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O H O AR D 1980
N CH R O N O L O G I N
I F TH C NTU R Y R .C.
D - B I U C CH I
D I E S
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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A
C r e a
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o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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NT NTS
13
edH oards41
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o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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NSGraduateSeminarin1981.I amgreatlyindebtedtotheSociety
M.W aggonerforgenerouslyallowingmetoworkonthe materialand
tance.I wouldalsoliketoe pressmygratitudetoall thedealers
oardnevercouldhavebeenreconstituted: J . A ie llo H . B erk H . A .
. StraussandH. V ogtlia tMMA G S. HurterandL . Mildenbergof
ier. My thanksfordiscussionandadv icetoD . B erend C . B oehringer M.
. A . C a h n E . E . C la i n- S te f an e ll i G . K . J e n ki n s B . E . L e v y A . M or e tt i
stermark . M. J . P ricehasmostk indlypermittedmetowork onthe
eB ritishMuseum.Theresearchabroadwasmadepossiblebya grant
dof theA mericanP hilosophica lSociety .
duledtobethe visitingscholaratthe1982 ANSseminar.H is
anythoroughdiscussionofthehoardwithhim tomydeepestregret.
H oard1980confirmsmanyofhis viewsandifitrevises someothers particu-
early Syracusandecadrachm itstillis atributetohis scholarly
ulatingmindopenedanewapproachtoaddressingtheproblemsof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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N
980 ahoardofsilverco insw asfoundinSicily1andimmediately
helargestnumbercametothe U nitedStates 479coinsinseverallots
by adealerinF ebruary1981forstudyandthe preparationofa
oupno doubtrepresentedthebulkofthehoard butdidnotinclude
ablespecimens mainly f romKataneandNa os someofwhichw ere
hoardwaspickedoverat leasttwicebeforebeingbroughtto New
thehoard coinsbutac uirednone.3Atleast131 ofthetetradrachms
toE uropeandweresentforcleaningto theB ritishMuseumwhere
.Theyare nowmostlikelyinE uropeancollections.Theremainderof
edwiththe helpofcolleagues collectorsanddealers.
ecircumstancesofdiscoverynor aboutthee actlocationofthe
arR anda z o innortheasternSicilyatthefooto fMountEtna( see
mntsrepresented particularlyK atane supportthehearsay .
lconditionsthatfoster illegale cavationshavebeencommented
eplorablethatthe historicalrecordsooftenmustbe reconstructedaway
e t to thedetrimentofscho larship. C o inhoardsarenoe ception on
iertotak eoutof thecountryoforiginthanlargerob ects. I tshouldbe
stpreservedco insarevery rare ly foundone cavationsites rather
nds.Y etitremainsa primeresponsibilityofthenumismatistto
ght.
t th e " R a n da z o H o a r d 1 98 0 a s i t is c a ta l og u ed h e re i s c om p le t e. I t
asonabletoassumethatthe539 tetradrachmsdescribedformthelargest
sameperiod w iththee ceptionof theGelahoard( I GC H 20 6 ) and
C H 2085 areusua lly smallerinsi e . Moreoverselectionsordiv isionsof
nafterdiscovery.The" best piecescanbetakenoutfirst forspecial
mprobablethat forinstance allofthelatest specimensinthehoard
sortedoutcompletelybythefirst finders.Thereforetheconclusions
impairedby doubtsaboutwhethertherecordis complete.
idwithabsolutecertaintyto comefromthehoardaredescribed
additionsandsupplementsasnecessary.
5 , n o . 17 .
uddyGalleries I nc. MasterpiecesofA ncientC o inage( L osA ngeles n. d. . A brochure
ms.
osendonated34tetradrachmsandR ussellT renho lme7( seecata logue A NS e R osen
M. Waggoner A rcha icSilverC o inage: TheA syutHoard( L ondon 1975 , p. 9( hereaf ter
A s yu t .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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tradrachms 5allfromSicilian mints asR hegionhistoricallyand
redsuch:
0
7 )
7-90
1 -2 2 )
1
-539
edrumorsthatthehoardalsoi ncludeddecadrachms.ThepresenceofD emareteiais
ngethechronologicalconclusionsreachedhere.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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B A C G R O U N D
oard ca.510to450 B .C. 6 sawtheriseof westerntyrannies 7their
ath.F romtheendofthe si thcenturytothe beginningofthefifth
s t ha t i nt e re s t us R h e g i on A k ra g as G e la K a t an e L e o nt i no i M e ss a na
losttheirautonomyandfe llunderthedominationof threema orfamilies:
tra its theEmmenidsatA kragas theDeinomenidsatGelaandSy ra-
ambitionsof thestrongestamongthesetyrantsdeterminedthe
duringwhichSicilyroseto theacmeofits powerandprosperity.
orthis periodareH erodotos book7.153- 7 D iodoros chiefly
ughhisO destotheglory oftheSiciliantyrants.Thesewritersvary in
nessandfromthemaloneit isalmostimpossibletoobtaina clearpicture
hofD iodorosorP indarmaysometimesbeasdistortedas ourown
ar stime morethanfourcenturieslaterthantheearly ty rants the
totheSy racusancourttosingHieron se plo its.
establishmentof tyrannybegan. 8I n505B . C . K leandros sonof that
stinctionofbeing thefirstSicilianto gainachariotvictoryat O lympia
erodotoste llsusthatatKleandros sdeath thesovere igntypassedto
9w hoproceededtoe pandhisinf luenceoverotherSiciliancit ies a
sterntyrannies.H econ ueredtheChalcidiancitiesofE uboiaand
Z ank leandL eontino i establishingsubordinatety rantsinthe lasttwo
mos . H ippokratesa lso foughttheSy racusans w hilehedidnotsucceedin
receivedK amarinaaspartofthepeace settlement.
c i e nt S i ci l y ( r e v . ed . T o t o wa N . . 1 9 79 , p p . 4 5 - 4 E . A . F r e em an T h e H i s to r y of S i ci l y
v o l. 2 ( O x f o rd 1 8 91 , p p . 10 1 -5 0 1 2 - 38 8 A . H o l m G e sc h ic h te S i ci l ie n s im A l te r th u m
87 0 , p p. 1 44 - 0 a nd 1 92 -2 3 ( h er ea ft er H o l m ; E . W i l l L e M on de G re c et I ' O r i en t v ol . 1
pp. 219-59( hereaf terWill . F orfurtherbibliographyseeF . Sartori " Storiade llaSicil iaGreca "
- 7 7 p p . 33 1 -4 9 .
Gr e ek T yr a nt s ( L o n do n 1 9 5 ) , p p . 12 8 -3 , 1 5 4. H . B e r ve D i e T y r an n is b e i de n G ri e -
nc h 1 9 7 , p p . 12 8 -5 8 ( h e r e af t er B e r v e . C . Mo s se L a T y ra n ni e d an s l a Gr e ce A n ti u e
p p . 79 - 87 . O n t h e t yr a nn y i n ge n er a l se e K . H . K i n l e d . D i e a lt e re T y ra n ni s b is z u d e n
gez urgriechischenTy rannis ( D armstadt 1979 ; onGelonseeA . v . Stauf fenberg Trina-
os s gr i ec h en l an d ( M u ni c h/ V i e n na 1 9 3 , p p . 20 0 ff s e e al s o K . H . W a t e rs " H e r o d ot u s on
H istoria E in elschriften15( 1971 , pp.38-41.
s thato fPana it iosinL eontino iintheseventhcenturyB . C . andthatofP ha laris
centuryseemtohavebeenprecariousandshort-l ived. H dt. 7. 154 T . J . D unbabin
x ford 1948 , pp.337-78( hereafterD unbabin ; H olm 1 p.197 B erve p.137 G.K .
e of G e la A M uG S 2 ( B e r li n 1 9 70 , p . 4 ( h e r e af t er J e n ki n s G e la .
u n b a bi n p . 3 7 - 4 09 J e n ki n s G e la p . 6 ; B e r v e p . 1 37 - 40 . F o r t h e ch r on o lo g ys e e Ta b le 1
w hichgivesthetradit iona ldatesbasedonThucydides acceptedbyDunbabinandR . van
dechrono logieetd historiographiesicil io tes( B russels/ R ome 1959 , p. 351. F orthecontro-
andtheproposedrevisionsseeDunbabin pp. 432-34. G. V a lle t R hegionetZ ancle
o le s f ra n ch i se s d A t he n es e t d e R o m e n o .1 8 9 ( P a r is 1 9 58 p p . 34 - 5 4 ( h e r ea f te r V a l l et .
n s G e la p . 7 W i l l p . 2 27 a n d th e f in a l re s ol u ti o n E . G a bb a a nd G . V a l l e t L a S i ci l ia a n ti c a
p p . 6 0 1 - 2 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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ard
atesin491B . C . hismostcapablegenera l commanderof thecavalry
omenes sethimselfupasty rantthusavertingthethreatofaciv ilw ar. H is
ofprosperityand peaceforSicilyingeneral andhistoryrecordshim
ntdespot popularamonghispeople . I n485B . C . Gelonsucceededinw hat
ted thecon uesto fSyracuse thew ealthyand thanksto itsharbor
yonthewesterncoast.The Gamoroi orlandownersofSyracuse
K asmenaiby thedemosandthe loca lserf s( theK il ly rio i ask edGelon
nedthe Gamoroitothecity heinstalledhimselfastyrant.11
ee ploitnodoubtwasthe defeatoftheCarthaginiansatthebattle of
12w iththehelpofhisfather-in- law Theron ty rantofA k ragas. The inter-
however hasbeenrathertendentious ashistorianshavefollowed
llynationalisticversion.13D iodorospresentedthewarbetweenSicilyand
w arbetw eentworaces theGreek sandtheB arbarians andinsodo ing
sianwarsinGreece.14I nfacttheCarthaginianattackonSicily was
tagonismthanbye ternalimperialism.Terillos tyrantofH imera
a ilasofR hegion try ingtoremainindependentf romGelonandTheron
orhelp.Afterthebattle Gelonshowedhimselfmagnanimoustoward
ingtheirlivesanddemandingonlywarindemnities.I tison thisoccasion
maretewasgivenonehundredgoldtalentsin gratitude.We shalldiscuss
478/ 7B . C . hisbrotherHieronsucceededhimatSyracuseandinturnwas
thirdbrotherP o ly a los.15A partfromhisnava le peditiontohe lp
scans andthev ictory thatensuedin474B . C . 1 H ieronconcentratedon
icilianempire.O utofadesire towinthehonorsof a" herosktistes
dalsoperhapstosecurehimselfa retreatincaseof troubleinSyracuse
47 / 5B . C . 17H emovedtheC halcidianinhabitantsofNa osand
andrefoundedKatanew ithP e loponnesiansandSyracusans. UnderH ie-
camean intellectualcenterwherenotonlyP indar butalsoAischylos
y lidesso ournedandpraisedthetyrants.
