply network was installed beneath the sewage pipelines, which are implemented at shallow depths (not exceeding 10 to 30 cm Below Ground). Unit head loss in the transmission pipes was relatively high, as well as the maximum head loss per kilometer. The network is connected to individual households by private hose pipes made of black PVC. Water is pumped by private boosting



pumps to storage roof tanks. In the households, Tap water is retrieved through local hose pipes from roof tanks.

Major rehabilitation activities of the network were performed in 2004 by CESVI (Italian NGO) in the purpose of improving the water supply network conditions, as follows:

• Control measures for the protection of well pumps against excess pressure during pump shutdown have been carried out by inserting a non return valve in water wells head.

• Removal of existing pumps and riser pipes

• Extraction of deposited material by digging in depth to reach the blue clay (i.e. natural soil)

• Air lift injection Development

• Cleaning by over pumping

• Installation of new pumps (pumps of wells 5 and 8 were rehabilitated)

• Installation of new risers pipes

• Installation of a 4 m casing and injection of concrete grout between the casing and the soil

• Execution of a water well head (2 m x 1.20 m )

• Installation of hydraulic accessories.

4.4.2. Water Quality Available water quality data include:

• Bacteriological water analysis performed on wells and tap water after chlorination by UNICEF in 2008- 2007

• Physico-chemical water analysis performed on wells by ICRC in 2007

• Physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis undertaken by CESVI in 2004

In some areas, the water turbidity levels are relatively high, reaching 11 NTU, considered above permissible limits for drinking water standards (5 NTU, WHO). Results from bacteriological analysis (2004) reveal the presence of fecal coliforms in well 7 and relatively high ammonia concentrations in well 3. All the wells presented TDS, chlorides and total hardness levels above the permissible limits.

The results of the physico-chemical performed by (ICRC, 2008) revealed concentrations of nitrite (NO2-) and ammonium (NH4+) close or exceeding admissible values in all the analyzed wells. Other physic-chemical parameters are in range with admissible values (local and international standards; WHO). Bacteriological analysis performed in 2007 and 2008 reveal the presence of fecal coliforms (Pathogen indicator, Escherichia coli; ranging between 16 and 131 CFU/100 ml). After chlorination, the Escherichia coli are reduced to 0 CFU/100 ml in most of the wells as well as in main distribution pipe. Results of the Bacteriological and physic chemical analysis performed in 2007-2008 after the conflict are provided in Appendix A.



4.4.3. Waste water Having about 22,000 inhabitants, assuming a rate of waste water generation of about 90-100 L/ capita per day, the total waste water generated in the old camp prior to the conflict reached about 1980 to 2200 m3 per day.

Prior to 1990, percolation pits installed underneath household units constituted the main methods of wastewater collection for most residents of the old camp. In 1990 a wastewater network was installed, and later restored and renovated in 2002. The percolation pits were not cancelled upon implementation of the new wastewater network.

The wastewater network consists of 300 mm secondary pipelines connecting the household units to a 600 mm primary pipeline. Form the primary pipeline, the sewage was diverted to filtrate into a septic tank located in the old camp onshore on the coast. The septic tank provides primary treatment which insures removing sand and grease from the sewage prior to discharge into the sea. De-sludging, which involves removing the sediments by draining and cleaning a tank, was performed every 3-4 years by a private company.

A new septic tank was constructed on the southwestern seashore, in 2002. As the latter operating on an intricate mechanical system, was built below sea level, it was non-operational due to technical problems. As such, the sewage conveyed through the network was discharged directly into the sea without any preliminary treatment. Households originally not connected to the wastewater network still relied on percolation pits as the main discharge method.

4.4.4. Storm water The storm water of the old camp is discharged into the Bared River and the Mediterranean Sea through 30-40 cm channels. The current status of the channels is unknown and needs to be further verified upon field surveying.

