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The Pulmonary The Pulmonary System System Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Part I: Functional Part I: Functional Anatomy Anatomy
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The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
Chapter 4Chapter 4Part I: Functional AnatomyPart I: Functional Anatomy
ObjectivesObjectives Discuss the basic pulmonary structures Discuss the basic pulmonary structures
and their functionsand their functions Discuss the processes of ventilation Discuss the processes of ventilation
and respirationand respiration Discuss the regulation of breathing and Discuss the regulation of breathing and
implications for injury or illnessimplications for injury or illness
Anatomical StructuresAnatomical Structures Nasal passageNasal passage Oral cavityOral cavity PharynxPharynx LarynxLarynx TracheaTrachea BronchiBronchi BronchiolesBronchioles AlveoliAlveoli CapillariesCapillaries
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions VentilationVentilation
Mechanics of moving air in and out of Mechanics of moving air in and out of the lungsthe lungs
RespirationRespiration Exchanges OExchanges O22 and CO and CO22
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions VentilationVentilation
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
Requires active Requires active muscle contractionmuscle contraction
Occurs passivelyOccurs passively
FunctionsFunctions VentilationVentilation
Inhalation or InspirationInhalation or Inspiration Requires Requires
active muscle active muscle contractioncontraction
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
•DiaphragmDiaphragm•External intercostalsExternal intercostals•Accessory musclesAccessory muscles
•AbdominalsAbdominals•SternocleidomastoidsSternocleidomastoids•ScalenesScalenes•TrapeziusTrapezius
FunctionsFunctions VentilationVentilation
Exhalation or ExpirationExhalation or Expiration Occurs Occurs
passivelypassively
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions
Air enters through Air enters through nasal passagenasal passageWarmed Warmed FilteredFiltered
• Mucus Mucus • CiliaCilia
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
Ventilation Ventilation (Inspiration)(Inspiration)
FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation
(Inspiration)(Inspiration)
Air passes through Air passes through pharynx pharynx
larynx larynx
tracheatrachea
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation
(Inspiration)(Inspiration)
Trachea Trachea branches to branches to form R and Lform R and Lbronchibronchi
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation
(Inspiration)(Inspiration)
Bronchi Bronchi branch intobranch intobronchiolesbronchioles
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation
(Inspiration)(Inspiration)
Bronchioles Bronchioles terminate terminate into alveoliinto alveoli
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions RespirationRespiration
Alveoli Alveoli surrounded surrounded by network by network of thin of thin walled capillarieswalled capillaries
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions RespirationRespiration
Gas exchange Gas exchange occurs across occurs across the thin walls the thin walls of capillaries of capillaries and alveoliand alveoli
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions RespirationRespiration
Gas Gas exchangeexchangeOO22
COCO22
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation
(Expiration)(Expiration)
Air moves Air moves back thru back thru pulmonarypulmonarysystem to be system to be exhaledexhaled
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
FunctionsFunctions Ventilation Ventilation
(Expiration)(Expiration)
Air moves Air moves back through back through pulmonarypulmonarysystem to be system to be exhaledexhaled
The Pulmonary SystemThe Pulmonary System
Regulation of BreathingRegulation of Breathing Central nervous systemCentral nervous system
Brain Brain Medulla is sensitive to COMedulla is sensitive to CO22 levels in the levels in the
bloodblood Inspiratory muscles controlled by phrenic nerve Inspiratory muscles controlled by phrenic nerve
(C3-C5 nerve roots) and cranial nerve XI (C3-C5 nerve roots) and cranial nerve XI (sternocleidomastoid)(sternocleidomastoid)
Implications?Implications?
Questions?Questions?