7/ B .C.precipitatedthefallofall Siciliantyrannies.Akragaswas
ongandstablere ignofTheron w hodiedin473/ 2B . C . hissonThrasy -
. Se linusandHimeraw erea lso f reeandP o ly a losdiedatGelaprobably
h. Thesecit iesquick ly j o inedthe irlandandseaforcesto liberateSyracuse
astofthe D einomenids.19
til lsurv ived. A na ilassucceededinprov idingbothR hegionandZ an-
ernmentf rom494B . C . w henheinsta lledhimselfatR hegion and
e pelledtheSamiansf romZ ank le untilh isdeathin47 B . C . 20D espitehis
2 -1 1 D u n b a bi n p p . 41 1 -3 4 B e r v e p p . 14 0 -4 7 J e n ki n s G e la p p . 7- 9 W i l l p p . 23 0 -3 7 .
20 5 -1 0 D u n b a bi n p p . 41 8 -3 2 B e r v e p p . 14 4 -4 ; W i l l p p . 23 3 -3 7 .
themostdeta ileddescriptionof thebattle .
synchronismbetweenHimeraandSalamisorThermopy laiseeP . Gauthier" L e
ne " R E A 6 8 ( 1 9 6 ) , p p. 5 -3 2 W i l l p . 23 0 n . 1.
p . 21 2 -4 8 B e r v e p p . 14 7 -5 2 J e n ki n s G e la p p . 9- 1 1 W i l l p p . 24 1 -4 5 .
a f terthatv ictory perhapsmore importantthanHimera thatP indarstartedce lebra-
nomenidsinthef irstP y thianode.
ptionofMt. Etna seeThuc. 3. 11 . 2.
b 1 3 15 b D i o d . 1 1. 8 H o l m v o l. 1 p p . 24 9 -5 4 B e r v e p p . 15 2 -5 4 .
p . 19 9 -2 0 0 V a l le t R h e g i on p p . 33 5 -5 5 B e r v e p p . 15 5 -5 8 D u n b a bi n p p . 38 7 -9 8 a nd 4 2 4-
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einomenidsforpowerandmaintainhisindependence thevictoryof
A na ilastorecogni eSy racuse ssupremacy . Mik y thossucceededhim
w h en A n a i l as s s o ns w e re o l d en o ug h t o re i gn . I n 4 1 B . C . t he y we r e e p e ll e d
21
os
arsfollowingtheendofthe Siciliantyrannies.AlthoughD iodoros
edinpeaceunderdemocraticrule 22mostofthecities musthavebeen
evera lo f themw ererestored suchasNa os K amarina K atane lands
dbycla imsf rom amongothers e pe lledsettlersreturnedhomeand
ervedthetyrants.H owever themostseriousthreatto theGreek
rswastheriseof theSikelpowerunderD ouketios.23Thishelleni ed
sin theliteratureforthefirst timeattherestorationofK atane.24We
MenainonandP alike whichbecamehiscapital.25F ollowingthe
D ouk etiostriedtoe tendhispow ertothew estandattackedastrong-
Motyon.E ventuallytheSyracusansdefeatedhimatNomaiin
imtoCorinth. 2 I n44 B . C . Douk etiosreturnedtoSicily foundedKale
dhimselfasleaderof theSik e ls. B utby thedeathofD ouk etiosin440
hadmasteredtherebellion.28
hedat atimewhenit hadbeenabolishedinmainlandGreece.I t
ofaP isistratosoraKypse los bynotnecessarilybe ingamovementof
archs:Gelontookpowerat Syracusewiththesupportofthe Gamoroi
h andaristocraticfamily.Mostimportant theSiciliantyrants
toamilitarypowerable toresistforeigninvaderssuchas theCarthagi-
s whereastheirGreekcounterpartsusuallycommandedlimitedpolitical
ethicalcondemnationthat fo llow ingA ristotle 29oneisinclinedto
heearlytyrannyin Sicilybroughtprosperity economicdevelopment
ontotheGreekcolonies.Thetyrants canalsotakecreditfor fully
w hichinthatperiodattainedanartist icperfection e ceptiona levenfor
ehoard weremintedinthishistorical conte t.P ossibly theuphea-
vo lt—perhapshisdefeatatNomaiin451B . C . —preventedtheow nerof the
hisburiedtreasure.
p . 2 57 - 1 D . A d a m es t ea n u " L ' e l le n i z a i o ne d e ll a S ic i li a e d il m o me n to d i D u c e i o "
p p. 1 7 -9 8 F . P . R i z o L a r ep ub bl ic a di S ir ac us a ne t mo me nt o di D u c e i o ( P a le rm o 1 97 0 ;
. .
b .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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N TH E M N TS
sfromR hegioninthehoard belongingtotwodifferentperiods.
fferentpairsof dies.Theirtypesarethe sameasthoseofMessanaof
1to173 : ontheobverseamulecartdrivenbyaseatedmalechario teer
runningtoright.The mulecartisone ofthefewGreekcointypes
yhistoricalevent. Aristotlee pla insthatA na ilasofR hegionintro -
dafterwinningthemule cartraceatO lympia celebratedhisvictory
etationofthe reverseprobablyreflectsalegendcreateda posteriorito
kelythe harereferstotherural godP anwithwhomitappearson
ribedTAN.31The obverse however isanoriginalandpersonalvaria-
q uadrigaintroducedfirstatSyracusetocelebratethe Sicilianvicto-
mesandadoptedbymanyotherGreekcitiesof Sicilyduringthefifth
s w ithhisnew co intypes therebypresentedhimselfasthepeerifnotthe
fGelaandSyracuse.
7-10 allfromthesamepair ofdies presentdifferenttypes:alion s
se andonthereverseabeardedmanseated ho ldingastaf f hislegs
e lionisthesacredanimalo fA pollo thegodof theco loni ation w ho
theChalcidiancoloniessuchasR hegion.32Manyinterpretationshave
tedmanon thereverse33butSi ' shypothesis—thathe mustrepresent
stos sonofAioloswhosekingdomtheancientmythographsplacein the
h coastofSicily— hasprevailedandisnowgenerallyaccepted.34
onI ssues
prehensivecorpusoftheearlyseriesof R hegion.35E .S.G.R obin-
e ontheSamiansatZ ankle establishedthegeneralchronological
fR hegionandMessanatotheendof thef if thcenturyB . C . andhis
A sw asnotedabove A na ilastook pow eratR hegionin494/ 3B . C
lingtheSamiansf romZ ank le in489/ 8B . C thusbecomingmastero f the
ns ontheChalcidianstandardwithalion sheadonthe obverseanda
s e a p ud P o l lu V 7 5 . O n t h es e t yp e s se e E . S . G . R o b i ns o n " R h e g i on Z a n k l e- M es s an a
H S 6 6 ( 1 94 ) , p . 1 7 ( h e re af te r R o bi ns on ; V a ll et R h i gi on p p. 3 6 - 7 L . L a c r oi , M o n-
s I ' O c c i d en l g re c ( B r u s s el s 1 9 5 , p p . 24 - 25 ( h e re a ft e r L a c r oi ) .
M on et e Gr ec ne d el ta S ic il ia ( R o m e 1 94 ) , p i. 2 , 1 1- 12 ( h er ea ft er R i z o M GS ; K r a ay
F orotherinterpretations how ever seeE. C iaceri C ult ieMitine llaStoriade ll A ntica
, p p . 98 - 10 2 L . B o d s o n " L i e vr e s et m u le s a u ro ya u me d u D e t r oi t " E t C la s s 4 ( 1 9 78 ,
D i e L o we n d es A p ol l on " M u s H e l v 7 ( 1 9 5 0 , p . 1 9 2 H . H e r f e ld e r L e s M on n ai e s en a r ge n t
1 9 5 7 , p p . 17 - 19 ( h e re a ft e r H e r f e ld e r ; L a c ro i , p p . 14 - 4 8.