4.4.5. Future Plans for the Water Wastewater Sectors Population estimates is a major factor that shall be accounted for when planning water and wastewater management alternatives. Maximum population number, demand and discharge quantities are the limiting factors that shall be considered.

The camp is currently inhabited, after rubble removal is completed, inhabitants are expected to return to the old camp. Consequently, the total population is expected to increase in the old camp to reach about 20,000 inhabitants in 2010, and to a maximum capacity of 32 000 inhabitants (UNRWA, 2008).

Based on the assumption of water demand of 130 liters per capita per day, the total water demand will range between 2600 to a maximum demand of 4160 m3 per day.

As shown in Table 4-3, the estimated daily wastewater quantities are anticipated to reach a maximum ranging between 2,880 to 3,200 m3, assuming a total of 90 to 100 liters of daily waste water discharge per capita.



Table 4-3 Estimation of the Daily water demand and Wastewater Discharges in the Old Camp (estimations based on population data provided by UNRWA, 2008)

Date May 2008 August 2010 Maximum capacity

Projected Number of family 0 4000 6400

Total inhabitants (capita) 0 20,000 32, 000

Water demand (m3/day)1 0 2600 4160

Generated wastewater (m3/day)2 0 1,800-2,000 2,880-3,200

1 based on an assumption of 130 liters per capita per day

2 based on an assumption of 90-100 liters per capita per day

The conflict highlighted the need for compulsory management of the wastewater generated in the old camp area. The main objective is to provide a temporary solution for wastewater discharge in the old camp until a permanent solution is implemented.

Several restoration and reconstruction works are anticipated in the near future (3-10 years). These encompass the following:

• Reconstruction of a new water supply network,

• Rehabilitation of the water towers and storage tanks, and well heads,

• Investigate the possibility of drilling deep wells, as part of a regional Water Supply Master Plan

• Reconstruction of a new network in the old camp

• Connection of the old camp to the Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Tripoli as part of the KFW project (expected to be completed within 2-3 years) (UNRWA & NRC, 2007).

4.5. AIR QUALITY

4.5.1. Overview of impacts The air medium is usually severely affected during periods of war. Dust emissions from collapsed buildings, pollutants generated from fires and explosive materials can deteriorate the air quality of the impacted area. These direct impacts are usually temporary and reversible in nature.

Indirect impacts such as in the case of dust generated from reconstruction sites, increased pollutant emissions from industries related to the construction sector, transportation of demolition waste, etc. can have a more pronounced impact on air quality in the old camp area and its surrounding.

4.5.2. Pre-conflict Status The camp witnesses a very chaotic construction scheme, whereby buildings are over-crowded leaving minimal shared public spaces. Accordingly, proper ventilation and sunlight exposure was not available for all household units incurring a highly deteriorated indoor air quality.



Figure 4-3 Air Pollution Generated during the Nahr El Bared Conflict

4.6. MARINE ENVIRONMENT The coastal front of Nahr El Bared remains the major sink of anthropogenic pollution. Whether it is solid waste, wastewater, or particulate deposition, these waste streams pose a high risk of contamination to the marine ecosystem and water quality.

The discharge of sewage in the sea and the dumping of solid waste at the coastal front will have a direct effect on the marine environment including seawater quality, sediments, and biodiversity.

As Lebanon has ratified the Barcelona convention (1976) and abides by national legislations related to marine pollution, it is primordial to ensure the protection of the coastal area ecosystem as well as the sea water quality.

Figure 4-4 General View of Significant Damage to Coastal Front of Nahr El Bared Camp

4.7. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS The site clearance and reconstruction of Nahr El Bared requires an assessment of the risks associated with the presence of hazardous material and unstable concrete structures. The



review of this section mainly helps identify zones that are considered of high risks with respect to soil and groundwater contamination and later for the environmental impact assessment.

MAG, a humanitarian organization specialized in clearing the remnants of conflict, was contracted by UNDP under LMAC authority to undertake a risk assessment and survey of the camp. MAG conducted a risk assessment/ survey of the camp to identify risk management measures required and to evaluate the density level of exploded ordnances (EO). Recommendations were provided on the methods of EO clearance and associated risks.

