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TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
Tmfmkmus I. Fott` Brcguctog mf Crkamtokturo cfg
_rncfmsi (_D^B[, 3==2), Icstor `d _rncf cfg ^o-
bm`fch Uhcffmfb (U^@U_^, 3===), UaG mf Cgvcfkog
Crkamtokturch [tugmos (Wao Ncrthott [ka``h `d Brcg-
ucto [tugmos, _fmvorsmty K`hhobo H`fg`f, >552),
U`stg`kt`rch stugmos k`ffoktog t` tao Ur`lokt `d
Govoh`pioft mf [trctobmk Crocs (UFUG / KCUO[,
>55=). Ao ms kurrofthy Css`kmcto Ur`doss`r mf tao
[ka``h d Crkamtokturo cfg _rncfmsi d tao Dogorch
Dhuimfofso _fmvorsmty (_DD).
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CN[W^CKWRo cppocr t` no hmvmfb mf tmios `d p`hmtmkch mfgmddorofko, cf miprossm`f sacrog nyicfy cn`ut tao wcfmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro. Ct tao scio tmio, wo acvo wmtfossogi`voiofts w`rhgwmgo t` rok`vor tao urncf spcko d`r purp`sos `d p`hmtmkch oxpros-sm`f, suka cs tao Mfgmbfcg`s`d Uhczc goh [`h, mf Icgrmg, `r @kkupy Rchh [troot. A`wovor,a`w kcf tao oxorkmso `d p`hmtmks no tcjof noy`fg tao rochi `d `kkcsm`fch goi`fstrc-tm`fs0 Kcf wo soo mf `ur kmtmos tao truo iocfmfb `d taop`hms, tao h`kus `d ovorygcyp`hmtmks0 Wams crtmkho oxcimfos tao k`fgmtm`fs d`r pr`loktmfb tao punhmk spaoro mft`tao urncf spcko. War`uba gohvmfb mft` tao`rmos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f, c sormos `d ayp`-taosos wmhh no prosoftog robcrgmfb tao pofotrctm`f `d fow d`ris `d rctm`fchmzctm`fmf tao pr`guktm`f cfg cppr`prmctm`f `d tao kmty, (m) `d spcko cs c icfmdostctm`f `d taopunhmk spaoro, (mm) tao wocjofmfb `d tams spaoro tar`uba tao rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko
mtsohd, cs wohh cs (mmm) tao goopofmfb `d tao gmka`t`imos notwoof tao punhmk cfg pu-nhmk spcko, tao tokafmkch spaoro cfg p`hmtmkch p`wor, prmvcto pr`guktm`f cfg punhmkcppr`prmctm`f. _smfb roprosoftctmvo oxciphos `d taoso trofgs mf tao kmty `d ^m` go
Lcfomr , mt rok`bfmzos mf tao fow spctmch k`fffiburctm`fs, provcmhmfb t`gcy, cf oxpros-sm`f `d tao fobctmvo k`fsoquofkos `d tao rctm`fchmzctm`f prosofthy ct w`rj mf urncfimkr`strukturos. Waoso `nsorvctm`fs wmhh hocg us t` tao k`fkhusm`f tact taoso trofgsiust no rovorsog tar`uba ro-k`fquormfb tao kmty cfg rost`rmfb cf urncf punhmk spmrmt.
Joyw`rgs< U`hms: Uunhmk spaoro: U`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo: K`iiufmkctm`f: ^ctm`fchmzc-tm`f.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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Mftr`guktm`f
Ro cppocr t` no hmvmfb mf tmios `d p`hmtmkch mfgmddorofko, cf miprossm`fsacrog ny icfy cn`ut tao wcfmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro c d`rui mfwamka gmvorboft vmows `f ok`f`imk, s`kmch, kuhturch cfg p`hmtmkch hmdo cro ox-
prossog (Kacu)< cf oiptymfb `d sacrog s`kmch hmdo, mipogmfb p`hmtmkch cktm`f
(Cubust` F`vcos), tact k`uhg kuhimfcto mf c trmvmchmzctm`f `d otamks (Ho`p`hg`
cfg [mhvc) cfg c wocjofmfb `d tao vory f`tm`f `d k`iiufmty, icfmdost, s`io-
a`w, mf tao d`ri `d cf cnsofko tao cnsofko `d p`hmtmks mf ovorygcy hmdo cfg
uhtmictohy mf mts ambaost d`ri< urncf hmdo.
@f tao `taor acfg, wo acvo wmtfossog i`voiofts w`rhgwmgo wamka cro ro-cppr`prmctmfb tao urncf spcko cs c vofuo d`r p`hmtmkch oxprossm`f cfg oxortmfb
prossuro f mfstmtutm`fch strukturos f`tcnhy, tao Mfgmbfcg`s d Uhczc goh [`h, mf
Icgrmg, `r @kkupy Rchh [troot, wamka taof sprocg t` sovorch kcpmtchs, mfkhugmfb
tao ohoktrmdymfb `kkupctm`f `d Wcarmr [qucro mf Kcmr`, d`hh`wog ny tao Obyptmcf
rov`hutm`f goi`fstrctm`fs tact icfmdost tao p`toftmch `d tao punhmk spcko.
Gcvmg Acrvoy spocjs `pp`rtufohy `d tao k`hhoktmvo p`wor `d n`gmos mf punhmk
spcko, k`fvortmfb mt mft` c p`hmtmkch k`ii`fs, c phcko d`r pof gmskussm`f cfg
goncto, c rokcpturmfb `d punhmk spcko cs p`hmtmkch spcko. Imjo Gcvms csjs pcr-
tmkmpcfts `d @kkupy t` k`ftmfuo t` goi`krctmzo cfg pr`guktmvohy `kkupy tao
punhmk spcko.3
A`wovor, a`w g` y`u pr`vmgo k`ftmfumty t` tams oxorkmso noy`fg `kkcsm`fch
icfmdostctm`fs0 Ract cn`ut tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo mf tao sofso `d p`-
hms tao p`hmtmkch gmiofsm`f `d spcko cs c vofuo d`r k`fstcft k`iiufmkctm`f0
G` `ur urncf spckos ofsuro tao p`ssmnmhmty `d gcmhy oxprossm`f `d tao phurchmty
`d tao s`kmch w`rhg0 Kcf wo vmow `ur kmtmos cs tao h`kus `d p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy
hmdo tao p`hmtmkch kmty0
Wams crtmkho soojs t` oxcimfo tao urncf k`fgmtm`f `d punhmk hmdo `r, i`ro spo-
kmffikchhy, tao k`fgmtm`fs d`r pr`loktmfb tao s`-kchhog punhmk spaoro mft` tao ur-
ncf spcko. Wao b`ch ms t` ufgorstcfg a`w c p`hmtmkch kmty kcf oiorbo cfg no
oxorkmsog< tao urncf oxpormofko cs c p`hmtmkch oxpormofko. Ro jf`w tact tao
icfmdostctm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro mf ovorygcy hmdo acs `kkurrog amst`rmkchhy
vmc tao urncf spcko. A`wovor, k`fstcft oxprossm`f roqumros spckos tact wmhh
k`fstcfthy sustcmf mt.
Iy cfchysms wmhh nobmf wmta tao miprossm`f tact ur kmtmos cro mfkrocsmfbhy hckj-
mfb mf vmnrcft punhmk hmdo nokcuso, ci`fb `taor rocs`fs, tao spckos tact cro
kurrofthy nomfb pr`gukog cppocr t` acvo c fobctmvo mipckt f urncf punhmk hmdo,
hocgmfb t` tao wcfmfb `d mts oxprossm`f mf tao spcko mtsohd. M wmhh taof sooj tao
kcusos d tams wocjofmfb ny gohvmfb mft` tao`rmos f tao rctm`fchmzctm`f d s`km-
oty cfg spcko. M wmhh prosoft c sormos d ayp`taosos robcrgmfb tao pofotrctm`f d
3. Acrvoy (>53>c, p. 45: >53>n): Gcvms (>53>, p. 7>).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
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i`ro suntho d`ris d rctm`fchmzctm`f mf tao pr`guktm`f cfg cppr`prmctm`f d taokmty wamka v`mko cfg cgvcfko trofgs chrocgy rok bfmzog mf tao 3=takoftury ny
tao`rmsts suka cs Icx Ronor. M wmhh put d`rta tao mgoc `d tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy
hmdo mf k`ffoktm`f wmta wact Gurjaomi kchhog cf`imo, tao h`ss `d otamkch vch-
uos wamka wo wmhh soo ms css`kmctog wmta gmsmftorost mf p`hmtmks, ckk`rgmfb t` tao
`rmbmfch iocfmfb `d tao p`hms. Hcsthy, ncsog `f Hodonvro, M wmhh gmskuss a`w tao
rctm`fchmzctm`f `d urncf spcko, phcffmfb prcktmkos cfg tao pr`guktm`f `d spcko
mtsohd acvo k`ftrmnutog t` tao wcfmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro, wmtfossog ny icfy
f` h`fbor mf tao d`ri d Kcrtosmcf z`fmfb rbcfmzctm`f, f`tog ny Hodonvro, nut
`d cf mfkrocsmfbhy rctm`fchmzog spcko, f`w mf mts imkr`strukturo. Wams cfchysms
wmhh hocg us t` oxcimfo tao cnmhmty `d `ur kmtmos t` pr`vmgo ictormch k`fgmtm`fs
d`r p`hmtmkch cktm`f, pcrtmkuhcrhy ncsog `f mts r`ho t` boforcto bctaormfbs cfggofsmty d k`iiufmkctm`f mf gcy-t`-gcy hmdo.
Waoso ayp`taosos wmhh uhtmictohy nrmfb us t` tao k`fkhusm`f tact tams pr`koss
iust no rovorsog ny ro-k`fquormfb tao kmty cfg rost`rmfb cf urncf spmrmt.
A`wovor, wo wmhh soo tact tams rost`rctm`f g`os f`t smiphy gopofg `f goi`f-
strctm`fs mfv`hvmfb c roturf t` tao punhmk spcko, cs Acrvoy p`mfts ut, nut chs`
`f spctmch k`fgmtm`fs d`r tao k`fstcft roturf cfg prosofko `d tao punhmk mf tao
punhmk spcko. Mf taor w`rgs, tao pr`nhoi b`os goopor tacf tao oiptymfb d tao
punhmk spcko< n`ta mts oiptymfb `ut cs wohh cs mts rotcjmfb g`os f`t `kkur mf c
vckuui. Waoy gopofg `f ictormch k`fgmtm`fs urncf cfg crkamtokturch cfg,
taorod`ro, M wmhh prosoft crbuiofts wmta rospokt t` tao rohctm`fsamp notwoof`pof cfg numht spckos, cfg punhmk cfg prmvcto spckos.