9 .
h e gi um - o c a st os " N C 18 98 p p. 2 81 -8 5 H e r f el de r p p. 1 9- 21 L a cr oi , p p. 4 4- 4 .
anoinMessinaispreparingac orpusofthecoinageofMessanaand oftheparallel
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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ard
rse . 38A fterw inningthemulecartraceatO lympia he introducedthenew
e.The dateofhisvictoryprovidesthe terminuspostq uemforthe
. Wek now f romDiodorosthatA na ilasdiedin47 B . C . a f ter18yearsof
dsfa llw ithinthoseyears. Thef irsttw o in492B . C . and488B . C . are
wouldleave almostnotimeatall forthefirstlion/calfcoins.38The
istoo lateforitw ouldpresupposethatA na ilas ssuccessorsandnotthe
dthiscoinageafterhisdeath.There remainthoseof484and480 B .C.
alierdateonthebasiso f thePassodiP ia z ahoard39w hichconta inedone
typeofR hegionandwhichhethoughthadbeen buriedbefore
ow asomew hatlaterdate 480/ 78B . C . isgenera llyaccepted. Thehoard
msofthe beginningofGroupI V ofAkragas.AsW estermarkhas
40theyarecontemporarywiththedidrachmsof H imeraofAkragantine
ybetw een483and472B . C . NoreasoncompelsustodateA na ilas s
ndinfact480B . C . thedatesuggestedbyE. S. G. R obinson ispreferable
ehistoricalconte t. Withthenew types A na ilasa lsochangedthe
he E uboic-ChalcidiantotheE uboic-Attic( fourdrachmstothe
reetothestater bothofabout17g . Thisisthestandardusedin
ngofits coinageinthesi thcenturyB .C.andafterthebattleof
w hichestablishedthecity ssupremacyandtheD einomenid shegemony
itw asadoptedbya lltheothercit iesstrik ingcoins. I tw asa lsoafterthe
a ilashadtorenouncehisriva lryw ithGelonandsubmittothe
ordertosavehis dominionovertheStraits.
mule cartissuesatR hegionortheterminuspostfor theintroduc-
os. 7-10 isgenera lly thoughttobethefa llo f theA na iladesin4 1B . C .
rtsthisdate.At thatpointR hegionandMessanaeachresumedtheir
withdifferenttypes.41ThecoinageofR hegion fromtherestorationof
C . tothemiddleof thefourthcenturyB . C . hasbeenstudiedinacorpusby
owerlim itforhisf irstgroup tow hichthetetradrachms nos. 7-10belong is
oard.42A.E vansintheinitial publicationofthehoardsuggesteda
. C . 43acceptedbyHer fe lder. O nthebasiso f theco insofGelarepre-
J enk insshow edthataslightly lowerdate ispreferable . 44C. M. K raay
containedonetetradrachmfromMessanawiththefour-barsigma
nlaterdateca.440B .C.45Sincesomeinterruptioninthecoinage
gimesislike ly thetetradrachms nos. 7-10 w ereprobablyminted
withtheethnicreadingfromleft torightis e tremelyrare.Theonly
f romthesamepairo fdies isintheco llectionofK ingGustavV I in
18 - 19 p i . 5 2 - 3 C . A rn o ld - B i u cc h i " A p pu n ti s u ll a z e c c a d i Me s sa n a da l 4 80 a l 4 50 B . C . "
, p p . 49 - 4 .
erthisC ha lcidianseriesbeganf irstatR hegionsoonaf terA na ilas saccessionto
orinbothcitiesatthesametimein489/ 8B . C . a f terMessanaasw ellfellunderthe
P . B a r ro n T h e S il v er C o in s o f Sa m os ( L o n do n 1 9 6 ) , p . 4 2 b u t s e e J e n k in s G e l a p p . 2 1-
O verstrik esofTarasonDidrachmsofA cragas " E ssaysThompson( 1979 , pp. 287-93.
4 - 4 7.
f el de r p p. 4 - 47 J e nk in s G el a p p. 6 6 - 7 a nd 1 0 .
clianNumismatics " NC 1894 pp. 201-1 .
p . 6 6 .
ee k C oi n s an d H i s t or y ( L o n do n 1 9 9 , p p . 3 5- 3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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gue . Thesamereversedie isa lsocombinedwithadif ferentobverse. 4 A ll
mulecart/hareseriesatR hegionbeararetrogradelegend.The" abnor-
1probablybe longstothebeginningof theseries closeto480B . C . I t is
ssanadoese actlytheopposite—the retrogradeethnicisrare and
htnormal. Thetetradrachms nos. 3- havewiderf lansw hichindicate
ea llf romthesamepairo fdies H er fe lder1( D l/ R l . Theobversehas
everse diebreakshavedevelopedonthewreathandon thefootand
astos. I notherw ordsthediesarew ornbuttheco insneednothave
.C.
romAkragasin thehoard nos.11-18 from7obversediesand8
es— eagleandcrab— arethesameasthoseof theearlierdidrachms
ughoutthecoinageof thecity includingthebron es. Only tow ardthe
.C.doesahorseq uadrigaappearontheobverse.Theeagleon the
eak andthick legfeathers isaseaeagle . 48I t isthesacredanimalo fZ eus
n Akragas.49We knowthatTheronerectedacolossaltempleto Z eus
ertheCarthaginiansatH imerain480B .C.50Thereversebearsthe
presentationofthe crabtowhichsometimessymbolsareadded
8 . Severa linterpretations moreorlessfanciful havebeenadvancedforthistype. 51
tit isafreshwatercrab ofthespeciestelphusafluviatilisMandgenerally
therivergodAkragasafterwhomthe citywasnamed.TheGreek
hesametimebeapunonthenameof thecity.
sI ssues
pletingacorpusonthemintofA k ragasandthese uenceof theco ins
ent.53Thecitystarteditsc oinageca.510B .C.withanimportantissue
vidence thesenodoubtprecededthetetradrachmsanddo notoverlap
of thedidrachmsgivesustheterminuspost q uemforthetetra-
hismonographonGela establishedapreliminaryarrangementofthe
datedbetween510and480B .C.54U .W estermarkhasnowconfirmed
talsorevisedthe absolutedates.55SheprovedthatGroup3must end
roup4mustbe contemporarywiththeH imeradidrachmsminted
minance482-472B .C.5 Theyear472B .C.markstheendofthe long
over Akragas.H issonsucceededhimonly verybriefly.The
dw iththety ranny . I t isprobablyatthist imethataninterruptioninthe
92 9 ( V o ge l , 1 15 .
2 4- 2 5 an d 7 2- 7 3 p i . 1 a nd p i . 20 l c l b l .
s e e U . W e s t er m ar k " T h e F i f th C e nt u ry B r o n e C oi n ag e o f Ak r ag a s " A I N 2 5
. 7- 8 .
A c ra g as G r ae c a ( s G r av e nh a ge 1 9 71 , p p . 18 5 -8 8 .
mpelderGriechen 3rded. ( Munich 1980 , pp. 297-99.
z aniga " U n ipotesisulsignif icatodeH' emblemadelgranchione llamoneta ionedi
mA ntC las1( 1972 , pp. 27-31.
b ov e n . 4 8 , p p . 8- 9 .
toherfor readingandrevisingmyoriginalseminarpaperand discussingmany
p p. 1 2 - 4 .
ve n . 4 0 p p . 28 7 -9 3 .
s ar e G el a M o nt e B u b b on i a a n d Ca s ul l a I G CH 2 0 6 , 2 0 71 a n d 20 7 5 ( s e e b el o w
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ard
othesissupportedbythehoardevidence.TheMonteB ubboniaand
riedperhapsca.470B .C. containedonlydidrachmsofAkragasandno
eriodbetween4 4or4 1and450B . C . w herethedatedissuesofother
ohoardbelong seemsverysuitable forthetetradrachmsofA k ragasas
drachmshasarathersmall andtriangularbody( no.11 ; symbols
didrachms.58A lldiesrepresentedintheR anda z ohoardarew ell
nse ceptforthepa iro fdiesofno . 12 w iththe legscloselypara lle lon
knownonlyfromaplatedcoinin Naples.
sfromGelain thehoard nos.19-47 from17obversediesand21
onediecombinationandonereversedie notknowntoJ enkinsinhis1970
inauguratestheregularseriesof tetradrachms 59precededonlybyavery
eattheendof Group1.TheSyracusanq uadrigaisadoptedasobverse
tthroughouttheentirecoinageof Gelaforthisdenomination with
unctsymbols.Asnotedabove thefour-horseracingchariotis an
stlikelythatthefirst Siciliantowinthe O lympianchariotracewasa
6 0fatherof thety rantK leandros. ThesmallNik ef ly ingabovethechariot
ymboli esthev ictory . In the latergroupof tetradrachms( nos. 40-47 ,
Nike isreplacedbyanI onicco lumnshownbehindthehorses. I nthis
pretedasaterma aturningpostintherace. 1Theman- facedbullo f the
racteristicGeloantype alreadyadoptedintheearliestissues of
partappearsinthe twogroupsoftetradrachmspresentinthe hoard.
withtaurineearsandhorns.The bentlegsareofteninterpretedas
re lik e ly theysimplyconformtothearcha ic" K nie lauf schemaandindi-
sler sthesis accordingtow hichtheman-headedbulla lw aysrepresentsthe
2onemustrecogni eherethe loca lrivergodGelas 6 3j ustasotherSicil ian
srepresentthe irloca lrivergodsontheirco ins. I nthisgroupof tetra-
earintheobversee ergue: aw heatear( no . 40 , orak etos( no . 41-43 . I n
ebeeninterpretedin connectionwithcontemporaryhistoricalevents 6 4
now thattheSicily 1890hoard( I GC H 207 ) a lsoconta inedco insofA kragasbut
e lt m an n s d e sc r ip t io n ( " t b e r ei n ig e s el t en e M ii n e n v on H i m e r a " Z f N 1 8 9 5 p . 1 5 , i s
ssibletodeterminewhetherthehoardcontaineddidrachms tetradrachms orboth
i . 37 .
p . 43 .
78and404.
p p . 53 - 54 .
A ch el oo s E i n e Mo no gr ap hi c ( B e rn e 1 97 0 ; L I M C 1 1 s .v . " A c he lo os ( I s le r , c oi ns : pp . 15 -
e la n o s. 3 2 -3 5 .
m e r " F l u ss - u nd M e er g ot t er a u f gr i ec h is c he n u nd r o mi s ch e n Mi i n e n S N R 2 3 ( 1 9 2 3 ,
s G el a p p. 1 5 -7 5 L a cr oi , p p. 1 1 - 1 7 L I M C 4 s . v. " G e l as ( C ah n .