MAG identified areas of highest and lowest EO contamination. The impacted site was divided into three (3) risk categories and color coded Red, Amber, and Green (Refer to Figure 4-5). Red areas are 70 to 100% contaminated; Amber 30 to 70% (mostly 50%); and Green are 0 to 30%.

Figure 4-5 EO Contaminated Zones (MAG, 2008)

The map shows that the majority of the site is Amber, with Sector A classified as Red and the UNRWA and compound and prime areas classified as Green. It is important to note that Green does not preclude the presence of EO, only that their density is lower.



Table 4-4 Required Supporting Activities for each Risk Category (MAG, 2008)

Color Code Requirements

RED

Direct EOD Support

Use of mechanical assets to standards1

All personnel on-site to have received UXO awareness brief

Minimum safety distance between working teams 100m2

AMBER On site EOD support 1 to 3 minutes response

All personnel on-site to have received UXO awareness brief

GREEN On call EOD support 20 minutes response

All personnel on-site to have received UXO awareness brief 1: Refer International Mine Action Standards 09.50 and CWA 15044:2004

2: Refer SOP safety distance once item identified

Another risk assessment study was conducted by Philippe Audi Offices, a local engineering office, to identify the security risks from unstable structures/buildings and evaluate the presence of hazardous material among the demolition debris and generated rubble.

The risk assessment identified the areas of highest and lowest risk in relation to structural stability. According to the findings of the field survey, the old camp was divided into three (3) zones depending on the extent of risk (Refer to Figure 4-6). The high risk areas exist on the camp perimeter and in prime areas (A’, B’, and E’) and are dominated by the presence of unstable concrete masses. Medium risk areas contain both stable and unstable buildings, but with a majority of stable structures. The low risk areas encompass buildings that have been completely destroyed and thus do not represent a risk from an engineering point of view.



Figure 4-6 Risk Assessment Map (Audi, 2008)

No evidence of the use of asbestos was found among preliminary site assessment (Audi, 2007). Hazardous waste can be expected among the debris due to the presence of UXO’s, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) electric transformers, diesel generators, and fuel storage tanks in underground storage areas.

Medical waste and X-ray machinery from damaged clinics and hospitals are among the waste streams requiring special handling and disposal strategies due to potential environmental impacts.



4.8. MASTER PLAN UPON RECONSTRUCTION

4.8.1. General Nahr El Bared Camp suffered from serious urban problems related to its built environment. This was mainly due to the lack of open space between and inside buildings creating a variety of social, health, accessibility, and unacceptable light/ventilation conditions in the camp.

The high urban density witnessed in the old camp (one of the highest in the world with 1100 person per hectare) augmented with the haphazard urban layout, called for the rebuilding of the old camp in an environmentally sound manner while accounting for social justice.

4.8.2. Restructuring: Increasing open and green spaces In order to improve camp accessibility, the open space ratio was increased from 16% to 38% (Refer to Figure 4-7). This would allow for the creation of necessary public spaces, the widening of pedestrian arteries (2-3m) and the creation of emergency access and service areas (3-6m). It is important to note that car access should be restricted to emergency times only –controlled by (ambulance, fire trucks, security) and daily traffic to be prevented from entering the old camp.

The camp also suffers from poor ventilation and lighting in the public spaces and inside of the homes. Previous building conditions allowed only limited lighting from the front of the house, while internal rooms received no natural day light. The newly designed house typology consisted of having 10% shared private open space between adjacent buildings which allows light and ventilation to all internal rooms.

It is also necessary to de-densify the old camp through the relocation of a percentage of the old camp residents to adjacent empty lands having a total area of 455 767 sq. m. A de-densification factor of 21% will allow for the necessary upgrading of the old camp to the minimal acceptable standards.