Wao h`fb-rcfbo vmsm`f oftcmhs rovorsmfb tao gcicbo nr`ubat cn`ut ny tao pr`-
kossos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d tao urncf spcko cs cf oxprossm`f cfg imhmou `d
wact Acnorics rodors t` cs sacttorog i`gorfmty. Ro wmhh oxph`ro tams cppcr-
oft pcrcg`x< `f `fo acfg, tao kurroft miprossm`f `d p`hmtmkch gmsmftorost cfg
tao wcfmfb `d tao k`iiufmkctmvo gmiofsm`f `d s`kmotmos cfg br`ups wamka
acvo tao cnmhmty t` taoictmzo taomr `wf k`fgmtm`f, cs d`ufg, ct hocst k`fkop-
tuchhy, mf tao `rmbmfch iocfmfb `d tao p`hms: `f tao `taor, tao kurroft smbfs `d
rovmvch mf tao punhmk spaoro cs soof mf p`hmtmkch goi`fstrctm`fs.
M mftofg t` oxph`ro tao pcrtmkuhcr i`go `d s`kmotch rctm`fchmzctm`f tact acs ro-suhtog mf skofcrm`s `d cut`f`i`us gokmsm`f-icjmfb cn`ut urncf spcko `f tao
pcrt `d spcko pr`guktm`f ckt`rs. M wmhh ayp`taosmzo tact tao br`wmfb cut`f`iy
`d tams spaoro acs noof sokurog mf tao d`ri `d s`kmch cfg ok`f`imk r`hos d`r
spokmchmzog ckt`rs, wa` acvo noof hobmtmimzog cfg droog c prm`rm dr`i p`hmtmkch
rostrcmfts cfg nr`cgor s`kmch cfg urncf rosp`fsmnmhmtmos mf taomr gokmsm`fs ro-
bcrgmfb tao pr`guktm`f `d tao kmty. M wmhh crbuo tact tams cut`f`iy ms strukturog
mf ckk`rgcfko wmta c systoi `d urncf robuhctm`fs tact chs` stoi dr`i c pr`koss
`d rctm`fchmzctm`f. Cn`vo chh, M mftofg t` goskrmno tao i`gos suka cs urncf spcko
pr`guktm`f prcktmkos wamka acvo ckamovog tams cut`f`iy wmta rospokt t` tao
gcmhy prcktmkos `d `taor s`kmch ckt`rs cfg wmta rospokt t` rosp`fsmnmhmtmos mf tao
spaoro d punhmk gokmsm`fs mf toris d tao [tctos icfcboioft d tao urncf croc.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
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M wmhh crbuo tact tao rosuht `d tams wcy `d tamfjmfb ms cf mfkrocsmfbhy broctorgmvmsm`f notwoof numht cfg `pof spcko, cfg punhmk cfg prmvcto spcko, mf wamka
prmvcto spcko ms goffifog ckk`rgmfb t` pr`guktm`f strctobmos, wmta c d`kus `f
icrjotmfb ffiohgs. Fow crkamtokturch stcfgcrgs acvo hog t` c wocjofmfb `d ro-
hctm`fsamps< numht-`pof spcko, tao wocjofmfb `d tao uso cfg cppr`prmctm`f `d
punhmk spcko cfg tao g`imfcfko d prmvcto vor punhmk mf fow crocs d Nrczmhmcf
kmtmos cfg mf tao rophckoioft d oxmstmfb dcnrmks.
M wmhh oxph`ro, taorod`ro< (m) spcko cs c icfmdostctm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro, (mm)
tao wocjofmfb `d tams spaoro wmta tao rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko, (mmm) cfg mts
fow d`ris, mf tao goopofmfb `d gmka`t`imos notwoof punhmk cfg punhmk spcko:
tokafmkch spaoro cfg p`hmtmkch p`wor: tokafmkch cfg tao`rotmkch: prmvcto pr`guk-
tm`f cfg punhmk cppr`prmctm`f: cfg fow crkamtokturch cfg urncf k`fffiburctm`fs
wamka cro kurrofthy nok`imfb provchoft cfg oxpross, mf t`gcys urncf imkr`-
strukturo, tao g`wfsmgo d s`kmch cfg ictormch rctm`fchmzctm`f. W tams ofg, M wmhh
uso< (mv) roprosoftctmvo oxciphos d tams trofg mf tao kmty d ^m` go Lcfomr`, suka
cs tao fow urncf dr`ftmor t` tao wost cfg mts hobmshctm`f.
Wao p`hmtmks d ovorygcy hmdo cfg tao wcfmfb d
tao punhmk spaoro
U`hmtmks ms s`iotamfb tact `kkurs notwoof mfgmvmguchs, wmtamf c k`ii`f spcko
`d punhmk hmdo.>
Waoro cro ufg`untoghy gmddoroft goffifmtm`fs `d p`hmtmks, suka cs tao numhgmfb
`d i`ioftcry k`fsofsusos, tao k`fmkts cfg oxprossm`fs `d tao k`fstmtutmvo
gmvmsm`f `d tao s`kmch gmiofsm`f cfg tao poricfoft kroctm`f `d rmbats. Wao vm-
sm`f rombfmfb t`gcy, a`wovor, sopcrctos tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo cfg sots
taoi wmtamf taomr `wf mfstmtutm`fch spaoro, waoro cktm`fs k`fkorfmfb tao k`i-
iufmty cro gohmnorctog cfg gokmgog< c p`hmtmkch spaoro k`ip`sog `d p`hmtmkch
ovofts tact cro gmstmfkt dr`i chh `taor spaoros cfg s`kmch ovofts. Ro k`fkomvo
`d p`hmtmks cs ncsog f tao [tcto r stcto mfstmtutm`fs, d`ri d b`vorfiofts, tao
oxmstofko d p`hmtmkch pcrtmos r tao prosofko r cnsofko d ohoktm`fs.;
Aoromf hcys tao gmdffikuhty `d rost`rmfb tao mgoc `d p`hmtmks cs cf ovorygcy pao-
f`iof`f d s`kmch rohctm`fs, cs vofuos d`r k`fstcfthy cmrmfb gmddorofkos r k`f-
mkts c p`hmtmks d ovorygcy hmdo mf tao sofso d tao p`hms, d mftorcktm`f mf urncf
hmdo, mf oinrckmfb tao f`tm`f `d punhmk. Waoro ms c gokmgoghy urncf gmiofsm`f mf
tao oxorkmso `d p`hmtmks, wamka icjos mt cjmf t` tao mgoc `d tao urncf spaoro cs
cf miiorsm`f mf `taorfoss rochmzog mf tao pr`guktm`f `d hmfbumstmk oxkacfbo. Acffc Crofgt mf F`vcos (>552, p. 32).
;. F`vcos (>552, pp. >>-;;).7. [oo Fott` (>53>: mf pross).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
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k`iiufmkctm`f. Cubust` F`vcos rodors t` p`hmtmks cs cf oxorkmso `d spooka cvmsm`f `d goi`krcky cs c robmio `d spooka `r tao oddokts `d spooka, wamka
Jcft goffifog, mf 3217, cs c k`ii`f i`go d gohmnorctm`f tact mfgmvmguchs icy
uso d`r mssuos `d punhmk k`fkorf.?Gowoy w`uhg hctor goffifo punhmk cs c d`-
rui `d spooka d`r k``porctmvohy s`hvmfb k`ii`f pr`nhois, ufgor goi`krctmk
k`fgmtm`fs.4Wao goffifmtm`f `d punhmk cs k`iiufmkctmvo wcs systoictmzog mf
3=4>, mf Acnorics w`rj `f tao punhmk spaoro cs c lurmsgmktm`f mf wamka stcto
cuta`rmty w`uhg no punhmkhy i`fmt`rog tar`uba krmtmkch gmsk`urso< C gmskursmvo
spcko mf wamka mfgmvmguchs cfg br`ups k`fbrobcto t` gmskuss icttors d iutuch
mftorost, cfg waoro punhmk pmfm`f ms d`riog.2
Cf mfmtmch cppr`cka d`r soojmfb tao urncf k`fgmtm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro kcf
no d`ufg mf Acnorics i`gchmtmos `d tao punhmk spaoro, ckk`rgmfb t` gofsmty
`d k`iiufmkctm`f, rbcfmzctm`fch k`iphoxmty cfg rcfbo1 tw` `d wamka acvo
str`fb p`toftmch t` no hmfjog t` spcko cs c ictormch k`fgmtm`f552, pp. >>, ;; cfg >4) cfg Gowoy (3=>2), rospoktmvohy.
2. Acusor (3==1): Csof (3===): Drcsor (3==5, p. ?2). [oo Uorhctt` (>53>).1. Acnorics (3==2, p. 352).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
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mf gmbmtch cfg tohoictmk k`iiufmkctm`f fotw`rjs notwoof poors, cs p`-toftmchhy syiiotrmk mftorh`kut`rs, mf tao r`ho `d iutuch trcfsimttors `d
mfd`rictm`f cfg porkoptm`fs `d tao w`rhg. Ovof tao ohusmvo ictormchmty
`d taoso k`iiufmkctm`fs ms pr`gukog cfg cfka`rog mf tao kmty.=
Wao opms`gmk cfg `rbcfmzog prosofko i`gos `d tao punhmk spaoro sooi t` k`f-
stmtuto tao amst`rmkch rocs`f d`r tao kmty mtsohd. Waoy k`ftmfuo t` no prosoft ct
hocst p`toftmchhy mf tao spckos `d Nrczmhmcf kmtmos. Iy ayp`taosms ms tact tao
pr`loktm`f d tao punhmk spaoro mf tao d`ri d pofmfb up iootmfb crocs, wamka
acs chrocgy iot wmta rosmstcfko mf toris `d spctmchmtmos cfg k`ftoip`rcry ur-
ncf cfg phcffmfb robuhctm`fs, mf tao d`ri `d `rbcfmzctm`fch cfg urncf z`fmfb
odd`rts, k`ftmfuos t` suddor dr`i tao oddokts d tao rctm`fchmzctm`f d spcko, mf mts
pr`guktm`f cfg hobmshctm`f, cfg wmta rospokt t` k`-prosofko mtsohd rogukog t`
crocs mf t`gcys kmtmos tact cro rcroffiog cfg k`ftr`hhog mf fcturo. Wao oxph`rctm`f
`d tams ayp`taosms wmhh roqumro, a`wovor, nrmoy gohvmfb mft` tao mipckt `d rctm`-
fchmzctm`f cs c vokt`r `d i`gorfmty `f tao punhmk spaoro. Ro wmhh soo, a`wovor,
a`w tao p`toftmch d tao punhmk spaoro stcrts nomfb drckturog ny tao h`bmk ct tao
aocrt d tao kurroft pr`kossos d urncf rctm`fchmzctm`f.
I`gorfmty sacttorog ny c h`bmk `d tao i`gor-
fmzctm`f pr`koss mtsohd@nsorvors rok`bfmzog, ovof mf tao fmfotoofta koftury, khocr smbfs `d c pr`koss
`d s`kmotch trcfsd`rictm`f cfg i`gorfmzctm`f tao oiorbofko `d i`gorfmty
icrjog ny rctm`fchmzctm`f. _fhmjo Icrx, Ronors gmcbf`sms ms possmimstmk.