D i e M i i n e n v on S y ra k us ( B e r l i n L e i p i g 1 9 29 , p p . 88 - 89 ( h e re a ft e r E . B o e hr i ng e r
k etosassymbolo f thebattleofKymein474/ 3B . C . andpp. 90-93forthe lionandother
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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endecisivelychallenged. 5W esimplydonotknowthe precisemeaning
pstheywereusedprimarilytomarkthe issue.I tisinterestingto note
mboloccursatthesametime atdifferentmints accordingtothe
fore ample: thek etosatGela K ataneandSy racuse thepa lmetteat
e lionatSy racuseandLeontino i.
ssues
en treatedinfullin J enkins se emplaryande haustivecorpus. 6
w ithgenera lapprova l 6 7asidef romsomeminorrevisions. 8L ik eA k ra-
drachms( J enk insGroup1 fo llow edw ithoutoverlapby thetetradrachms
9 T h e P a s so d i P i a z a h o ar d ( I G CH 2 0 8 7 0 g iv es t h e te r mi n us p o st q u e m fo r
nytetradrachmsandaswehaveseen itcannothavebeenburiedbefore
heAkragasdidrachmsofGroup 4andtheMessanamulecart/hare
uggestedthatthetetradrachmswiththenewSyracusanobversewere
os onhisaccessiontopow erinGelaaf terGelon sdeathin478/ 7B . C . This
enkinseventhoughhedidnot stressthepoint.71Thelowerlimitof
achmsisgivenby theMonteB ubboniahoard( I GC H 2071 buriedca.
nkinsestablished.72ThelatestcoinsrepresentedaredidrachmsfromAkragas
omH imeraw iththecrabonthereverse 73bothdatedtothereignof
imera483/2-472B .C.K raayarguedforadate ca.4 5B .C.orlater74
eSicily 1890hoard( I GC H 207 ) shouldnotbefo llow ed asw esha ll
t issueoftetradrachms nos.19-39 canbedatedgenerallyto the
40-47 belongtoJ enkinsGroup3— anintervalofsomeyearsseparate
oup.75Thestylehas changedandontheobverseanI oniccolumnand
introduced.Thereisno directevidenceforthedatingof Group3.
een4 5and450B . C . onthebasiso f thenumberofdiesusedandof the
erminuspost q uemforGroup4is givenbyanoverstrikeofGela ona
0 B .C.7 Group3belongstothe periodofrestoreddemocracy.
lthedies andtheirstylisticevolutioningreat detailandwithgreat
referthereader tohisbook.Nos.27-28deservespecialnotice asthey
notk now nto J enk ins—O 37w ithR 77. Obverse37occursw ith
dR 77w ithO 3 and38 77sothenew combinationmere lyconf irmsthe
esthelinkageofJ enkinsGroup2b.Thereversedieof nos.45and4 is
us. I nsty le it isveryclosetoR 121and124andprobablycutby thesame
rethefinefeaturesoftheface withthepointednoseandwell-shaped
g li n g r e v. o f E . B o e hr i ng e r S g ra k us i n G no m on 6 ( 1 9 30 , p . 6 3 2 .
8 .
. N a s te r R B N 1 9 71 p p . 31 5 -1 a n d N. M . W a g go n er A A 7 5 ( 1 9 71 , p p . 44 8 -4 9 .
e v . of J e n ki n s G e l a i n J V C 1 9 71 p p . 33 2 -3 8 .
2 4.
. 6 8 , p . 3 34 J e nk in s G e l a p . 2 .
p. 22-24and154-55.
as o J e n k i ns " H i m e r a: t h e Co i ns o f A kr a ga n ti n e Ty p e " A I N 1 - 1 7 S u pp l . ( 1 9 7 1 ,
. 6 8 , p . 3 35 a n d " T h e D e m ar e te i on R e c o n si d er e d: A R e p l y " N C 1 97 2 p p . 17 - 18 .
p p . 52 - 53 .
J e n ki ns G el a p p . 6 5 - 6 .
p p . 40 - 41 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ard
d. The letteringof theethnicisa lso f ineandsmall. WithO 6 2w eare
p3w hichincludesO 6 5 the lastobversecombinedw iththe
asofR 130 78andlinkedto thefollowingGroup4.
sfromK ataneinthehoard nos.48-7 , from8obversesdiesand10
mbinationsarenew asareoneobversedie andtworeversedies.
acedbull representingthelocalrivergodAmenanosto theright 80
egbentto indicatethathe is" sw imming orsimply inmotion or
g( nos. 70-73 . Thef ishundertherivergodandthe lack ofe ergueline in
-59 emphasi ethe ideaof thew ater. Thebranchaboveseemstobea
monster( nos. 60- 9 cana lsobe interpretedasamarinesymbola lthough
nsunclearas atSyracuseandGela.Thepalmetteis purelydecorative.
bversearetheSaty r( nos. 60- 9 ortheNike( nos. 70-73 .
pears herha irrolledup cladina long transparentchiton showingthe
thelegs.Sherunsor walkstotheleft afilletinher outstretchedright
eryw ithherle f t(no . 48 ora branch( no. 70 oraw reath( no . 73 . The
ncoinsanddoes notnecessarilyrelatetoapolitical victorysuchasthat
se.Morelikelyitalludesto anagonisticvictory.Thelaterreverse
a ve a l e tt e r in f i el d » o r H . T h e e th n ic i s K A T A N a t f ir s t ( n o s . 48 - 58 , t h en
os . 59 - 9 7 4- 7 ) o r so me ti me s K A TA NA 1 0 ( n os . 70 -7 3 .
ne Issues
msinthehoardrepresentthefirst emissionofthecityin itsown
ofthe earlyhistoryofK atane:82itmusthavefallenunderthe
w ithKa ll ipo lis L eontino iandNa osaround497B . C . I n47 B . C .
nofMountEtna HieronofSy racuseevacuatedtheK ataneansto
dthecityunderthe nameofAitna83withnewsettlersfrom Syracuseand
ecamehiscapita l. A f terthefa llo f thety ranny in4 7B . C . Hieron s
to leaveandsettleatI nessa w hichthey renamedA itna andthe
atanecouldreturnhome.I tisat thattimeandnotearlier aspreviously
coinsinthenameof K atanewereminted.85Twoissuesinthenameof
sk nownonlybyauni uetetradrachminaprivateco llection bearing
gadrivenbyAthenaandonthe reversetheseatedfigureofZ eus
p . 5 7 an d p i. 5 4 .
erewereabout40tetradrachmsofK ataneinthehoardremainsunsubstantiated.
.v ." A m en an os ( C ah n , p p. 6 6 3 - 4 .
M o ne t e de l l a n ti c a Ca t an a R I N 3 0 ( 1 9 1 7 p . 1 38 t h in k s it i s t he r i ve r p la n t pa r ie t ar i a
i e ro n s A it na u nd d as H i e ro ne io n " J N G 18 ( 1 9 8 p p. 6 8 - 9 .
traboC 2 8.
z o M GS p .1 02 .
oehringer Sy rak us p. 89 arguedthatbecauseof theirverydevelopedsty le the
hmsmustbe longaf ter4 1B . C . seea lsoW. Schwabacher " Z udenMiin envon
gendesD eutschenA rchao logischenI nstituts R omischeA bte ilung48(1933 , pp. 121-2 ; C .
n . 8 2 , p . 9 4 an d " R e k on s tr u kt i on d e s Sc h at f u nd e s vo n O g n i na 1 9 23 " S N R 5 7 ( 1 9 7 8 ,
GC p . 2 17 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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eruni uedrachmw ithahorsemanandZ eusA itna ios. 8 Thesecond
tradrachminB russelswiththeimpressiveSilenusheadon theobverse
hereverse 87accompaniedbyaseriesof obols.TheissuewithAthenaas
earlieranddatesf romHieron sA itna betw een47 and4 6 B . C . I t
orofH ieron whiletheregularmoneyneededbythetyrant was
sunder D einomenidrule suchasSyracuseandGela.TheB russels
houghttobelongto Aitna- ataneandtobethe workofthemasterof
herenos. 227-31 struck j ustbefore4 1B . C . Kraay how ever po inted
f the lastD einomenid Thrasyboulos in4 6 B . C . therew ashardlyan
didcoinandhesuggestedthatthe B russelstetradrachmmightbethe
erthanthelast ofAitna.88Thisispossible:the disappearanceofthe
mtheobversesupportsadateafter thefallofthe tyranny.Thenew
tnacouldbeanappropriateoccasionforthe coin.Thestyleisclose to
rachmandalsotothatof thef irst issueofR hegionaf ter4 1B . C . w ith
herenos. 7-10. How ever K raay sargumentisw eak enedby thefactthat
raSilenushead whichcontinuedinthelitrai ofK atane.
specialissueunder H ieroninthenameof Aitnaandstartedits
geonlyafterthefallof thetyrannyin4 5B .C.Thisisnotsurprising
monopoli ethecoinageandto preventcitiesundertheirrule from
sas fore ample atNa osandKamarina .
drachmsfromK ataneareperhapsthemostimportantandmost
thehoard. Thesecoinsarequiterare asaglancethroughthema or
sshows.Thecatalogueindicatesthenumberofspecimensknownfrom
f terthediscoveryof theR anda z ohoard( e . g. 5/11 w hichonaverage
heirnumber. V ery rarelydotheyappearinhoards( seechart pp. 42-43
mber.TodateonlytheO gninahoard8 containedasmanyas10
of theA menanos/Nik etype. ThustheR anda z ohoardw ith29e am-
ona l. Theco insarenota ll ingoodcondit ion someareencrustedw itha layer
1. Manyof themarepoorly struck o f f center andof tendoublestruck
0 6 2 . S om e m ig h t be o v er s tr u ck i f t he f l at t en e d fl a n is a n i nd i ca t io n ( n o s . 5 1 6 2
undertypearediscernable.Thedieswereusedfora longtimeevenafter
sthedieofno. 48attherightfore leg orbecamecorroded( nos. 5 -57 . I t
closelydielinkedthegroupis. Thewholerelativese uenceofthefirst
rgodandNikecan bereconstitutedpracticallyonthebasis ofthe
R anda z ohoard. F ew diesseemtobemissing: themostconspicuous
gnina74withthecrane abovethebullassymbol whichcertainly
asshownbythereversedie linkingtotheobversediewith thebranch
presentedinthehoardisthe laterdiew ithasim ilarw aterfow lassymbolin
rsomew iththeSaty rassymbol. B uttheseriesisa lmostcomplete as
keassymbolabovetheman-facedbullare presentinthehoard.The
one handthatthecoinsmust havebeenmintedina shortspan
werestrucknotfarfrom theirburialsitewhichstrengthensthe
oasthef indspot.
o ve n . 82 , p i . 7 1 - 2 K r a ay A C GC p . 2 12 8 3 7.