Before After

Figure 4-7 Master Plan for the Old Camp (UNRWA & NRC, 2008)

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT Identification of Data Gaps


5. IDENTIFICATION OF DATA GAPS Based on the collected available information, data gaps to be collected in phase III, during the field survey and the consultation with local people, were identified as shown in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1 Synthesis of the Background Review Report outlining the available data and the identified data gaps

Type Identified Data Gaps Available Data

1) Solid Waste Management

• Number, capacity, and location of waste storage containers, collection trucks, volume or weight of daily waste collected

• Location of uncontrolled and scattered disposal site within and around the camp

• Barriers and challenges that faced the service provider (financial, capacity, accessibility due to narrow building alley, lack of equipment, etc)

• Inventory of damaged vehicles, household white goods, machinery, hazardous and special waste

• Stresses on waste service provider in displaced refugees housing area

• Composition of the municipal solid waste prior to the conflict

• Quantities of solid waste prior to conflict,

• Population estimates prior and after the conflict

• Disposal practices of solid waste prior to conflict

• Estimation of future generation quantities of municipal solid waste

2) Demolition Waste Management

• Quality of the demolition waste

• Construction practices in the area (quantities of metal, concrete aggregate, asbestos content, etc)

• Estimation of expected quantities and sources of materials needed for reconstruction

• Local market prices for recycled demolition waste, and for the purchase and installation of green building conservation measures

• Records of current complaints by camp residents on the demolition waste (mobility, dust, etc)

• Quantity of generated rubble

• Quantity of generated demolition debris

• Composition of the demolition waste

• Total damaged infrastructure in the old camp




3) Wastewater Management

• Wastewater generators, type, and characteristics of different wastewater streams generated from the camp (domestic, commercial, and industrial wastewater streams)

• Coordinates of discharge outlet location

• Coordinates of the septic tank

• Quantities of wastewater generated prior to the conflict and future generation estimates

• Future plans for the wastewater sector

4) Surface and Ground Water Resources

Water Supply

• Validation of the geological settings of the area (Field survey)

• Surface water discharge practices

• Coordinates and location of the available wells

• Well survey beyond the study area

• Conditions of the wells after the conflict

• Survey of pollutant sources for contamination (septic tanks, effluent into the river, petrol station and underground storage tanks)

• Detailed risk sensitive areas (for soil, and groundwater sampling), such as storage tanks, PCb’s transformers etc…)

• Hydrological Information on Nahr El Bared

• Hydrogeological characteristics of the various aquifers and groundwater quality

• Water supply scheme

• General risk assessment of sensitive areas (highly contaminated areas)

5) Air Quality

• Source of air quality problems prior to the conflict,

• Records and sources of significant fire outbreaks during the conflict,

• Location, number, and type of damaged industries, petrol station, storage warehouses, and fuel tanks within the camp,

• Type and quantity of material burned during the conflict,

• Number of buildings to be demolished,

• Fate of demolition waste, and reconstruction plans

• Pre-conflict status ,

• Meteorological conditions (wind data),

• Number of buildings demolished,

• Volume of demolition waste generated




6) Marine Environment

• Location and sources of land based pollution (wastewater discharge outlet, coastal dumpsites, etc),

• Data on the quality of water and the marine environment (seawater, sediments, biodiversity, etc)

• Dumping of sewage in the sea,

• Dumping of solid waste at the coastal front

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT References


6. REFERENCES 1) American University of Beirut (AUB), 1994. Fundamental Aspects of Municipal Refuse

Generated in Beirut and Tripoli- Phase I. Funded by the Lebanese National Panel, Urban Management Program.

2) Atlas Climatique Du Liban, 1973. Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transports- Service Météorologique.

3) Liban, Etude des eaux Souterraines, 1970. FAO, United Nations, New York, 159-173 pp.

4) Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP), 2000. Municipal Waste Management Strategy for METAP Mashreq and Maghreb countries.