Ao mftorprots rctm`fchmzctm`f cs cf mfkrocsmfb gmddoroftmctm`f `d s`kmch cktm`f,
tao `pp`smtm`f notwoof trcgmtm`fch sunstcftmvo rctm`fchmtmos cfg c fow d`r-
ich rctm`fchmty gmroktog t`wcrg tao `rbcfmzctm`f `d cktmvmtmos, jf`whogbo cfg
tokafmkch pr`kossos cfg tao oiorbofko `d c pcrtmkuhcr typo `d cktm`f< strc-
tobmk cktm`f, bumgog mf ckk`rgcfko wmta mts ofg purp`so, iocfs cfg rosuhts
(zwokjrctm`fch).35Mt goskrmnos c br`wmfb iota`gmkch mfv`hvoioft, crmsmfb dr`i
rctm`fchmzctm`f mf nurocukrctmk cgimfmstrctm`f, nusmfoss ckk`uftmfb, skmoftmffikprcktmko cfg mts icstory `d oipmrmkch pr`kossos. Mt wcs oka`og mf tao i`gorf
stcto cfg ok`f`iy cs koftrch systois d cktm`f mf s`kmotch toris, cfg mf tao go-
voh`pioft d c iota`g`h`bmkch k`fguktmfb d hmdo wmta rospokt t` pors`fchmty.
=. Wao i`ro c kmty br`ws tao i`ro cnstrckt tao k`iiufmkctm`f wmtamf mt nok`ios. Wams cnstrcktm`fmsi ms typm-kch `d tao kmty. Ro k`uhg ovof supp`so c rohctm`fsamp notwoof tao stcbos `d govoh`pioft `d tao kmty, goi`krckycfg s`kmch k`iiufmkctm`f, waof t`gcy wo w`uhg taof no (boformkchhy) mf tao cbo `d tao broct kmty, usa wmtagoi`krcky cfg cnstrckt k`iiufmkctm`f wamka g`os f`t oxkhugo k`fkroto d`ris, yot g`os f`t gmspofso wmtatao cnstrckt. ^`iuh` Jrcdtc (mf c pors`fch k`iiufmkctm`f). @f `vork`imfb tao cppcroft gmka`t`iy notwoofspcko vorsus fow trcfspctmch k`iiufmkctm`f fotw`rjs, soo Notwoof urncf cfg gmbmtch spckos, r tao ufd`hgmfb`d prcktmko (Fott`, >533). Chs` soo Uorhctt` (>53>).
35. Wams ms c gmstmfktm`f tact wmhh hocg t` mfstruioftch cfg f`f-mfstruioftch mgocs `d rocs`f cfg rctm`fchmty mfCg`rf`, wamka w`uhg mfuofko Acnorics hctor f.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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KCGO^F@[
3=
Waoro ms c pr`brossmvo wocjofmfb d tao k`fguktmfb d hmdo ncsog f vchuos cfgtrcgmtm`fs ny c rctm`fchmty tact ms droo `d otamkch k`uftorp`mfts fko ofg`bof`us
t` tao pr`koss d`r tao bumgmfb `d cktm`f. Mf Ronors vmow, cktm`fs nok`io mf-
krocsmfbhy lustmfficnho ny taomr wf krmtormc, oxoipt dr`i tao rok`bfmtm`f d taomr
mipckt `f `taor ffiohgs `d prcktmko. Gurjaomi kchhog tams pr`koss cf`imo.33
Wams ms d`hh`wog ny c dufktm`fch gok`uphmfb `d tao ok`f`imk cfg p`hmtmkch sys-
tois cfg tao pr`brossmvo oxoiptm`f `d ovchuctmfb ok`f`imk cfg pr`guktm`f
systois dr`i cf otamkch p`mft `d vmow.3>
Ro jf`w, a`wovor, tact wact Acnorics kchhs tao ufffifmsaog pr`lokt `d i`gor-
fmty gmg f`t acvo tams b`ch< f tao ncsms d rocs`f mt pr`koogog mf tao gmroktm`f
`d mts duhh rochmzctm`f mf tao mgocs `d oquchmty, droog`i cfg duhffihhioft `d tao
p`toftmch `d mfgmvmguchs. Wao k`hhcpso `d tams pr`lokt mf c sacttorog i`gorfmty
mfgmkctos tao pcta `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d prcktmkos cfg taomr nrocjg`wf mft` cu-
t`f`i`us spaoros, grmvof ny taomr `wf strctobmk h`bmk, mip`smfb gcicbo `f
`taor spaoros. Cf oxprossm`f `d tao cnmhmty t` `porcto mf c spokmchmzog icffor
ofgs up drckturmfb tao s`kmch w`rhg cfg, uhtmictohy, notrcys tao prmfkmphos `d
tao `rmbmfch pr`lokt `d i`gorfmty mtsohd, cs ofvmsm`fog ny Jcft cfg `taors mf
tao ombatoofta koftury. Gurmfb mts k`urso, tao spaoro `d rctm`fch p`hmtmks, go-
tckaog dr`i tao ok`f`iy cfg [tcto, wcs wocjofog ny tao scio d`ris mt mfm-
tmchhy cwcjofog. I`gorfmty bcvo wcy t` c gorcmhioft (Oftbhomsufb), prosoftmfb
pcta`h`bmos suka cs cf`imo, sjoptmkmsi, prmvctmsi cfg fcrkmssmsi, cs `pp`sog
t` vchuos suka cs rosp`fsmnmhmty.3;
A`w g`os tams pr`koss `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d auicf prcktmkos mfv`hvo spcko0 Ro
wmhh f`w soo a`w urncf spcko mtsohd pr`vmgos i`ro tacf `fo oxcipho `d tao
pr`d`ufg k`ftrcgmktm`f notwoof tao p`toftmch `d rctm`fchmty cfg tao fobctmvo
k`fsoquofkos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f< cs Hodonvro f`tog, spcko wcs c dufgcioftch
wcy `d oxpcfgmfb mt mf tao s`kmch w`rhg.
33. [oo tao uso `d Gurjaomis k`fkopt cpphmog t` cf urncf p`hmky pr`nhoi mf Wrmbuomr` (>53>).
3>. Cf`imo ms chs` ckk`ipcfmog ny tao cd`roioftm`fog sopcrctm`f d tao s`kmch skmofkos mf ok`f`imks, s`km`h`bycfg p`hmtmkch skmofko. Wams cfchytmkch sopcrctm`f `d tao skmofkos `d auicf prcktmkos rosuhts mf supp`rtmfb, mftoh-hoktuchhy, tao f`tcnho pr`brossmvo gotckaioft d tao ok`f`iy dr`i taor spaoros d cktm`f. Ok`f`imk cktm`f mstaof bumgog ny mts `wf krmtormc ncsog `f prmfkmphos `d icxmimzctm`f `d nofoffits, ci`fb `taors krmtormc gov`mg`d otamkch miphmkctm`fs cs dcr cs taomr mipckt `f tao s`kmch w`rhg cfg mts ofvmr`fioft.
3;. Wams ms tao koftrch taosms `d Cg`rf` cfg A`rjaomior mf Gmchoktmk `d Ofhmbatofioft(3=1?). Acnorics, cf oxp`-foft `d tao d`urta boforctm`f `d tao`rmsts ofbr`ssog wmta tao taoio, ct hcst tcjos up cf oicfkmpctm`f pr`lokttact acs f`t noof soof smfko Icrx c kamhg `d Ofhmbatofioft ta`ubat, cs Acrvoy f`tos (3==>, p. 37). Wao mf-krocsmfb cut`f`iy `d tao ok`f`iy cfg cf`imo b` acfg mf acfg. [oo tao rocktm`f `d ok`f`imst Ucuh Jrubicf`f tao mii`rchmty `d gokmsm`fs f Rchh [troot. Cvcmhcnho ct< 8attp
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3=
I`gorfmzctm`f cfg rctm`fchmzctm`fmf tao urncf spcko
Wao broct tao`rmsts d tao hcto fmfotoofta koftury woro goophy oinr`mhog mf gm-
cbf`smfb tao scio pr`koss wamka wcs taof khocrhy oiorbmfb< i`gorfmty. Bo`rb
[miioh wcs f` oxkoptm`f, nut ao wcs ufmquo mf fo sofso< ao oxphmkmthy css`km-
ctog i`gorfmty wmta tao hmdo `d tao iotr`p`hms. Mf [miiohs vmow, ioftch hmdo
mf tao iotr`p`hms mfv`hvos tao gmskmphmfmfb d `ur sofso d spcko cfg tmio, tao
hmnorctm`f `d tao mfgmvmguch ct tao k`st `d iutuch troctioft mf `nloktmvo cfg mf-
struioftch toris, ufgor tao mfuofko `d ok`f`imk rctm`fchmty, tao kchkuhctm`f
`d oxkacfbos cfg k``rgmfctm`f `d tao gmvmsm`f `d hcn`r cfg cf mftohhoktuch cfgnhcs cttmtugo crmsmfb dr`i tao k`iphox stmiuhm `d i`gorf hmdo.37
A`wovor, [miiohs mftorprotctm`f wcs stmhh f`t cnho t` rovoch tao duhh oxtoft `d
i`gorfmzctm`f mf tao sacpmfb `d spcko, cs wohh cs tao r`ho `d spcko cfg urncf-
mzctm`f mf tao numhgmfb `d i`gorfmty. Aofrm Hodonvro ms tao tao`rmst wa`, achd c
koftury hctor, w`uhg icjo tams gmsk`vory. Hmjo Ronor, Hodonvro cg`pts c tao`ry
`d s`kmotch rctm`fchmzctm`f nut mf suka c wcy cs t` mfkhugo spcko cs dufgciof-
tch mf mts mfstchhctm`f mf ovorygcy hmdo c g`imfcft trofg t`wcrg drcbioftctm`f,
sopcrctm`f cfg gmsmftobrctm`f. Cf cnstrckt spcko tact tofgs t`wcrg a`i`bo-
fomty, tao ohmimfctm`f d oxmstmfb gmddorofkos, oicfctmfb dr`i tao roguktm`fs d
tao rctm`fchmzctm`f i`go ovof md tao roguktm`f ms c hobmtmicto `porctm`f.3?
Cscf oxcipho `d tao k`fffifoioft mf systois wmtamf systois (ocka `fo `d wamka
cspmros t` tao stctus `d cf mfgopofgoft d`rko), Hodonvro kmtos tao prcktmkos `d
urncfmsi cfg crkamtokturo, ffiohgs portcmfmfb t` spokmchmsts wa` porcto tar`uba
roguktm`fmst skaoios.34Mt w`uhg f` g`unt no p`ssmnho t` rok`fstrukt tao amst`ry
`d urncf phcffmfb cs c amst`ry `d rctm`fchmzctm`f.
Ract cro tao miphmkctm`fs `d tams skcho `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko0 Noh`w, wo
wmhh soo d`rich oxciphos d tao trcfsd`rictm`f d tao kmty ckk`rgmfb t` c acfg-
duh `d prmfkmphos `d mfstruioftch rctm`fchmty, gmsk`ffoktog dr`i `taor miphmkc-
tm`fs cfg k`fsoquofkos mf rohctm`f t` taor spaoros d prcktmko.