9 K r a a y A C GC 8 38 .
. 2 13 a n d al s o in h i s re v . of J e n ki n s ( a b o ve n . 6 8 , p . 3 37 .
o e hr i ng e r S N R 5 7 ( a b ov e n . 85 , p p . 10 2 -4 3 . Th e n ew " E a s t Si c i li a n h o ar d ( R a n -
publishedbyC. B oehringer a lsoconta instetradrachmsof thisseries includingonespecimenof
gnina74.
3 R i z o M GS p i. 9 1 5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ard
timateofonedieperyear thebull/Nikeseriesfitsverywellbetween
urnof theK ataneanstotheircityafterthe deathofThrasyboulosand
morecommonq uadriga/Apolloheadtetradrachmswhichwillreplacethis
nthe hoardandcannothavestartedbefore445/40B .C.Nos.59and
ations.No.6 9standsoutdue toitsverydifferent barbarousstyle:
n- facedbullarecutinshallow relie f thefo ldsofNik e schitonarevery
erenderingofthe feathersofthewings.No.7 presentsanewreverse
mehandasnos. 73and74 ascanbeseenintherenderingof thedrapery
positionofthe lettersofthelegendis different startingatthebottom
thefillet.TheH infieldissmaller thanonno.71.
sfromL eontinoiinthehoard nos.77-90 from9obversediesand11
elongtothe firstissueofthe cityand88-90tothe second.O nlyone
w ashithertounk nown.
obversethetypicalfour-horsechariot theagonistictypefirst
hereverseshow sa lion sheadinprof ile w ithj aw sopenedw ideand
allsurroundedbyfourgrainsof barley.Thelionisthe sacredanimalof
ominantinthe Chalcidiancolonies.92Thetypealsooffersapun on
grainsofbarleysymboli ethefertilityof thesoilwhichbrought
esametimeindicatethe denomination thefour-drachmapiece.
nos. 88-90 theNikeontheobversecrow nsthechario teerratherthanthe
thee ergue aga initmustbe interpretedasana llusiontotheculto f
erentinterpretationsgiventhissymbol whichwillbediscussedingreater
theparallelissueatSyracuse.O nthereversethehead ofApollo
itissurroundedbythree laurelleavesandasmalllion liketheoneon
tino iI ssues
waitscompletestudybyChristofB oehringer.Thearrangementofthe
wsthat ofthecorpusin preparation.On hoardevidence itisnow
inageatL eontinoididnotstartas earlyaspreviouslythought.W e
k enbyH ippokratesofGelaaround490B . C . asw ereKa ll ipo lis Na os
os K atane andK amarina L eontino ididnotstrik e itsow nco inageinthat
H ieronofSy racusemovedthe inhabitantsofNa osandKatanetoL eonti-
4I tmustbeat thattimethatthefirst coinswereissued.Thereareno
Gelahoardburiedca. 490/485B . C . 95norinthePassodiP ia z ahoard
ynomeansan absolutecriterionforcalculatingthedurationof anissueandfor
. Wek now veryw ellf romA thensandSy racuse fore ample thatamintcould
ngleyear.Neverthelesswhenaseriesofcoins istightlydielinkedand e hibitssome
w ehaveherewithnos. 48-7 andbelow p. 27 nos. 174-22 , thebeginningof the
thelengthoftheissue canbeestimatedroughlyonthe basisofonedieper year tobe
otherarguments.
e n . 3 2 , p . 1 9 2 L a c ro i , p p . 1 39 - 42 .
babin pp. 380-81and433-34. F ortheearlierdatingseeH . C hantra ine " Sy rakusund
G 8( 1 95 7 , p p. 7 -1 9 H o l m p p. 5 80 -8 1.
t ra b o C2 8 C . B o e hr i ng e r ( a b o ve n . 8 2 . p . 7 1 .
ne r A s yu t p . 2 0 d a te t h e bu r ia l a t 48 0 B . C .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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buttwotetradrachmsarepresentin theMonteB ubboniahoardburied
eyareof theq uadriga/ lion sheadtypeandstruck f romthevery f irstdieof
unlikeGelaandAkragas musthavemintedtetradrachmsanddidrachms
asullahoard( I GC H 2075 , buriedca. 470/ 5B . C . conta inedtw o
oi.Alsothelion sheadsareverysimilar instyleonboth denomina-
gthisfirst issuelastedcanonlybe determinedbythefinaldiestudybut
sumethatitdidnote tendbeyondHieron sdeathin4 6 B . C . Nos. 77-
ewdielinksoccuramongthe tetradrachmsrepresentedintheR an-
nthereforebe inferredthatthetota lissuew asmuchlargerthantheco ins
riationsamongtheissuesconfirmthis:thereis agreatdifference
dsofnos. 77-81 w ithavery f ineandsty li edmane andthemorerea list ic
ertainlyof la terdate . No. 87introducestheethnicA ONT NONin
andadottedtruncationof the lion sheadonthereverse .
oup nos.88-90posesaproblemwhichwill onlybesolvedsatisfac-
tudy andbythedetailedpublicationof otherhoards.Thesimilarity
sofL eontinoiwiththeearlyApolloheadand theSyracusanD emare-
bearthesamelionine ergueontheobverse repeatedonthereverse
boththeArethusaandthe Apolloheadsarewreathedwithlaureland
f style.98NodoubttheL eontinoitetradrachmswereinfluencedbythe
rearealsodifferencessuchas therenderingoftheeye clearlyinprofileon
emarete iastillshow af ronta leye.99A lsothequadrigaatLeontinoi w ith
hychario teer comparedtothewiry sty li edoneof theDemarete ia is
theL eontinoitetradrachmsaresomewhatlaterbuthowmuchlater
ceptadatingof theSy racusandecadrachminthe lastyearsofH ieron s
cienttimefortheearlyA po lloheadtetradrachmsofLeontino i thistype
htheD einomenidsmusthavebeenmintedbeforetheirfall.O nthe
openedaround47 B .C. bothissuesoftetradrachmsrepresentedhere
ntenyearsat themost.TheearlyApolloheadissue atL eontinoiwas
easthereseemtobe onlytwoobverseandtworeversediesknown.100
hatthe lion sheadtetradrachmsw ereparalle lto thisissue intheearly
. C . insteadofstrict ly se uentia landa lsothattheoutputof theminto f
sdayswasmuchmoreimportantthanthe conservativeestimateofonedie
agesofK ataneandMessana inthesameperiod. Onecana lsoq uestion
a changeofpoliticalregimewasnecessarilyreflectedin thecoin
stassumethatthetw oL eontino iseriespresentintheR anda z ohoard
gn.
o.83 withthefineletteringofthe ethnic thehighreliefofthe lion s
gof thecontourof the j aw inaha lf circle isverysimilartothato f the
mthesameobversedie andmostlikelybythesamehand.
enk ins Gela pp. 22and154-55. Thehoardcannothavebeenburiedaslateas4 5B . C . as
s e e U . W e s t er m ar k a nd G . K . J e n ki n s T h e Co i na g e of K a ma r in a ( L o n do n 1 9 80 p . 2 3
k andJ enk ins K amarina .
p i. 22 4 .
D e m a r et e s L i o n " A N S MN 1 1 ( 1 9 4 , p p . 6 - 1 1 f o r th e D e m ar e te i on M a st e r at
yr ak us p i. 1 4 R i z o M GS p is . 24 a nd 3 .
nationof theco insinthema orpublishedcollectionsandintheA NSphotof ile .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ard
chmsfromMessanainthehoard nos.91-22 , from70obversediesand
heco insofR hegion nos. 1-10 theycanbediv idedintotwodif ferent
ntheobversea mulecartandnos.174-22 havetheadditionofasmall
s.
andthehareareidentical tothoseofthefirst groupatR hegion
ortheethnic andhavebeene pla inedabove. Theyaretheorigina lbadgeof
nthesecondgroup thebasictype ismainta inedbuta lteredslightlyby
Nike crowningthemulesontheobverseand ofsymbolsorlettersonthe
hehare sbody w hereasatR hegion asw ehaveseen thetypeschange
tedoecistat thattime.TheNikeis anagonisticsymbolandreferstothe
games shedoesnotsymboli ethev ictoryoverthety rannyashasbeen
aI ssues
fthetwogroupsof tetradrachmsofMessanainthehoardis the
nasR obinsonhasalreadydemonstrated.102ThenewtypesofAna ilas
ard replacingthe lion shead/ca lf sheadtypesontheEubo ic-C ha lci-
roducedin480B . C . a f terthety rant sv ictoryatO lympia andlasted
iladesin4 1B . C . Sincethe issuew ithouttheNike isa fa irly largeone
umethatthe onewiththeNikestarts whenR hegionintroducedthe
F romthenonthetwo citiesresumedtheirindependentcoinages.To
versedie linksbetweenthetwogroupsofMessana aninterruptionin
urredwiththe changeofregime.Thelowerlimitof thesecondgroup
naintheR anda z ohoardisgiveninre lativeterms103byachangein
allthecoinsbear thecurvedsigma$ .Thefour-barsigmai was
urialdate ofthehoardandgivesa terminusanteq uemforthe
-22 .
introductionof thefour-barsigmaisscantyas sofewhoardshave
sothe coinsofMessanawereonceregardedasless interestingorless
herSicilian mintssuchasSyracuseor Gelaandareoftennotdes-
rtsdatingtothe endofthenineteenthorthe beginningofthe
oardsinparticularwouldbeimportant:Calabria1833 V illabate
104AllcontainedtetradrachmsofMessanabut thedetailsofthelet-
e V illabatehoard:itcontained13tetradrachmsofthe mulecart
e four-barsigma$ .105Aburialdateca. 445B .C.isgenerallyaccepted.10
ideredin tryingtoestablishthedurationof theNikegroupwiththe
thenumberofdiesrepresented asK raayhassuggested 107andover-
h C en t ur y O v e r st r ik e s at R h e g i um a n d Me s sa n a " A I N 1 2 -1 4 S u pp l . ( 1 9 9 , p . 1 43 .
s e e al s o C. A r no l d- B i u c c hi ( a b ov e n . 3 ) , p p . 49 - 4 .
sunfortunatelysinceepigraphistsoftenrely onthecoinevidencefor thedatingof
. J e f fr e y T h e L o c a l Sc r ip t s of A r ch a ic G r ee c e ( O x f o rd 1 9 1 , p . 2 43 .