ENVIRONMENTAL RAPID ASSESSMENT UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) BACKGROUND REVIEW REPORT APPENDICES


APPENDIX A Physico-Chemical Analysis, Tripoli Laboratory, (ICRC, December 2008)

Wells-Nahr El Bared (5-11/12/2007)-

SAMPLE LOCATION

PARAMETERS L.D.D (OF THE METHOD)

N.L C.M.A A / NEB B / NEB C / NEB D / NEB

Turbidity (NTU) - 10 1.57 0.45 9.53 0.64

pH - 6.5-8.5 7.38 7.35 7.39 7.43

Color (CTU) - 20 9 5 92 5

Conductivity

(μS / cm) - 1500 759 709 778 732

TDS (mg/l) - 500 379 354 388 366

NH4+ (mg/l) 0.025-3.21 0 0.04 0.01 0.4 0.04

CHLOHYDR

(mg/l) - 200 35 30 30 30

Cu (mg/l) 0.04-5 1 0.16 0.22 0.26 0.2

CaCO32- (mg/l) - 200 272 264 300 264

Mg2+ (mg/l) - 50 148 126 110 126

Total Hardness

(mg/l) - 250 420 390 410 390

Fe (dissolved) 0.02-3 0.3



Wells-Nahr El Bared (15/10/2007)

SAMPLE LOCATION

BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LIMITS

W 2-ANBC W 3-ANBC

Escherichia Coli 0 / 250 ml 93 0

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml 113 > 80

Free Residual Chlorine 0.3 mg/l - -

Kham Wells-Nahr El Bared (26/11/2007) & (28/11/2007)

SAMPLE LOCATION



W 1-ANBC W 3-ANBC

Escherichia Coli 0 / 250 ml > 80 2

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml >> 80 18

Free Residual Chlorine 0.3 mg/l - -

Wells (After Disinfection with Chlorine)-Nahr El Bared (7/01/2008) & (14/01/2008)

SAMPLE LOCATION



IR STATION JENINT NBC

Escherichia Coli 0 /100 ml 0 32

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml 0 > 80

Free Residual Chlorine 0.3 mg/l 0.2 -



Wells-Nahr El Bared (24/01/2008)

SAMPLE LOCATION



JENINT NBC

W 10 A NBC W 1 A NBC W 6 A NBC

Escherichia Coli 0 /100 ml 16 > 80 > 80 0

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml > 80 > 80 > 80 23

Free Residual Chlorine

0.3 mg/l 0 0 0 0

Disinfected Wells-Nahr El Bared (27/03/2008)

SAMPLE LOCATION



JENINT NBC

W 10 A NBC W 1 A NBC W 6 A NBC

Escherichia Coli 0 /100 ml 16 > 80 > 80 0

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml > 80 > 80 > 80 23


0.3 mg/l 0 0 0 0

Kham Wells-Nahr El Bared (Well 1)

SAMPLE W1



8/04/2008 10/04/2008 11/04/2008 14/04/2008

Escherichia Coli 0 /100 ml 25 0 1 2

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml 55 9 6 19


0.3 mg/l - - - -



Kham Wells-Nahr El Bared (Well 3)

SAMPLE W3



8/04/2008 9/04/2008 10/04/2008 11/04/2008


Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml > 80 4 2 7


0.3 mg/l - - - -

Wells-Nahr El Bared (Well 10)

SAMPLE W10



8/04/2008 14/04/2008 15/04/2008 16/04/2008


Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml > 80 6 7 21


0.3 mg/l - - - -

Nahr El Bared Camp-(19/05/2008)

SAMPLE LOCATION



MAIN PIPE IN SECTOR 3



Escherichia Coli 0 /100 ml 0 0 0

Total Coliform 0 / 100 ml 0 0 0


0.3 mg/l 0.3 0.3 0.2

Date post:	25-Jan-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

The PROVISION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLAN FOR … · 2011. 4. 12. · The Nahr El Bared...

Documents