Wao urncf k`fsoquofkos `d rctm`fchmzctm`f mf
k`ftoip`rcry tmios
Ro tofg t` tamfj tact tao trofg t`wcrg rctm`fchmzctm`f tar`uba spcko rockaog
mts pmffckho mf tao d`ri `d i`gorf iokacfmstmk urncfmsi suka cs sokt`rmzc-
tm`f cfg tao mgoc `d cppcroft `rgor mf Oukhmgocf bo`iotrmzctm`f f`tog ny
37. [oo [miioh (3=?5) cfg Acrvoy (3==>).
3?. [oo Hodonvro (3==3, pp. = cfg 354, rospoktmvohy).34. Hodonvro (3==3, pp. =, ?>, 354, >12 cfg 737).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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KCGO^F@[
3=
Lck`ns cfg Hodonvro. Wao i`ro cppcroft d`ri `d `rgormfb spcko wcs pcrtmchhywocjofog ny urncf krmtmkmsi mf tao 3=45s, nut i`ro suntho d`ris d rctm`fchmzc-
tm`f cppocr t` k`ftmfuo nomfb str`fbhy icfmdostog mf tao Nrczmhmcf kmty, mf tao
d`ri d icfcboioft tcktmks cfg i`ro pofotrctmfb spctmch skchos cfg taus, cs M
wmhh crbuo, wmta sovoro miphmkctm`fs `f tao s`kmch cfg p`hmtmkch p`toftmch `d tao
punhmk spcko55=).
31. Ho`p`hg` cfg [mhvc (>552, p. 3;>).3=. F`vcos (>552, p. 3?).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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3=
a`stmhmty t`wcrg p`hmtmks cs c phcko d mfstmtutm`fch mfstcfkos tact sa`uhg crtmku-hcto tao mfgmvmguch cfg s`kmch cspokts d oxmstofko Z...Y suka tact tao wmtagrcwch
`d tao mfgmvmguch t` tao prmvcto spaoro taof cppocrs t` no tao `fhy wcy t` of-
suro ams cut`f`iy.>5
Waoro ms cf otamkch roloktm`f `d p`hmtmks< tao pr`d`ufg k`ftrcgmktm`f mf wamka
wo cro oftcfbhog.>3Wao sopcrctm`f notwoof otamks cfg p`hmtmks kroctos c gms-
tcfko notwoof tao mfgmvmguch cfg s`kmoty, c drcbioftctm`f tact wmhh rosuht mf
tao mfcnmhmty `d tao mfgmvmguch t` rok`bfmzo amisohd mf ams s`kmch mgoftmty cfg,
taus, ckt cs c p`hmtmkch mfgmvmguch.
[pcko wmhh no ohoioftch mf tams pr`koss. Mftorcktm`f d c p`hmtmkch fcturo f` h`f-
bor ffifgs, mf tao urncf phcf, p`ssmnmhmtmos d`r duhh rochmzctm`f. _rncf spcko prm-icrmhy nok`ios c phcko d`r tao icfmdostctm`f d prmvcto mftorosts. Mf tams spcko,
mftorcktm`f d c p`hmtmkch fcturo icy f`t ffifg cfy p`ssmnmhmtmos d`r mts rochmzctm`f.
Ovof ta`uba wo hmvo mf c s`kmoty waoro tao ros`hutm`f `d pr`nhois f` h`fbor
k`rrosp`fgs t` tao p`hms>>, p`hmtmkch hmdo gopofgs `f tao gcmhy ckjf`whogbo-
ioft d pmfm`fs cfg oxp`suro t` ckt`rs mf taomr gmvorsmty k`fgmtm`fs tact wmhh
oiorbo i`ro str`fbhy mf k`fgmtm`fs `d gofsmty `d bctaormfbs cfg k`iiufmkc-
tm`f, cs pr`vmgog ny tao kmty. C gotckaog vmow, `f tao pcrt `d tao punhmk, phckos
tao nurgof d mftorvoftm`f, mf tao urncf spcko, f tao prmvcto ok`f`imk spaoro
cfg mts cut`f`i`us gokmsm`fs, droo dr`i css`kmctm`fs cfg miphmkctm`fs mf taor
spaoros. Wao hobmtmimzctm`f d tao sohd-rodoroftmch mftorosts d ckt`rs, n`ta mf tao
pr`guktm`f cfg k`fsuiptm`f d tams spcko, cdffiris tao prmvcto cs tao broctost
cttrmnuto, vchuo cfg quchmty d`r tao spcko. Mf tams skofcrm`, tao k`fsoquofko ms
tao fcturchmzctm`f `d tao g`imfcfko `d tao prmvcto.
(k) Wao skamsi ci`fb tao`ry, tokafmquo cfg gokmsm`f-icjmfb wmta rospokt
t` tao kmty
Wao wcfmfb d tao punhmk spaoro mf mts urncf pr`loktm`f soois t` k`mfkmgo wmta
tao amgmfb `d p`hmtmkch gokmsm`f-icjmfb `f tao pr`guktm`f cfg cppr`prmctm`f
`d spcko noamfg c tokafmkch spaoro cfg mts mfstmtutm`fch rbcfmzctm`f. A`wovor,
tao gmddorofko notwoof taoso spaoros chs` ofbofgors p`ssmnmhmtmos `d k`fmkt
notwoof gokmsm`fs `d c tokafmkch fcturo cfg tao pr`guktm`f cbofkmos `d taospcko mtsohd. C [tcto str`fbhy hmfjog t` tao punhmk spaoro wmhh f`urmsa tao mfgo-
pofgofko `d tao tokafmkch spaoro tact mt supp`rts wmtamf mts `wf mfstmtutm`fch
strukturo, mf mts gokmsm`fs cn`ut tao kmty mf tao dcko `d tao sohd-koftorog mf-
torosts `d tao ckt`rs wa` pr`guko spcko. C tokafmkch spaoro tact ms wocjofog
p`hmtmkchhy r tokafmkchhy wmhh acvo c rogukog cnmhmty t` pr`p`so urncf p`hmkmos.
Wams mftorphcy `d tofsm`fs notwoof gmddoroft spaoros k`fstmtutos c smbfmffikcft
pcrt `d tao gcmhy oxorkmso `d urncf trcfsd`rictm`f phcffmfb cfg cktmvmtmos. Mf
>5. Ho`p`hg` cfg [mhvc (>552, p. 3;7).
>3. Mgoi.>>. Mf c gmskussm`f wmta ^`iuh` Jrcdtc.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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3=
tao Nrczmhmcf k`ftoxt, taoro cppocr t` no tw` typos `d wocjofmfb mf tao p`sm-tm`f `d ckt`rs mf tams mftorphcy< c wocjofmfb `d tao tokafmkch spaoro, guo t`
tao prop`fgorcfko `d pcrtmkuhcr krmtormc `d p`hmtmkch br`ups: cfg c wocjofmfb
`d tao tao`rotmkch spaoro, guo t` phcffmfb nomfb ufgorst``g cs c prcktmkch ffiohg,
oxoipt dr`i tao cnstrcktm`fs `d tao`ry mf rohctm`f t` tao gmdffikuhtmos `d kmty
icfcboioft, rosuhtmfb mf skmoftmffik jf`whogbo droquofthy nomfb `vorh``jog.
Waus, taoro ms c sopcrctm`f notwoof phcffmfb prcktmkos cfg tao`ry, mf tao d`ri
`d systoictmk cfg oipmrmkchhy k`fsmstoft jf`whogbo: notwoof icfcboioft mf-
stmtutm`fs cfg ckcgoimc cs c spokmchmzog sunsystoi mf tao pr`guktm`f `d tams
jf`whogbo omtaor stoiimfb dr`i krmtmkmsi tact suka jf`whogbo ms f`t vory
cpphmkcnho, r krmtmkmsi robcrgmfb tao hckj d cttoftm`f phckog f tao k`iphoxm-
tmos `d tao kmty.
Wao gmstcfko notwoof tao tokafmkch cfg ckcgoimk spaoros wocjofs taoi
n`ta: mt ufgorimfos c sofso `d usoduhfoss cfg urbofky mf rosocrka prcktmkos
cfg mf toris d goicfg d`r tao`rmos cnho t` cggross oipmrmkch urncf pr`nhois.
Mt kroctos c sofso `d tao ms`hctm`f `d tao`ry dr`i tao pr`nhois ofk`uftorog
mf prcktmko, cs ta`uba cpphmkcnmhmty woro c hossor odd`rt, ospokmchhy mf robcrgs
t` strukturch kacfbos. @f tao `taor acfg, c tokafmkch spaoro gotckaog dr`i
tao govoh`piofts tcjmfb phcko mf rosocrka tofgs t` no pr`brossmvohy wocjofog
vms--vmspr`nhois prosoftog ny kmtmos mf trcfsd`rictm`f. Raof tao tokafmkch
spaoro imfmimzos tao mip`rtcfko `d tao`ry, mt roi`vos tao p`ssmnmhmty tact oi-
pmrmkch ovmgofko d`ufg mf rosocrka kcf pr`vmgo supp`rt t` gokmsm`fs k`fkorfmfbtao pr`guktm`f `d spcko. Wao fobctm`f `d tao`ry taus hocgs t` c fobctm`f `d tao
tokafmkch rochi, wamka h`sos supp rt mf tao goffifmtm`f `d urncf cbofgcs cfg mf
tao gmsputo wmta mftorosts `d p`hmtmkch br`ups. Mf tao vckuui `d tams iutuch os-
trcfboioft, tao nloktmvmty d tao ta`ubat pr`kossos d prmvcto pr`gukors tcjos
`vor cfg provcmhs.
(g) Chmofctm`f `d pr`guktm`f cktmvmtmos mf rohctm`f t` tao duhh cppr`prmctm`f `d
spcko:
@fo sorm`us pr`nhoi rosuhtmfb dr`i tams skamsi ms tao cnsofko `d systoictmk
jf`whogbo cn`ut urncfmzctm`f stcfgcrgs mf pr`guktm`f cfg taomr k`fsoquofk-os `f tao gcmhy gyfcimks `d tao kmty. Wao cnsofko `d goncto, n`ta punhmk cfg
tokafmkch, cn`ut urncf cfg crkamtokturch d`ri cfg mts miphmkctm`fs `f pord`r-
icfko, `vor cfg cn`vo tao oforby quostm`f `d numhgmfbs, ms f`t, a`wovor, wmta-
`ut k`fsoquofkos. Mf tams vckuui, d`ri ms gotorimfog chi`st oxkhusmvohy ny
cgaormfb t` tao icxmimzctm`f w`rjsaoots `d tao ckt`rs wa` pr`guko spcko,
wmta taomr spokmffik krmtormc. Crocs d tao kmty nok`io tao pr`loktm`f d c sohd-kof-
torog h`bmk, gmktctog ny sohd-rodoroftmch mftorosts. @fo d tao k`fsoquofkos ms tao
sopcrctm`f d prmvcto pr`guktm`f dr`i k`fkorfs cn`ut tao punhmk cppr`prmctm`f
`d urncf spckos. Wao kmty ms tcjof `vor ny c a`i`bofmzmfb h`bmk tact gmstcfkos
mtsohd dr`i tao gmddoroft s`kmch br`ups wamka cro k`fstcfthy soojmfb oxprossm`f
mf tao urncf spcko.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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KCGO^F@[
3=
Waorod`ro, tao oxkhusmvo pr`loktm`f `d tao k`gos `d tao prmvcto spaoro `ft` taourncf spcko tofgs t` wocjof tao urncf spaoro mtsohd< tao p`ssmnmhmty `d c s`kmch
w`rhg pr`loktog mf mts k`iphoxmty mf tao d`ri `d kmtmos cs cf oxprossm`f `d tao
punhmk spaoro.>;
(o) Gcicbos crmsmfb dr`i tao rctm`fchmzctm`f `d urncf cfg crkamtokturch k`f-
ffiburctm`fs
Ro k`io, ffifchhy, t` tao ictormch k`ip`fofts tact wmhh k`fs`hmgcto taoso d`rkos
`d rctm`fchmzctm`f. M w`uhg hmjo t` oxp`so, ct tams stcbo `d iy crbuioft, tao
iocfs ny wamka tao urncf spcko ms qumothy, nut mftofsohy, pcrtmkmpctmfb mf tao
wocjofmfb `d tao punhmk spaoro. Wao tori oxp`suro icjos sofso nokcuso
taoso iocfs cfg urncf stcfgcrgs cro f`t tao oxprossm`f d c s`kmoty, mfs`dcr
cs c t`tch oftmty, nut d c spokmffik s`kmch fmkao, tokafmkchhy supp`rtog cfg strcto-
bmkchhy `rmoftog t`wcrg supphymfb typmffiog spckos, ncsog `f vchuos suka cs tao
sobrobctm`f cfg chmofctm`f `d tao punhmk wamka g` f`t rosp`fg, taorod`ro, t`
tao vchuos `d urncf cfg s`kmch gmvorsmty.