82 a n d 20 8 4.
n . 4 3 , p . 2 1 0 .
l a p p . 6 6 - 7 . W e s te r ma r k an d J e n ki n s K a ma r in a p . 2 2 .
e n . 1 0 1 , p p . 1 4 1- 5 0 A C G C p . 2 1 9.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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sediesand 12reversediesin thisissue adurationofabout10years
solutedatesforthe twogroupscanbeestablishedas480-4 1B .C.for
450B . C . forthesecondgroup.
ithintheissues however remainsmoredifficulttoreconstitute.U ntil
coinageofMessanaiscompiled 108onlyaworkinghypothesiscanbe
rlydifficulttoorderbecauseofthe absenceofsymbolswhichcould
uence.Styleisnotreally helpfuleither.Thereisverylittle evolution
ules thecharioteer andthehare.Therearedifferencesbetweenthe
gatedcharioteerofnos.91 and93forinstance wherebothareofabout
emoref leshy s uatandrea list icversionofnos. 1 5and1 8. C hangesa lso
ergue smallandbulkyonnos. 91and93orsmallandf la tonnos. 99-
enatura list ic w itharenderingof theve insonnos. 14 and15 . Thehare
omtheskinnyanimalwith asmallheadandshort earsofnos.91 93
ndwell-proportionedrenderinginnos.15 and1 7.Thebasicposition
ethroughout:thehareisrunningto rightwithoutstretchedparallel
edetailsare notsufficienttopermita refinedstylisticclassification as
nedby thenumerousvariationsintherenderingofthe headof
e sameperiod.
ybeenobserved( seecatalogue andeventuallytheywillassurethe
withouttheNike.Meanwhilethemost reliablecriterionseemstobe
conthereverse . I t isa lw aysM SS N O Ninthegroupw ithoutthe
nianform usua llyw rittenf romlef ttorightaroundthehare startingatthe
heta il e ceptforthediesofnos. 91-92and93-94w herethe inscrip-
egion asw ehaveseen theoppositeoccursandthe" normal form
esthee ception.Suchshort-livedvariationsareusuallythoughtto
cedthereforeatthebeginningof aseries.AtMessanathis arrangement
he styli edmulecartandhare ofno.91are certainlyearlierthan
mple.Thecurvedsigmaisa localvariationfoundatR hegionand
nmostdiesinbothgroupsthesigmaisreversed po intingtothe lef t. Only
- , 107 108 114-15and12 inthef irstgroupandofnos. 177-78 179-80
ouphavethe right-pointingsigma.110Obversedie linksconnectthetwo
o.100bythesame obversedieandnos.17 and177alsosharethe
mapointingtothe leftandtheonepointingto theright orthe
gma alternateratherthanfolloworsupplanteachother astheyboth
nthesecondgroup w hosese uence iscerta in thesigmapointingto
hebeginningwiththe letterA andisreplacedby J w ithB , C andD but
edno. 22 be longsw here I haveputit.
elettersvary:sometimestheyare smallandregular asonnos.91
dthickerasonnos. 137and147. Nos. 123 125 and129show particularly
butitis possiblethatthesedieswereintendedfor didrachmsrather
4-22 ) iseasiertoclassify:numerousdie links aswellassymbolsand
assurethecorrectse uence. The lettersA B , C andD appearbelow the
C sharethesameobversedie( nos. 184-194 andthew earof thedie
n . 1 03 , p p . 80 a n d 24 3 -4 4 .
he lettersare" inadvertently reversed asJ e f ferystates p. 243 sincethisisthemore
ngraversimplydidwhatwas easierforhim.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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l . A f terthefa llo f thety rants Messanapractica llyhadtoopenanew mint
dofthe incusecoinageprecedingtheSamiansatZ ankle.Thiswould
ndinggood engraversandgoodcraftsmentostrikethecoins.
msofNa osinthe hoard nos.227-31 allfromthesamepair of
rstheheadofDionysostoright bearded w ithlongha irpulledupand
hisneck crownedwithivy.D ionysoswastheprincipalgodof the
yclades 11 buttheancientliterarysourcesdon tmentionhiminconnec-
the inscriptions hiscult isattestedonlyby thecoins. He iscerta inlyan
rtileregionaroundMount E tnarichinvineyardsand wine.117The
ithypha ll icSilenos s uatting he isbearded w ithlongw ildha iranda
heho ldsak antharosinhisrighthandandrestsonhisle ft. He isthe
nysos.
sI ssues
Na osw asthefirstco lony inSicily foundedin734/3B . C . by
dC halk is. H . A . C ahnstudiedthecoinageof thecity inacorpusand
e firstminttoissue coinsinSicily.118Aftera detailedstylistic
ebeginningofthecoinage ca.550B .C.Thisisnowconsideredtooearly
uggests530B . C . 119MoreoverSe linusandH imeraw erethetwoma or
icily j udgingby thesurviv ingnumberofcoinsanddies andtheymust
ostrik eco ins notbefore540/ 30B . C . fo llow edbyZ ank leandNa os.
hecoinageof Na osisthat fromthebeginningitdisplaysa fully
theattributeofthedeityon theobverse.
tak enbyH ippokratesofGelaca . 490B . C . andstoppedmintingco insin
sresumedonlyafterthefall ofthetyrannyinSicily in4 1B .C.with
20oneofthe greatestmasterpiecesofGreekcoinageandGreekartin
bversereflectsthe monumentalityofearlyclassicalartandthe
sentation bothinsub ectandintechni ue o f thehumanbody ina
beautifullycontainedwithinthenarrowcircumferenceofthe flan.The
ameasthat ofthelatertetradrachmsofAitna thathavesurvived
amplew iththeSilenosheadinB russe ls.121
edateofthisissue:122the Na ianshadbeenmovedtoL eontinoiby
ndreturnedhomein4 1B . C . Theyce lebratedthe irrecoveredf reedomw ith
iansachievedthehighestq ua litynotonlyartist ica llybuta lso inthe
efivetetradrachmsin thehoardareallfrom thesamepairofdies
t leastsevenspecimensbutI couldonlyobtaincastsor photographsofthefive
, s .v . " N a o s c ol . 20 85 ( R . H e rb st ; L 1 MC 3 ( 1 9 8 ) , s .v . " D i o n ys os " p p. 1 41 -5 14 ( C a r lo
a ri e A l in a V e n e ri .
11. 220.
M un e n d er s i i l i sc h en S t ad t N a o s ( B a s l e 1 9 4 4 .
p p . 20 - 7 .
118 , pp. 42-49and114-17.
a a y A C GC p . 2 17 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ard
stheonlyonek nownforthisissue. C ahn in1944 listed5 k nownspeci-
mepairo fdies. Thenumberhassince increasedbyatleast50% , some20
rfaced. Drachmsof thesameissue( C ahnno. 5 arek now ninmore
elydoGreekcoinagespresentsucha highnumberofsurvivingspeci-
fdies(K nidosandsomeC retanmintsof feranevengreaterf re uency .
se uallyremarkable:therearediebreaks onthereversebetweenthe
sandtheborder ofthecoin whichCahnthinkse istedalmostfrom
ssionse uence anda lsoontheobverseunderthetruncationof the
outh andatthebeard butthere isapparentlyvery littlediedeteriora-
freshconditionandshowsnotraces ofdiebreaksatthe necknorin
obverse.Thebreakinfrontof themouthstartsfaintlyonno. 228
eon no.229andbecomeslargeronnos. 230and231wherethe die
resent fillingtheborderofdots.
rmthema orpartofthe R anda z ohoardwith308tetradrachms
% , struck f rom127obversediesand1 6 reversedies. Therearethree
diesthatw erenotk nowntoE . B oehringer 124asw ellas25new die
t h os e wi t h th e n ew d i es . O f t h e s e no s . 24 7 2 5 7 2 5 - 6 , 3 9 3- 9 , 4 1 8
vebeenpublishedin differentsalecataloguessince1929andnos. 307-9are
s n o .2 7 1 . B u t n o s . 23 2 3 2 8- 2 9 3 3 3 3 5 8 3 9 8- 9 9 4 0 0 4 2 2- 2 3 4 2 4 4 2 7-
8 4 9 475 481 and510arehithertounpublished. Thevery lim itednumber
hoardshowsonce againhowremarkablypreciseandreliable
mainsevenmorethan 50yearsafteritspublication.W ehaveanalmost
s.
