The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

+ VLBA + VLA + MERLIN + ARCHIVES

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

+ VLBA + VLA + MERLIN + ARCHIVES

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

+ VLBA + VLA + MERLIN + ARCHIVES

ultra-fast

The quasar PKS 1510-089: Direct evidence for a changing

orientation of the central engine.

John Wardle (Brandeis), Dan Homan (NRAO),

C. C. Cheung & Dave Roberts (Brandeis)

+ VLBA + VLA + MERLIN + ARCHIVES

ultra-fast

Properties• Gamma-ray blazar (EGRET)

• X-ray variable (RXTE, Marscher)

m opt > 5.4 m (Harvard plates, Liller)

• Redshift = 0.360; 1 mas = 5.0 pc (h=0.7)

These are characteristics of highly relativistic jets that make a small angle to the line of sight. They should also exhibit superluminal motion.

Jan-Dec 1996, 15 GHz

= 1.0 mas/yr

1510-089 at 22, 15 and 5 GHz

Properties• Gamma-ray blazar (EGRET)

• X-ray variable (RXTE, Marscher)

• m opt > 5.4 m (Harvard plates, Liller)

• Redshift = 0.360; 1 mas = 5.0 pc (h=0.7)

app = 20

pattern > 20

line of sight ~ 1/20 rad ~ 3o

The alignment of small and large scale structure

P.A. of parsec scale jet = -28o

5 GHzVLA image

The misalignment of small and large scale srtructure

P.A. of parsec scale jet = -28o

• P.A. of kiloparsec scale jet = 155o

• The pc and kpc jets differ in direction on the sky by 177o. This is the most extreme misalignment known.

Questions

Is the parsec scale jet a new jet? Or, do the pc and kpc jets join up? If so, how and where?

• Does the change in jet direction represent a deflection or fluid instability in the jet itself, on parsec or sub-parsec scales, or has the axis of the central engine changed?

We need low resolution VLBA observations

1510-089 at 1.4 GHz, smoothed

Feature at 300 mas is not a hotspot at the end of a new jet.

• If the highly polarized edge is a shock (terminal hotspot), then the total intensity should peak there too.

• The jet makes an angle ~ 3o to the line of sight, so the “hot spot” is viewed almost face-on (since vhotspot < vjet). So if the hotspot were a Laing sheet perpendicular to the jet, it could not exhibit ~70% polarization.

1510-089 on three scales

explanation

Where is the

counter-lobe?

In projection, on the same side of the core as the VLA jet, and opposite the VLBA jet

Behind the jet?

Here it is

core

vla jet

New interpretation

New interpretation

New interpretation

New interpretation

New interpretation

New interpretation

Inferred timescale

The rate at which the axis turns, , can be inferred from the turning point in the jet at 300 mas (1500 pc), and the observed superluminal motion.

If the fluid motion is ballistic at = 20, then 1/ ~ 104 years.

If, more realistically, the fluid pushes the jet outwards at an effective speed c, then 1/ ~ 4 x 106 years.

Realignment timescale• If a rotating black hole and its accretion disk are

misaligned (galaxy merger?), they realign via Lense-Thirring drag (Bardeen & Petterson, 1975).

• The time scale for this is relatively fast (Natarajan & Pringle, 1998, Dennett- Thorpe et al 2002)

talign(yr) = 3.6 x 104 a11/16 (/0.01)13/8

x (LE/L)7/8 M8 –1/16

1.4 – 5 GHzspectral index

map:the VLA jet is still populated

by recently accelerated electrons

Conclusions• PKS 1510-089 is an extreme blazar in all

wavebands. (app = 20 and los~3o)

• On parsec scales, the jet points to the north-west

• The jet turns back across the line of sight at 300 mas, and feeds the south-eastern kpc jet.

• A counter-lobe has been found north-west of the core.

• The data suggest that the axis of the central engine has changed by ~20o relatively recently, perhaps due to a black hole merger.