Mg hmjo t` p`mft `ut tact taoro ms khocrhy c fow i`goh `d crkamtokturch cfg ur-
ncf pr`guktm`f, wamka oxprossos c fow d`ri `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d urncf spcko,
wamka ms iuka i`ro pofotrctmfb tacf tao rmbmg z`fmfb `d i`gorf urncf phcf-
fmfb c typo `d rctm`fchmzctm`f tact acs noof sacpmfb tao kmty, ospokmchhy smfko
tao ocrhy 3==5s, mf tao d`ri `d (3) mfkrocsmfbhy k`ftr`hhog mftordckos notwoof
numht cfg pof spcko, cfg punhmk cfg prmvcto spcko, mf tao goffifmtm`f d crkamtok-
turch typos cfg sobrobctog strukturos sunloktmfb oftmro crocs t` d`ris `d ct-
`imzog sobrobctm`f ct tao hovoh `d urncf h`ts: (>) oxkhusmvo cktmvmtmos d`r kortcmf
punhmks, porimttog cfg ovof k`fs`hmgctog ny urncf cfg crkamtokturch robuhc-
tm`fs. Waoso cspokts cro ictormchmzog mf crkamtokturch i`gohs kacrcktormzog ny
ncrrmors cfg sopcrctm`fs dr`i `taor numhgmfbs cfg tao punhmk spcko, cs i`gos
`d k`ftr`hhmfb ckkoss. Wams rosuhts, taorod`ro, mf nrocjmfb g`wf tao k`ftmfumty `d
dckcgos cfg tao k`ipcktfoss `d nh`kjs. Waoy acvo cgvcftcbos mf toris `d acn-
mtcnmhmty>7, rmbmfchhy sot d`rta mf icstor phcfs tact woro i`gorfmstmk, prokcrm`us
cfg wmta`ut mfdrcstrukturo, opmt`imzog ny tao Ctaofs Kacrtor cfg T msmf Uhcf.
Wao pr`nhoi g`os f`t hmo mf tao gmvmsm`f notwoof punhmk cfg prmvcto mf tao d`ri`d goicrkctm`fs tact kacrcktormzo kmtmos mf tao Brooj p`hms, nut>?mf tao sopcrc-
>;. Wams rocs`fmfb g`os f`t miphy tact tao icrjot ms tao vmhhcmf tact k`rrupts tao [tcto. Mt ffirst mfgmkctos tacttao css`kmctm`f notwoof pr`guktm`f ckt`rs vmc tao icrjot cfg ta`so tact icfcbo tao urncf spcko kcf ocsmhy nok`ipr`imsog. Wao pr`nhoi hmos ct tao s`urko< c i`goh `d roprosoftctmvo goi`krcky tact ofcnhos cf chmbfioftnotwoof prmvcto mftorosts cfg tao mfstmtutm`fch cktmvmtmos `d p`hmtmkch ckt`rs, ostcnhmsaog ct tao tmio `d ffifcfkmfbp`hmtmkch kcipcmbfs, kcf ocsmhy grmvo c wogbo notwoof taoso mfstmtutm`fch cktmvmtmos cfg tao punhmk mftorosts `dta`so nomfb roprosoftog. Waoro ms droquoft ovmgofko d tams mf skcfgchs mfv`hvmfb b`vorfiofts mf vcrymfb skchos.
>7. A`wovor, taoy ropr`guko cftm-urncf prolugmkos tact usog t` css`kmcto spctmch gofsmtmos cfg opmgoimks mf taoOur`pocf kmty d tao fmfotoofta koftury, wamka wcs mfgustrmchmzog, prokcrm`us cfg hckjmfb mf mfdrcstrukturo, cfgtaus mfuofkog tao k`fkopts d mgoch kmtmos k`flurog up ct tao tmio, rcfbmfb dr`i tao bcrgof kmty t` tao i`gorf-mst kmty. Waoso i`gohs pr`vog, a`wovor, t` no mfcgoqucto, chs` mf toris `d `taor cspokts `d acnmtcnmhmty< mf usuchurncf smtuctm`fs, mf h`ts, i`st d taomr pofmfbs woro t` tao smgo, c dow iotors dr`i tao smgo wchhs d fomban`rmfb
numhgmfbs, gotrcktmfb dr`i prmvcky, mfsuhctm`f cfg hmbatmfb.>?. [oo Crofgt (3=12).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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>15
KCGO^F@[
3=
tm`f d crkamtokturo cs prmvcto spcko dr`i tao crofc d punhmk hmdo pcr oxkohhofko,wamka ms tao stroot. F`r ms mt c icttor `d roturfmfb t` urncf punhmk hmdo `d tao
pcst, nut rctaor upa`hgmfb tao p`ssmnmhmty `d k`fstcft cfg gcmhy k`-prosofko
wamka ms tao ossofko d hmdo mf tao kmty. mkacrg [offott roimfgs us tact Crmst`-
tho goffifog tao kmty cs syf`mjmsi`s, c k`fvorbofko `d po`pho dr`i gmvorso dci-
mhy nckjbr`ufgs< C kmty ms k`ip`sog `d gmddoroft jmfgs `d iof: smimhcr po`pho
kcff`t nrmfb c kmty mft` oxmstofko>4.
M w`uhg hmjo t` put d`rta tao taosms, wamka wo pr`vmgog oipmrmkch supp`rt d`r mf
cf`taor pcpor>2, tact tams crkamtokturch cfg urncf pcttorf acs noof rosp`fsmnho
d`r rogukmfb tao cppr`prmctm`f d urncf spcko mf crocs cfg kmtmos waoro mt ms mf-
krocsmfbhy cpphmog. Mt bmvos rmso t` wact wo imbat kchh, usmfb Hodonvros oxkohhoft
tori< tao fobctmvo cppr`prmctm`f d spcko.
Hots tcjo c h``j ct a`w tao numhgmfb i`goh ms rosp`fsmnho d`r fobctmvo cppr`-
prmctm`f. Cf ms`hctog crkamtokturch i`goh `dtof acs smgo khocrcfkos dr`i `taor
numhgmfbs, wamka roqumros hcrbor h`ts cfg mip`sos broctor gmstcfkos d`r pogos-
trmcfs ct tao br`ufg ``r cfg stroot hovoh. Wams i`goh usuchhy chs` k`ios wmta
wchhs cfg rogukog gofsmty d`r `pofmfbs (wmfg`ws cfg g``rs) ohoiofts tact
numhg tao mftordcko wmta tao stroot. Dr`ft cfg smgo khocrcfkos, wchhs cfg dofkos
cfg rogukog `pofmfbs ckk`ipcfy c gr`p mf tao fuinor `d pogostrmcfs, sa`ps
cfg sorvmkos ct br`ufg hovoh cfg dufktm`fch urncf gmvorsmty dckt`rs tact goffifo
tao d`ris cfg mftofsmtmos `d tao s`kmch cppr`prmctm`f `d tao spcko. Wams pcttorf
ms f`t rostrmktog t` bctog k`iiufmtmos mf kmtmos< mt chs` cppocrs mf f`rich urncf
h`ts, kroctmfb d`ris `d ct`imzog sobrobctm`f. Waoso oipmrmkch `nsorvctm`fs ro-
voch tao mfcgoqucky `d tao i`gohs tact acvo noof k`fs`hmgctog mf tao icrjot.
Waoso cro f`t sunloktmvo miprossm`fs, c tori dtof usog mf cf odd`rt t` fobcto
suka `nsorvctm`fs.
Wao pr`loktm f `d tao urncf punhmk spcko mf c
sacttorog i`gorfmty
Ract cro tao dufktm`fch miphmkctm`fs tact tams crkamtokturch pcttorf boforctos0
Wao truta ms, br`ufg ``rs wmta sa`ps cfg sorvmkos cro f`w ufd`rtufctohy css`-
kmctog wmta tao p`ssmnmhmty d nomfb ckkossog ny lust cfy`fo, cfg tao rmsjs tact
tams f`f-phcffog `taorfoss nrmfbs mf mts wcjo cs ovmgofko `d cf ufgosmrcnho
gmddorofko suka cs rmsj `d vm`hofko, icfmdostctm`fs d p`vorty r mfk`fsmstofky
wmta tao stctus tact tao numhgmfb cfg mts gmddoroft punhmks sooj t` upa`hg. Ract
taoso k`fkopts d crkamtokturo cfg tao kmty `dtof hckj ms cf ufgorstcfgmfb d tao
rohctm`fsamps tact numhgmfbs cfg taomr cktmvmtmos icmftcmf notwoof taoisohvos
cfg wmta tao urncf spcko cfg dufktm`fmfb `d tao kmty c systoimk ufgorstcfg-
>4. Crmst`tho mf [offott (>53>, p. 37).>2. [oo (Nuskcfg`) @s odomt`s s`kmcms gc i`rd`h`bmc crqumtotfmkc Fott`, Tcrbcs cfg [cn`yc (>53>).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
7/30/2019 The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere
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>13
KCGO^F@[
3=
mfb. Wao ohmimfctm`f `d punhmk cktmvmtmos ct tao br`ufg ``r, `fko wmgosprocg,oftcmhs c t`tch gmsk`ffoktm`f `d tao spokmffik cktmvmtmos `d taoso numhgmfbs mf rohc-
tm`f t` tao `w `d cppr`prmctm`f `d tao gmddoroft punhmks mf tao stroot.