ssues
ethroughoutthetetradrachmissuesrepresentedin thehoardwith
ndsymbols.Theobversebearsa four-horsechariotatthewalk
eer thereverseshow safemalehead. I nthef irstgroup( nos. 232-35 ,
I O Nor/ V R A isplacedabovethehorsesontheobverse inaratherheavy
romthesecondgroupon( nos. 23 f f . asmallNik e isaddedcrow ning
hario teer andtheethnicismovedtothereverse. Theq uadriga w hich
tR hegion Gela L eontino i andMessana w asorigina llyaSy racusan
hereattheendof thesi thcenturyB . C . inspiredbynorthernGreek
nidsadopteditanddevelopedittocelebratetheir e ploitsatthe
mbolo f the irpow er. A sthety rantse pandedthe irruleovercit ies the
osecoinagesandbecameatruly Siciliantype.I tsmeaninghoweveris
ustassume andnotpolit ical o rthetypew ouldhavedisappearedw ith
atfirstverysmall centeredonanincuseswastika butsoon
ledhead( nos. 23 f f . surroundedby fourdo lphinsandtheethnic. The
lryarerenderedinanama ingvarietyofdeta ilandattesttothe leve lo f
foradetaileddescription.
akus.
ynthusandSyracuse " E ssaysThompson pp. 47-52.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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Thedolphinsalludeto thegeographicallocationofSyracusebythe
purelydecorative.I ntheseearlyseriesno specificattributescharac-
further.12 Therefore fo llow ingI mhoof -B lumer 127mostscho larshave
mphontheco ins128asinmanyotherSicil ianorSouthI ta lianmints. She
tellsusthatshecrossedtheseaf romE listothe islandofOrtygia in
peAlpheioswhowasin lovewithher.129Shewasturnedinto aspring
mis.130E .B oehringerpreferredtorecogni eArtemisherselfonthe
ncreatedsomeconfusionwhich hascarriedforwardtothepresent.132
s suchasP indar don tmentionArethusa buttheiconographyofthe
dby thecoinsthemselves.
ymbolsisalso important:thelionwhichappearsonB oehringer s
emareteionseries ( no . 524hasno lionine erguebutbe longstothesame
theseamonstero fB oehringer sGroup4( herenos. 525-39 . The lion asw e
onco insofL eontino i( nos. 88-90 inthee ergueontheobverseandunder
sneckonthe reverse.Severalinterpretationshavebeensuggested:for
4itsymboli edthedefeatedCarthaginians.H olloway135seesinthelionthe
thefamilyofDemarete. E vans138re lateditto thegamesinhonorof the
wointerpretationsgivethe lionapoliticalandhistorical meaningfor
nGreekcoinage.
rectly tohistorica leventsorpersona le plo itsinthesi thandf ifth
henotablee ceptionofA na ilas smulecartatR hegion( nos. 1- ) and
Thehellenisticrulersintroducedallusionsto theirvictoriesontheircoin-
io rk etes A ntigonosGonatas A gathok les butonly theR omanemperorsw ill
alpropagandaandusethecoinage forthatpurpose.O nlythendoes
nthecoin relatetothepersonof theemperorandmustbeinterpreted
ypothesisseemsthemostlikely.Themythologicalsignificanceofthe lionis
pollo.AsB oehringerpointedout theketosdoesnothaveanyprecise
8He sawinita referencetothenavalvictoryof theSyracusansover
atleofKymein474B . C . A ga inthisseemsadoubtfulinterpretationas
scussionofthechronology.
eI ssues
ok presentsacorpusof thesilvercoinageofSy racusef romitsinceptionto
ngraversandthechangetothe gallopingq uadrigaca.425B .C.139The
eriodof thesigningengravers theheadsometimesw earsaw reathofearsofgra insora
interpretedasDemeter/ oreorA thena orisnamedbyaninscriptionsuchas
m e r " N y mp h en u n d Ch a ri t en a u f gr i ec h is c he n M ii n e n " J I A N 1 1 ( 1 9 0 8 , p p . 47 - 55 .
D ieTetradrachmenvonSyrak usinderP eriodedersignierendenKiinstler( B erlin
m o re r e ce n tl y L I M C 1 2 ( 1 9 84 , s . v . " A r e t ho u sa " p p . 5 83 - 84 ( C a hn .
dit iona ll iterarysources seeC ahn( above n. 128 .
2.
0 .
n . 6 ) , v ol . 3 ( L e ip i g 1 89 8 , p . 58 2.
O n t h e C h ro n ol o gi c al S e u e nc e o f th e C oi n s of S y ra c us e N C 1 87 4 p . 1 0.
y " D e m ar et e s L i o n " A NS MN 1 1 ( 1 9 4 , p p. 1 -1 1.
S y ra c us a n ' M e d al l io n s a n d th e ir E n g ra v er s " N C 18 9 1 p p . 33 2 -3 3 .
t ikeSiegespragungen " Gymnasium64( 1957 , pp. 509-31.
.
s s t ud y b eg i ns ( s e e ab o ve n . 1 28 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ard
eissuesis basedondielinkageandremainssound.As notedabove
corpusveryfewnewdieshavecometo lightinthenumeroushoards
ears.When theydooccur theycanalwaysbeinsertedlogicallyinto
ment. There isnocausetorev isetherelativese uencee ceptperhapsin
efollowingabsolutedates:
arete ion
es 1 a
onologyis theD emareteion 140theearlySyracusansilverdeca-
ingerthoughtwasstrucktocommemoratethebattleofH imerain
edpo intisgivenby thebattleofK ymein474B . C . tow hichthek etosis
teof530 B .C.forthebeginningofthe coinageatSyracuseisbasedon
worksofsculptureofthe secondhalfofthesi thcenturyB .C.141The
tivelysuggestedbasedonthevictoryof SyracuseoverD ouketios.The
a lculatedback fromthedestructiondatesofSe linus A k ragas Gela and
aginiansbetw een408and405B . C . I nthe irlastissuesthesecit ieshad
pingq uadrigaintroducedbythesigningengraversandB oehringer
s development.
yseemsunassailable theabsolutechronologymetwithsomecriticism
linginhisreviewof B oehringer148arguedthatthestartingdateof
atpresentthedategenerally recogni edisca . 510B . C . 143Themostunlik e ly
schronologyisthepostulatedgap inthecoinagebetween479and
alwaysintermittentbutafterthebattleof H imera Gelonreceivednot
but2 000talentsofsilverfromthe Carthaginianstocoverthewar
45MoreoverHieron succeedinghisbrotherGelonathisdeathin478B . C .
rhis numerousactivitiesandinpreparationforthe waragainstthe
rticularhistorica lconte t aninterruptionintheco inagew ouldbe il logi-
enofferedtofill thegap:eithertocontinueGroup 3 the" Massenpra-
14 puttingsomeof the issuesaf tertheD emarete ion ortobeginthek etos
heD emareteionissue abandoningtheassociationoftheseamonster
.147Thediscussionofthehoardevidenceandof theconse uencesofthe
oSicil ianchronology w illmakeclearw hichof thesea lternativesispref -
en435and425B .C.wasalsoq uestionedbutitdoesnot concernus
k us p. 90.
akus p. 12.
p . 6 3 2.
ho m ps o n ( a b o ve n . 1 25 , p . 5 1 K r a ay A C GC p . 2 09 .
gni edbyE. S. G. B obinson rev . o fB oehringer. Sy rak us inJ V C 1931 p. 243.
n . 1 44 ; J e n ki n s G e l a p . 2 3.
5 ; G E . B i z o . S ag g i P r e l im i na r i su V A r t e d dl a M on e ta n e ll a S ic i ha G r ec a ( B o r n e
p p. 6 6 - 7 . C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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sattack onB oehringer sdatingandconse uentlyonthevery foun-
ywasmadebyColin M.K raaymorethan20yearsago.149I nthe
arlOtf riedMuller150andH . D uedeL uynes151independently identifiedthe
hmwiththecoinofD emarete wifeofGelon mentionedbytheancient
morativecharacterwasreadilyacceptedandthusthedate of480/79B .C.
elyafterthebattleofH imera.SincethentheD emareteionhasservedas
onologynotonly fornumismatistsbutforhistoriansandarchaeolo-
arguedthatthedateof 480/79B .C.wastooearlyforthe decadrachm
tbe theD emareteiondescribedbytheancienthistorians.I nhis
hmw asissuedaf terthefa llo f theD einomenids possibly in4 1B . C . to
e elitearmythatwasableto controlthemercenaries revolt.154The
inthesourcesmust thereforebeanasyetunknowngoldcoin. I tseems
theargumentsthatduring thepasttwodecadeshavegonebackand
ndthosescho larsw hodidnotaccepthis" destruction o f theDemare-
toutthatK raay smainob ectiontothetradit iona lchrono logy re lies
isnotplausibletopostulate asB oehringerdid theconcentrationof
massiveco inageofabout150dies( w iththenew addit ionsof recentyears ,
ustsevenyears. K raaya lsousessevera lhoards notablyGela P assodi
u b bo ni a S el tm an n V i l l ab at e a nd S el i nu nt e ( I G CH 2 0 6 , 2 0 8 2 07 1 2 07 ,
supporthisarguments.TheunderminingoftheD emareteionreceivedsome
ofB oehringerwhoin19 8publishedanewtetradrachmfromAitna in
15 Thisremarkablepiecebearsontheobversethe usualhorseq ua-
echarioteerbutbythegoddessAthena.The reversehasaseated
theA itnaq uadrigatothoseonSy racusancoins w ef indstrongsimilarities
ehringershowed asearlyasV 8 . 157F orthenew tetradrachmw ehavean
terminuspostq uem:weknowthatthecityof Aitnawasfoundedafter
neandNa osw eremovedtoLeontino ia fter47 B . C .158On theother
arlierthanthefamousB russelstetradrachmwiththeheadofSilenus.
emareteionislaterthantheAitna tetradrachmwithAthenaandC.
onatthe timewasthattheearlydecadrachmof Syracusewasnotthe
dbyDiodorosandotherancientsourcesbuta" H ierone ion aco in
y a nd M . H i r m er G r ee k Co i ns ( L o n do n 1 9 6 ) p p . 28 0 a nd 2 8 8 t h en m o re d e ta i le d i n
above n. 45 , pp. 19-42 seea lsoA CGC pp. 205 211.
v ol . 1 ( B r e s l au 1 8 28 , p p . 3 27 - 28 .
to n " A n n . d el l I s t . di C o rr i s. A r ch . 2 ( 1 8 3 0 , p p . 8 1 -8 8 .