C kacrcktormstmk `d tams imkr`-rctm`fchmzctm`f `d spcko ms tao mfgopofgofko `d
tao `porctm`f `d numhgmfbs mf rohctm`f t` taomr surr`ufgmfbs, md mts usors g` f`t
uso tao stroot cs c spcko d`r pogostrmcf i`voioft, nut k`io dr`i dcr cwcy mf
pors`fch voamkhos. Waorod ro, ovof ta`uba taoy g` f`t k`fstmtuto spokmffik z`fos,
tams numhgmfb k`fffiburctm`f kcf pr`guko `ws tact cro roi`vog cfchytmkchhy,
dufktm`fchhy dr`i `vorchh urncf `ws. Wams rohctmvo mfgopofgofko d tao pun-
hmk spcko kcf chs` hocg t` suntho d`ris d sobrobctm`f, ostcnhmsaog mf tao d`ri d
spckos prmicrmhy sorvmkmfb mts tcrbot cugmofko.
Wao pr`guktm`f `d taoso numhgmfbs mf crocs waoro urncf rofowch `r oxpcfsm`f
ms tcjmfb phcko icjos taoi spokmchmzog, f`t cs crocs goicrkctog ny iokacfms-
tmk phcfs, nut cs c ioro ckkuiuhctm`f d numhgmfbs d c kortcmf stcfgcrg. Aoromf
ms tao troiofg`us odffikcky `d tams trcfsd`rictm`f< mt g`os f`t gopofg `f pro-
ostcnhmsaog f`ris, nut `kkurs mf tao d`ri `d smimhcrmtmos ci`fb mfgmvmguch go-
kmsm`fs, wmta oddokts `f tao s`kmch cppr`prmctm`f `d mts spckos cfg tao gmvorsmty
`d cktmvmtmos, wamka cro `fhy rok`bfmzcnho waof suka typos nok`io g`imfcft
wmtamf c k`ftoxt.
Wao r`ho d tao pr`guktm`f d spcko ms tao rosp`fsmnmhmty d spokmchmzog ckt`rs mf
tams robcrg, nut wa` mf ur k`ftoxt cro ufcnho t` k`ffokt tao ckt `d numhgmfbwmta cfy `taor cspokts nosmgos ta`so k`rrosp`fgmfb t` tao icxmimzctm`f `d
mfgmvmguch mftorosts cfg tao sctmsdcktm`f `d typmffiog ckt`rs cfg hmdostyhos ncsog
`f icrjotmfb cssossiofts.
Wao chtorfctmvo t` tams krmtmkmsi w`uhg no t` mbf`ro tao roguktm`f tact tams h`bmk
roprosofts cs tao s`ho vokt`r `d urncf trcfsd`rictm`f. Cfg t` mbf`ro c kmrku-
hcrmty< c h`bmk kmrkuiskrmnog t` `fo br`up `r s`kmch ffiohg ofgs up systoimkchhy
mipcktmfb tao p`ssmnmhmty d cppr`prmctm`f d taor br`ups, waof mt ms pr`loktog
`f tao urncf spcko cs c i`goh `d urncfmzctm`f. Wams i`goh ms c typmkch vorsmi-
phmffikctm`f cfg gmst`rtm`f `d tao govmctm`fs `d c rctm`fchmzctm`f tact ms gmsk`f-
foktog dr`i mts nr`cgor k`ftoxts. Waus, taoro ms c roguktm`f cfg mip`smtm`f d c
i`goh d spcko cfg ovof c wcy d hmdo f chh `taor d`ris d hmdo, f tao vmtchmty
`d wa`ho crocs `d c kmty cfg `f urncf pord`ricfko mtsohd, wamka uhtmictohy cd-
dokts ovory`fo. Waoro ms cf crkaotypo d tams typo `d pr`guktm`f d urncf spcko
mf cf croc ufgor oxpcfsm`f mf tao kmty `d ^m` go Lcfomr`.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
7/30/2019 The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere
18/25
>1>
KCGO^F@[
3=
Wao kcso d tao fow urncf dr`ftmor d m` goLcfomr`
Wao oxpcfsm`f d tao [`uta \`fo t` tao wost, mf Ncmxcgc go Lckcropcbu, stcrt-
mfb mf tao 3=45s, mf vcst crocs wmta dow pr`portmos, wcs mf hcrbo pcrt pro-goffifog
ny Hukm` K`stcs Umh`t Uhcf (3=4=). Wams Uhcf mfmtmchhy ostcnhmsaog krmtormc d`r ur-
ncfmzctm`f< robuhctm`f `d hcfg uso cfg urncf d`ri, hmimtmfb numhgmfbs t` no-
twoof ombat cfg tof ``rs: cut`f`i`us fukhom mftorsporsmfb iuhtm-dcimhy cfg
smfbho-dcimhy rosmgofkos, wmta c sopcrctm`f notwoof taoi: govoh`pioft d tao
robm`f d`r chh hcyors `d tao p`puhctm`f: prosorvctm`f `d tao robm`fs ok`systoi:
cfg kroctm`f `d c fow nusmfoss koftor mf tao croc jf`wf cs Ncrrc gc Wmlukc,cs cf chtorfctmvo t` tao amst`rmk g`wft`wf croc. Wao Uhcf boforctog k`fmkts
notwoof pr`guktm`f ckt`rs, krukmch d`r mts pcrtmch k`iphotm`f: kacfbos icgo
t` ckk`ii`gcto cglustiofts d`r roch ostcto mftorosts, suka cs ``rs cfg mf-
tofgog usos: cfg hcfg sungmvmsm`f.>1Wao hcfgskcpo `d tao croc wcs i`gmffiog
tar`uba vortmkch k`fstruktm`f, wmta iuhtm-dcimhy numhgmfbs wmta >? t` ;5 ``rs,
ospokmchhy mf mts ffirst croc `d oxpcfsm`f, mf Ncrrc.
Oxkoptm`fs csmgo, tao spctmch rctm`fchmzctm`f `d tao croc boforchhy cgaoros t`
i`gorfmst dufktm`fch cfg typ`h`bmkch bof`typos wmta tao cggmtm`f `d s`io
gmvorsmty. Ncrrc, smfko tao nobmffmfb `d mts urncfmzctm`f, acs noof gohmnorctohy
css`kmctog wmta c fow styho d k`ftoip`rcry hmdo vmc urncf icrjotmfb ZDmburo3Y cfg ms kortcmfhy ufgorst``g cs suka ny mts k`fsuiors. Wao k`ros cro pr`-
toktog ny tao gmstcfko cfg cppcroft cut`f`iy `ddorog ny tao kh`sog sa`ppmfb
ichhs. Ramho mt w`uhg acvo tao dufktm`fs `d tao kmty, gmstcft cfg ckkossog ny
oxprosswcys, mfacnmtcft-k`fsuiors w`uhg no sorvog wmtamf tao crocs k`ros.
Wao i`gohs ckkoptcfko ms k`fffiriog ny tao br`wta rctos< >,?15 mfacnmtcfts
(3=45): ?,22= (3=25): 75,2>4 (3=15): =1,>>= (3==3): 327,;?; (>555): ;55,1>; mfacnmt-
cfts (>535). Wao br`wta rcto notwoof >555 cfg >535 ms cf miprossmvo 2>.?7%.
>1. ^ozofgo cfg Homt` (>55;).
DMB_^O 3
Wams ms ur wchh d sacio
cf mhhustrctm`f usog mfcgvortmsmfb t` goi`fmzo tao
i`rpa`h`by d K`pckcncfc
ny ostcnhmsamfb c fow
crkamtokturch typ`h`by
css`kmctog wmta c fow
ZurncfY hmdostyho. _rncf
icrjotmfb wcs chrocgy cktmvo
mf tao 3=25s cfg 3=15s.
[`urko< L`rfch g` Nrcsmh
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
7/30/2019 The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere
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>1;
KCGO^F@[
3=
Wao oxpcfsm`f k`ftmfuos durtaor wost `d tao ofvmr`fioftchhy drcbmho crocs`d tao Ncmxcgc>=, d`richmzog ckk`rgmfb t` tao _rncf [trukturmfb Ur`lokt (UO_)
d`r tao fomban`ra``gs `d Tcrboi Brcfgo, Tcrboi Uoquofc, Kci`rmi cfg
s`io `d tao fomban`ra``gs `d ^okrom` g`s Ncfgomrcftos, Ncrrc gc Wmlukc cfg
Lckcropcbu ZDmburo >Y [upphoioftcry Hcw F`. 357 `d F`voinor >2, >55=.
Wao hobmshctm`f d`r taoso crocs k`ftmfuos t` rookt tao urncfmzctm`f i`gohs `d
tao roch ostcto icrjot t` tao p`mft `d proskrmnmfb ruhos tact t`gcy provoft trc-
gmtm`fch urncf k`fffiburctm`fs suka cs k`ftmfu`us typ`h`by.;5Chh `d taoso robu-
hctm`fs gotorimfo tao pcrtmkuhcr typo `d t`wors `r ms`hctog numhgmfbs cfg, mf
cf mrrosp`fsmnho icffor, provoft `taor typ`h`bmos, taus ropr`gukmfb tao Ncrrc
i`goh cfg mfgukmfb c spcrso `kkupctm`f.
_rncf crocs suka cs tams acvo noof suka ffiohgs `d ofbcboioft d`r ckt`rs wa`,
i`ro tacf ovor, i`hg spcko cs tao ropr`guktm`f `d hmdostyhos, vmc icrjot ro-
socrka cfg i`gohs tact ofsuro k`st imfmimzctm`f wmta c icxmimzctm`f d pr`ffit
ct tao tmio `d scho.
(m) Wao ropr guktm`f d tao phcf ncsog `f vortmkch br`wta cfg tao iuh-
tmphmkctm`f `d ``rs icxmimzos tao uso `d mfstchhog icfp`wor, ic-
kamfory cfg tokaf`h`by ct tao k`fstruktm`f smto, taorony rogukmfb
k`fstruktm`f tmio. Waoso dckt`rs roguko k`fstruktm`f k`sts d`r ocka
``r< tact ms, tao rohctmvo k`st `d ocka ``r tact ms cggog gokrocsos,
wamho tao schos vchuo `d tao pr`porty mfkrocsos guo t` tao vmow dck-
t`r. Wams oxphcmfs tao prodorofko `d roch ostcto pr`guktm`f ckt`rs d`r
tao ms`hctog-typo d`riuhc. Mt ms chs` `fo `d tao rocs`fs way tao dcnrmk
`d kmtmos acs pr`brossmvohy noof rophckog wmta tams typo c d`riuhc mf
phcko smfko tao 3==5s.
>=. I`ftozuic cfg @hmvomrc (>535).
;5. Wao urncf robuhctm`fs d`r tao fow oxpcfsm`f dr`ftmor goffifo sungmvmsm`f krmtormc cs c imfmiui croc `d ;45i> d`r h`ts (cs mf sokt`r D) cfg 3,555 i> d`r hcrbo-smzo h`ts (sokt`r M), wmta c imfmiui dr`ftcbo `d >5 i. Wao krm-tormc d`r numhgmfbs cro bofor`us, wmta c icxmiui d 4 t` 31 ``rs: dr`ftch spckos cro ffixog ct c imfmiui d ? i.I`ro sorm`ushy, khocrcfko spcko dr`i tao n`ufgcrmos `d tao h`t ms roqumrog ny hcw. Mf tao UO_ (_rncf [trukturmfb
Ur`lokt) crocs, tao mfgoxos tact acvo drcbioftog tao d`ri `d Nrczmhmcf kmtmos ncsog `f cf cnstrcktm`f kroctog t`ioot kortcmf cspokts `d acnmtcnmhmty, nut wmta`ut pcymfb cttoftm`f t` `taor pord`ricfko dckt`rs tao hcfg usomfgoxos (MCWs) cro h`w.
DMB_^O >
tao hctost dr`ftmor< tao croc
`d tao UO_ gcs Tcrbofs, mf
yohh`w.
[`urko< I`ftozuic cfg
@hmvomrc (>535)/FMIC-U_K
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@
7/30/2019 The (re)conquest of the city: Polis and the public sphere
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>17
KCGO^F@[
3=
(mm) Wao rophmkctm`f `d tao numhgmfb i`goh rogukos tao k sts `d spokmffik cr-kamtokturch gosmbfs d`r spokmffik h`kctm`fs. Wams dckt`r bmvos rmso t` tao
prodorofko d`r hcrbo h`ts kcpcnho `d pr`vmgmfb of`uba spcko d`r taoso
typos cfg taomr spcko khocrcfkos.
(mmm) Wao k`inmfctm`f `d taoso dckt`rs mf tao kroctm`f `d cttrcktmvo pckj-
cbos d`r c hmdostyho ncsog `f k`fkopts `d stctus cfg pr`toktm`f, ropr`-
gukog d`r taomr tcrbot cugmofko.;3
(mv) Hcfg sungmvmsm`fs iust no sumtcnho d`r tams typo `d roch ostcto, wmta
hcrbo h`ts, iocfmfb tact taoso fow crocs wmhh f` h`fbor acvo tao k`f-
tmfu`us i`rpa`h`bmos `d tao trcgmtm`fch kmty, ufhoss duturo urncf ro-
pcmr tcjos phcko.
I`ro sorm`us stmhh, fow Icstor Uhcfs, tar`uba`ut Nrczmh, acvo noof d`riuhctog
mf suka c wcy tact tao k`ftmfu`us, hoss vortmkch cfg i`ro k`ftoxt-spokmffik typo
ms oxkhugog cf cttckj `f urncf i`rpa`h`bmkch cfg dufktm`fch gmvorsmty, `f
tao cppr`prmctm`f `d punhmk, pogostrmcf cfg `pof spcko, cfg `f b``g urncf
pord`ricfko mf boforch. Wao mr`fy `d tao h`bmk `d rctm`fchmzctm`f `d mfgmvmguch
mftorosts ms tact mt g`os f`t fokosscrmhy hocg t` tao nost `vorchh `utk`io. _fmf-
tofgog urncf k`fsoquofkos, suka cs gokrocsog pord`ricfko, kcf ofsuo. Wao
ffifch rosuht kcf sa`w up mf tao sui `d imkr`-rctm`fchmzctm`fs tact cppocr t`
icjo sofso mfgmvmguchhy, nut f` h`fbor icjo sofso mf tao t`tchmty `d taomr mi-
pckts. [mhoft fobctmvo oddokts icy roicmf k`fkochog d`r c h`fb tmio nut tamsmfvmsmnmhmty g`os f`t fobcto taomr oxmstofko.;>Kortcmf typos d crkamtokturo icjo
sofso t` taomr pr`gukors cfg k`fsuiors ny `ddormfb wcys t` imfmimzo k`sts
cfg mfkrocso mfgmvmguch nofoffits, nut taomr kuiuhctmvo systoimk oddokt, n`ta
spctmchhy cfg toip`rchhy, kcf no gmscstr`us.
Mt ms prokmsohy tams gmhoiic tact wo dcko t`gcy mf `ur kmtmos. Rmta`ut ofk`uf-
tormfb iuka rocktm`f dr`i tao ckcgoimk spaoro guo t` tao hckj `d tao`rotmkch
cfg oipmrmkch stugmos, i`rpa`h`bmos acvo noof ropr`gukog wmta`ut c rmb`r`us
oxcimfctm`f `d taomr urncf mipckt. Wao s`kmch oddokts `d crkamtokturo k`ftmfuo
t` no mbf`rog mf tockamfb, mf gokmsm`fs mf tao roch ostcto icrjot cfg mf phcffmfb
prcktmkos. Mt ms cs ta`uba wo cro iy`pmk wmta rospokt t` tao ovmgoft oiptymfb `d
tao stroots r tao h`w cppr`prmctm`f d spcko mf crocs waoro tams fow stcfgcrg
prog`imfctos. Wams smtuctm`f wmhh acvo miphmkctm`fs mf tao punhmk spaoro, suka
cs gokrocsog gofsmty `d bctaormfbs cfg k`iiufmkctm`f mf tao punhmk spcko.
;3. [oo Ncuicf (>55=).
;>. Wao gokmsm`f t` uso mfgmvmguch voamkho trcfsp`rt ocsmhy hocgs t` k`hhoktmvo pcttorfs `d k`fbostm`f. C dckt`ryguipmfb mts ufpr`kossog nypr`gukts mft` tao rmvor icy roprosoft c k`st scvmfbs d`r tao icfudckturor, nut taokuiuhctmvo gcicbo wmhh uhtmictohy cddokt tao wa`ho n`gy, mfkhugmfb tao icfudckturor. Ur`i`tmfb tao pr`guktm`f`d voamkhos p`smtmvohy mipckts c strctobmk sokt`r `d tao ok`f`iy cfg kcf rovornorcto mf `taors, nut durtaor g`wftao hmfo mt kcf fobctmvohy cddokt `vorchh ok`f`imk cktmvmty ny k`ftrmnutmfb t` tao gokhmfo `d i`nmhmty mf tao kmty.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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KCGO^F@[
3=
Kmty, ros punhmkc d`r c s`kmch cfg urncf otamk
A`w kcf tao smtuctm`f mfv`hvmfb tao wcfmfb `d tao p`hmtmks `d ovorygcy hmdo no
rovorsog0 I`voiofts d`r rok`vormfb tao punhmk spcko, cs c pr`loktm`f `d tao gm-
vorsmty `d tao punhmk spaoro, suka cs @kkupy Rchh [troot, Wcarmr [qucro mf Kcmr`,
`r [yftcbic [qucro mf Ctaofs, sorvo cs rocktm`fs t` tams pr`koss `d cf`imo.
[uka i`voiofts sooi t` mfgmkcto c rofowch `d tao punhmk spcko cs tao h`kus
d`r tao oxorkmso `d p`hmtmks, tar`uba bctaormfbs cfg tao cbbh`iorctm`f `d sichh
`r hcrbo kr`wgs;;.
Wao joy quostm`f, a`wovor, acs t` g` wmta smtuctm`fs `vor cfg noy`fg pr`tosts,
mf tao d`ri d gcmhy cktm`fs cfg i`ro k`fstcft pr`loktm`fs d tao punhmk spaoromft` tao urncf spcko. Wao k`fstcft `kkupctm`f `d tao punhmk spcko, subbostog
ny Imjo Gcvms, kcff`t no ckamovog mf lust cfy urncf k`fgmtm`f. Wao spctmch k`f-
stmtutm`f `d tao punhmk spaoro cs cf crofc d`r gmskursmvo rohctm`fsamps mf wamka
ckt`rs k`io t`botaor t` gmskuss mssuos d iutuch mftorost, waoro punhmk pmfm`f
cfg p`hmtmkch pcrtmkmpctm`f cro ofcktog tar`uba spooka,;7ufg`untoghy oxtofgs
noy`fg `pof punhmk spcko cfg mfkhugos numht spcko cs c h`kus `d tao n`gy mf
cktm`f cfg mftorcktm`f. Wao p`hmtmkch uso `d tao punhmk spcko ms docsmnho md taoro
ms k`ftmfuch cppr`prmctm`f, cfg tams chs` gopofgs f numht cfg prmvcto spcko d`r
cfka`rmfb tao prcktmkos cfg cktmvmtmos `d ckt`rs cttrckt`rs `d tao `ws. Wao
mftorwocvmfb `d tao punhmk cfg prmvcto spaoro mf tao urncf spcko kcff`t no
mbf`rog.
Nosmgos tams mftorwocvmfb, c p`hmky f spcko sa`uhg tcjo mft` ckk`uft tao rctm`-
fchmzctm`f `d urncf spcko cfg s`kmch prcktmkos. M pr`p`so tact tao kcusos `d tao
wocjofmfb d tao urncf i`gchmtmos d tao punhmk spaoro (opms`gos d sp`ftcfo-
`us bctaormfbs cfg rbcfmzog prosofko) cro rohctog t` taroo vokt`rs d rctm`fch-
mzctm`f53>, p. >53).
;7. M uso k`fkopts d iutuch mftorost d`ufg mf Acusor (3==1) cfg p`hmtmkch pcrtmkmpctm`f tar`uba spooka mf Drcsor(3==5).
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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3=
(k) ictormch pr`loktm`f vokt`rs `d taoso cktmvmtmos mf tao pr`guktm`f `d taourncf spcko mtsohd, f`tcnhy mf tao wcys d numhgmfb cfg crkamtokturch cfg
urncf stcfgcrgs. Waoso vokt`rs ropr`guko, mfstchh, ostcnhmsa cfg romf-
d`rko tao trofgs `d gmvmsm`f pr`gukog mf tao prmvcto cfg mfstmtutm`fch
spaoros, wamka sooi t` k`fvorbo wmta ocka `taor cfg i`vo cwcy dr`i
sunstcftmvo mfstcfkos d tao vchuos, prcktmkos cfg s`kmch cfg urncf k`f-
toxts d tao punhmk spaoro.
A`w kcf wo cv`mg tams droo dchh mf tao gmvmsm`f wmta`ut ofg cfg tao h`bmk `d
sopcrctm`f typmkch `d tao strctobmk rctm`fchmzctm`f `d tao urncf spcko, wamka
sorvos oxkhusmvo dufktm`fchmty cfg tao mgoch `d sobrobctm`f0 Mts f`t c icttor `d
cncfg`fmfb tao bcmfs cfg p`toftmch `d rctm`fchmty, nut t` rosmtucto d`ris `d ur-
ncf rctm`fchmty dr`i tao porspoktmvo d nr`cgor vchuos cfg gmrokt mt mft` gmskus-
sm`f cbofgcs d`r d`rimfb punhmk `pmfm`fs. Wao ro-k`fquost `d tao kmty ms cn`ut
rok`vory mf rohctm`f t` c sacttorog i`gorfmty tact kcff`t fhy tcjo phcko mf c
kmrkuiskrmnog f`rictmvo mfstmtutm`fch spaoro, `r mf `kkcsm`fch ckts `d spokmffik
ckt`rs, ovof md k`hhoktmvo. Mt roqumros tao strofbtaofmfb d punhmk `pmfm`f cfg mts
mipckt `f tao phcffmfb gohmnorctm`fs `d goi`krctmk mfstmtutm`fs, mfkhugmfb tao
d`hh`wmfb cspokts12
KCGO^F@[
3=
cf`imo cfg tao rocdffirictm`f `d tao kmty cs c ffiohg `d p`hmtmks mf ovorygcy hmdotar`uba rost`rmfb tao otamk `d s`kmch mftorcktm`f mf tao puro sofso `d tao p`hms,
wmta tao iocfs t` vork`io tao drckturos notwoof gmsk`ffoktog prcktmkos cfg
notwoof drcbiofts d fhy dufktm`fchhy gopofgoft sunsystois. Cf otamk tact ms
cnho t` bumgo< (c) tao boforctm`f d tokafmkch stcfgcrgs mf crkamtokturo, tar`uba
usmfb i`ro prokmso jf`whogbo tact ms cttoftmvo t` tao mipckts `d gmddoroft ur-
ncf stcfgcrgs, wmta tao k`iimtioft `d tao ckt`rs mfv`hvog mf tao pr`guktm`f
cfg phcffmfb `d urncf spcko: (n) tao r`ho `d tao robuhct`ry spaoro, mf `rgor t`
k`io up wmta urncf ruhos cfg mfstmtutm`fchmzog phcffmfb prcktmkos tact oxpross
taoso bumgohmfos t` tao gmvorsmty `d cbofkmos cfg goicfgs.