. 2 . 3 a lsoPo ll. O nom. 9. 84. F oramoredeta ileddiscussionof thesourcesseeC .
n. 82 , pp. 8 -92andMariaR . A lfo ldi D ek adrachmon. EinforschungsgeschichtlichesP hano-
9 7 ) , p p . 10 9 -1 2 .
nglot Z urZ eitbestimmungderstrengrotf igurigenV asenmalere iunddergle ich e it igen
1 92 0 .
susthattheSy racusanspa id600so ldierseachaminaofsilveror100drachms.
trev iew sofGreek C oins: J . P . B arroninNC 19 6 , pp. 337-40 W. Schw abacherin
p p . 18 5 -8 9 a n d of G r ee k Co i ns a n d H i s to r y: H . C h a nt r ai n e in H B N 2 2 -2 3 ( 1 9 8 - 9 , p p . 51 7 -
eplied " Sicil ianNumismaticC hrono logy " H B N 24-2 ( 1970-72 , pp. 211-14. Themost
raay sdow ndatingisperhapsR . T . W ill iams " TheD emarete ionR econsidered "
llow edbyK raay sreply " TheDemareteionR econsidered: A R eply " pp. 13-24.
n. 82 , pp. 67-98 w asinfavorofadowndatingof thedecadrachmasw ell see ingitasa
ebestsummaryof theproblemandthemostreasonable" compromiseso lution initst ime
A lfo ldi( above n. 152 .
p . 6 7 - 98 .
p .8 5.
S t ra b o 6 . 2 8 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ard
d470B . C . toce lebratehise plo its. H eheldtothecommemorative
consideringtheliteraryevidenceabouttheD emareteiontoodetailedand
d butfounditdifficult toaccepttheideaof agoldD emareteion.More
asrevisedhisopinion followingMariaR .Alfoldi:159thedecadrachmis
w asnotstruck immediate lyaf terthebattleofH imera ratherca .
foreconomicreasonsnotprimarilyasa commemorativeissue.1 0
edwithK raay sdow ndatingof thedecadrachmbuthisargumentsare
o logical heprefersthedateof4 3B . C . forthe issueandthinksitw as
ofdgiare iatothearmy describedbyDiodorus. 1 2
antetradrachmsrepresentedinthehoard(nos. 232-539 it isimmedi-
ytheyfollowandreflectE .B oehringer sarrangement:4coinsbelong
5 8 t o G ro u p 2 n o s. 2 3 - 4 3 2 8 1 to G r ou p 3 n o s. 2 4 4- 5 24 a n d 5 to t h e
hek etosgroup nos. 525-39. WhilethespecimensofGroup2inthehoard
nk age w iththreeobversediesusedfore ightco ins(a ratioof2. 6 ) ; it
age istrulyama ing especia lly forSeries8 9 and11. Thereare114
rachms.Thepatternof thehoardsupportsstronglyE .B oehringer s
massiveandintensivecoinage whichmostlikelywasstruckovera
me.The15 tetradrachmsofGroup4stretchover Series13a-band
kage.Theoutputheremusthavebeenmuchmore limited.Nos.525-
presentasomewhatstaringande pressionlessarchaisticstyle particularly the
andconstituteasB oehringerrightlyremarked atransitionalgroupbe-
sivecoinageand theD emareteiongroup andtheseverestylewhich
Group4 14a clearlyanew phasebegins: theheadismuchlarger the
eflansmorespread.Theeyeis fullyinprofilewithfor thefirsttimea
s: the iris thepupil andeyelashesonupperandlow erlids. The
red.Thehairstylestillshows theinfluenceofthearchaicfashionbut
ayandthe krobylosisminimi ed.Soonitwill berolledupand
plicatedandinnovativecompositionsasonR 353orR 374boundbya
eredcompletelybyasakkosonR 435.Theq uadrigadoesnotshowthe
iteasclearlybut thecharioteerisnowmorearticulatedand muscular
ringofthehorses morerealistic.ThelatesttetradrachmofSyracusein
o e h r in g er 4 8 3 ( V 2 5 7/ R 3 4 ) t h e la t es t i n hi s G ro u p 4 1 4 a. B o e h r in g er s
up hisnos. 408- 27 includes108obversedies( V 211-V 318 and145
431 presumablyevenlyspreadbetw een474and450B . C . DieV 257stylist i-
stgroupofthe heads the15tetradrachmsofourhoard coveraspan
dthusbedatedaround4 5B . C . accordingtothetradit ionalchronology.
veto beloweredbyabout10to 15yearsaswill beseenfromthe
e andoftheevidenceofother hoards.
anissuein thehoard onecanreturnto theothergroupsandseewhat
drawnfromthe runof308tetradrachms.Thefourtetradrachmsof
representtheo ldestcoinsinthehoard asw ehaveseentheymostlike ly
Silv iaHurter eds. TheA rthurS. Dew ingC ollectionofGreek C oins A C NA C 6 ( New
p . 50 - 51 .
ove n. 114 , pp. 9-40.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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00B . C . The irconditionhoweverise ce llent 1 3w ithhardlyanymore
thelatestspecimensofSyracuse( nos.525-39 orofGelaor Messana.
cudethattheR anda z ohoardisina llprobabil ityasavingshoard
ationofwealthofoneindividualor onefamilyovermanyyears and
ne ampleofcoinstakenfromcirculationat thespecifictimeofburial.
3 introducesthedo lphinsaroundtheheadtogetherw itha largerA rethusa
ein q uitegoodcondition.
andcloselydie-linkedcomponentofthehoard astabulatedin
) .1 4D ottedlinesindicatenewlinksnot knowntoE .B oehringerin1929.A
MariaAlfoldi sdemonstratesthatthehoardcontentsmatche actly
hringer scorpus.Atthe sametimesomeminorrevisionscanbe suggest-
tonsofnos. 247( V 37/ R 47 and248( V 37/ R 49 show thatSeries6aends
er80 , andSeries6 bstartsw ithB oehringer81(V 38/ R 53 . More importantis
s. 307-9(V 6 4/ R 187 ) . B oehringerdidnotk now theobversedie forhis
187 inSeries11becauseof itssimilarityw ithR 179( nos. 43 -38 and
. Thisnew combinationplacesR 187 inSeries8b it isinsty leverycloseto
9( nos. 299 300 and305 ; compareespecia lly therenderingof theeyeand
87 is99 ; o f importance isthatif187 canbecomparedtoreverses
thetwoissuesareveryclose instyleandthereforein time.
readyemphasi edthatw ithGroup3 8andinparticularSeries8b w e
andmediocrityinthestyleof theArethusaheadsthatit becomes
ali edhead letaloneamasterpiece.Thereis norealstylisticdevel-
nos. 258f f . andSeries12 ratherj ustdif ferenttypesofheadsandhair
n theneckandshoulderofno. 258occursagaininSeries 8b
ona largertypeofhead Series9a nos. 3 6 - 7. Otherheadsaresmaller as
319 348-49. Othersareofadef inite lyugly a lmostbarbarousstyle l ik ethe
389-92 393-9 , 397 orthoseof theengraversofnos. 423 425 431
heplaceheretodividethediesof themassiveco inageintogroupsand
tengravers w hichcanbedoneinspiteof the low artist icq ua lity . B ut
f f icetoshow thatthedifferencesbetw eenB oehringer sSeriesaredueto
a chronologicalprogression.O nlySeries12e theD emareteionissue
vations.Thereisonlyonetetradrachmofthis groupintheR anda z o
theobverse isinpoorcondit ion thediehow everisw ornandnottheco in.1 7
disappearedfromthisdie thelastofthe groupoftetradrachmsofSeries
mparisonabetterpreserveddieinspite ofthebreakabovetheupper
thee pressionof theface issof ter theeye isnow forthef irstt imein
stylisticallyhomogeneousgroupandbelongtogether.J enkins1 8
suesafterthe D emareteionissue12einorderto fillthegapbetween
sttw otetradrachmsofSeries12e R 27 andR 27 E areverysim ilarto
eoncemorethatI w orkedmainlyw ithcastsandsaw onlyverybrie flyasmallportion
yracuseandGela however theknownspecimenshelpustodeterminewhetherthe
assim ilarlyplottedtheentirerunofSyracusandiesdow ntotheDemareteion( Group
k ad r ac h mo n ( a b ov e n . 1 52 , T a bl e 1 .
rachminthe NelsonB unkerH untcollectionisreputedto comefromthishoard
ta inanddidnotinclude it inthecata logue.
akus p. 188 391notes" Stempelk aummehrk enntlich. A tany ratew ehavea lready
anda z ohoardprobably representsasav ingsdepositandthereforechronological
tionofthe coinsmustbedrawnonlywith thegreatestcaution.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ries12dandeventosomediesin12a lik eR 201or12b( R 215 indicatingthata
sarrangementispossible . R . T . W ill iams 1 9amongothers hasreadily
uggestionbutKraay re ectedit 170forhim itisunthink ablethatthe" new
teionissueshouldnothaveinfluencedthefollowingSeries12a-d.Table2
ustratesthedie link ageofB oehringerGroup3asrepresentedintheR anda z o
emassivecoinagecanbediv idedintothreegroupsorphases: 1 Series6 -
3 S e ri e s 12 a -d .
blydevelopedinachronologicalse uence butwithinthephasesthe
aralleland contemporary.I believethatphase1representsthebegin-
atSy racuse phase2theco inageaf terthebattleofH imeraandphase3
eDemarete ionissuebelongse itherattheendofphase2orw ithphase3.
eedto discusstheburialdateand thehoardevidence.
p . 2.
p p . 13 - 1 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g /