[mfko Crmst`thos n``j, U`hmtmks, mts noof ufgorst``g tact tao urncf spcko pr`-
i`tos s`kmch gmvorsmty ospokmchhy mf crocs `d trcgo cfg oxkacfbo s`iotamfb
tact tao dufktm`fchmzog kmty `d tao >5ta koftury cfg tao k`ftr`hhog spckos `d
tao Nrczmhmcf kmty `d tao >3stkoftury acvo noof pr`brossmvohy h`smfb. Iy nrmod
ckk`uft `d tams pr`koss rcfjs cs `fo ci`fb `taors nut mt g`os urbo krmtmkmsi
cfg roloktm`f `d tams boforchmzog i`goh mf tao d`ri `d c goncto tact tcjos mft`
ckk`uft gmddoroft vmsm`fs `d tao urncf spaoro cfg crkamtokturo `fo tact ms
bumgog, a`wovor, ny c sofso `d rosp`fsmnmhmty `d tao prmvcto spaoro t`wcrg tao
punhmk spaoro, cfg wamka ms cnho t` d`stor c gohmnorctmvo mfstmtutm`fch p`hmky.
F`r ms mt fokosscry t` pcmft cf cp`kchyptmk vmow `d tao kmty< taoro cro crocs mf
ovory kmty tact puhscto wmta urncf hmdo. _rncf koftors k`ftmfuo t` no k`ip`sog
`d gofso `pof spckos, suka cs ta`so amst`rmkchhy css`kmctog wmta tao iocfmfb
cfg `rmbmf `d kmtmos cs cf oxprossm`f `d s`kmch mftorcktm`f, tao gmvmsm`f `d hcn`r,
p`hmtmkch `rbcfmzctm`f cfg tao k`hhoktmvo oxpormofko mf mts i`st s`pamstmkctog
cfg gmdffikuht d`ri< goi`krcky. Raof po`pho cro `f tao stroot, cfy jmfg `d od-
dorvoskofko kcf tcjo phcko. Wams w`uhg ofcnho us t` grcw focror t` tao mgoc `d
tao p`hms, tao gcmhy oxorkmso d s`kmch hmdo cfg oxkacfbos wmta p`hmtmkch p`toftmch.
@taor spaoros, suka cs ta`so mfv`hvmfb hobch roqumroiofts cfg urncf ruhos tact
bumgo tao pr`guktm`f d urncf spcko, cro c iocfs t` tams ro-k`fquost.
^odorofkosCG@^F@, W.: A@^JAOMIO^, I. C Gmchtmkc g` Oskhcrokmioft`. ^m` go Lcfomr`? (Rmftor), pp. 33?3>=, 3===.
NC_ICF, \. K`ffficfc o Iog` fc Kmgcgo. [` Ucuh`< \cacr, >55=.
KAC_, I. @ quo p`htmkc0 Mf F`vcos, C. (`rb) @ Osquokmioft` gc U`htmkc. ^m`
go Lcfomr`< Cbmr, >552.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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KCGO^F@[
3=
K@[WC, H. Uhcf` Umh`t` pcrc urncfmzc` gc ncmxcgc k`iproofgmgc oftro c Ncr-rc gc Wmlukc, ` U`ftch go [orfcinotmnc o Lckcropcbu.^m` go Lcfomr`< Cbfkmc
L`rfchstmkc Micbo, 3=4=.
GCTM[, I. Kaobc go kamkhoto. Mf< Acrvoy ot ch. @kkupy< I`vmioft`s go Ur`tost`
quo W icrci cs ^ucs. [` Ucuh`< N`mtoip`, >53>.
GORO], L. Wao Uunhmk cfg mts Ur`nhois. @xd`rg< A`ht, 3=>2.
G_^JAOMI, O. Gc gmvms` g` trcncha` s`kmch. [` Ucuh`< Icrtmfs D`ftos, 3===
Z31=;Y.
D^C[O^, F. ^otamfjmfb tao Uunhmk [paoro< C K`ftrmnutm`f t` tao Krmtmquo `d Ck-
tuchhy Oxmstmfb Goi`krcky. [`kmch Woxt,>? (>4), pp. ?415, 3==5.D^OM^O, .: N^MWW@, D. _t`pmc o pcmx`< c p`htmkc g` k`tmgmcf`.[` Ucuh`< ^`kk`,
3=17.
ACNO^IC[, L. Iugcfc ostruturch gc osdorc pnhmkc< mfvostmbcos qucft` c
uic kctob`rmc gc s`kmogcgo nurbuosc. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Woip` Nrcsmhomr`, 3=17c.
PPPPPP. Wao Wao`ry `d K`iiufmkctmvo Cktm`f T`h.3. Kcinrmgbo< U`hmty Uross,
3=17n.
PPPPPP. Gmromt` o Goi`krckmc< Oftro Dctmkmgcgo o Tchmgcgo. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Woip`
Nrcsmhomr`, 3==2.
PPPPPP. C K`fstohc` Us-fckm`fch< Ofscm`s U`htmk`s.[` Ucuh`< Hmtorc Iufgm,>553.
AC^TO], G. Wao K`fgmtm`f d U`sti`gorfmty.@xd`rg< Nhckjwohh, 3==>.
PPPPPP. @s ronohgos fc ruc< ` pcrtmg` go Rchh [troot ofk`ftrc suc fiosms. Mfc.
PPPPPP. ^onoh Kmtmos< Dr`i tao ^mbat t` tao Kmty t` tao _rncf ^ov`hutm`f. H`f-
g`f< Tors`, >53>n.
AC_[O^, Borcrg. Torfckuhcr Gmch`buo cfg tao ^aot`rmkchmty `d Uunhmk @pmfm`f.
K`iiufmkctm`f I`f`brcpas 4? (>), pp. 1;352, Lufo 3==1.
HODONT^O, A. Wao Ur`guktm`f `d [pcko. @xd`rg< Nhckjwohh, 3==3 Z3=27Y.
HOMW@, B. Ncrrc gc Wmlukc< g` iufg` mft`kcg` prmiov` kmgcgo phcfolcgc pcrc
` skuh` QQM. Mf KC[W^M@WC, Ho`fcrg` (`rb.) _rncfmzc` Nrcsmhomrc< ^ogosk`-
nortcs. Noh` A`rmz`fto< Ogmt`rcK/Crto, >55;.
HO@U@HG@ O [MHTC, D. U`htmkc k`i` i`rchmgcgo< c ncfchmzc` gc tmkc. Mf F`vc-
os, C. (`rb) @ Osquokmioft` gc U`htmkc. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Cbmr, >552.
I@FWO\_IC, ^.: @HMTOM^C, ^. (>535) @s ok`ssmstoics gc Ncmxcgc go Lckcropc-
bu o ` UO_ gcs Tcrbofs.Crqumtoxt`sf. 334.
FCIO, H. Gc rogo ruc< f`tcs s`nro f`vcs tokf`h`bmcs go mfd`ric` o k`iu-
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
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fmkc`, i`nmhmzc` s`kmch o icfmdostcos p`htmkcs f` ospc` pnhmk`. Mf UO-G^@, ^., ^AOMFBCFW\, C. (`rbs) Suchmgcgo g` Hubcr o Kuhturc K`ftoip`rfoc.
^m` go Lcfomr`< Ur`Crq, >53>.
FOWW@, T.I. Kmgcgo o [`kmogcgo< cs trcics gc prtmkc o sous ospc`s. U`rt`
Chobro< Ogmt`rc [uhmfc. Mf pross).
PPPPPP. C urncfmgcgo k`i` govmr g` urncf`. Mf< Cbumcr, G.: Fott`, T.I. (@rb.) _r-
ncfmgcgos.^m` go Lcfomr`< D`hm` Gmbmtch, >53>.
PPPPPP. [CN@]C, ^.W., TC^BC[, L.K. (Nuskcfg`) @s odomt`s s`kmcms gc i`rd`h`bmc
crqumtotfmkc. _rno ^ovmstc Nrcsmhomrc go Bost` _rncfc, T h. 7, F`. >, >53>.
PPPPPP. Oftro ospc`s urncf`s o gmbmtcms, `u ` gosg`nrcioft` gc prtmkc. _rno ^ovmstc Nrcsmhomrc go Bost` _rncfc, T h. ;, F`.3, >533
F@TCO[, C. (@rb.) @ Osquokmioft` gc U`htmkc. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Cbmr, >53>.
UO^HCWW@, D. Acnorics, c osdorc pnhmkc o ` Nrcsmh. ^ovmstc Ostug`s U`htmk`s,
F`. 7, >53>.
^O\OFGO, T.: HOMW@, B. Uhcf` Umh`t` pcrc c Ncrrc gc Wmlukc o Ncmxcgc go Lckc-
ropcbu, c cvchmc` g`s mgocms i`gorfmstcs cps trs gkcgcs. Mf Cfcms g` ?
[oimfrm` G@K@I@I@ Nrcsmh. [` Kcrh`s, _[U, >55;.
[OFFOWW, ^. Luft`s< `s ^mtucms, `s Urczoros, o c U`htmkc gc K``porc`. [`
Ucuh`< ^ok`rg, >53>.[MIIOH, B. Wao iotr`p`hms cfg ioftch hmdo. Wao [`km`h`by `d Bo`rb [miioh.
Fow ]`rj< Droo Uross, 3=?5 Z3=33Y.
W^MB_OM^@, I. Uckmffikc` gc kmgcgo< c urncfmgcgo hobmtmicgc. Mf CB_MC^,
G`ubhcs: FOWW@, Tmfmkmus I. (@rb.) _rncfmgcgos. ^m` go Lcfomr`< Hotrc o Mic-
boi, mf pross.
RONO^, I. ohmbm`us roloktm`fs d tao w`rhg cfg taomr gmroktm`fs. Mf A.A. Borta:
K.R. Imhhs (@rb.) Dr`i Icx Ronor. Fow ] rj, 3=?1.
Wao (ro)k`fquost `d tao kmty< p`hms cfg punhmk spaoro
TMFMKM_[ I. FOWW@