THE RED SCARE OF 1919-20

Political Philosophies

Radical (Socialist/ Communist in this era) Refers to advocating drastic revolutionary changes in society and in the gov’t.

Conservative Refers to preserving the existing order; conserving rather than changing (often

means pro-business) Reactionary

Desire to move society backwards into a past society, usually idealized. -- Mugwumps; some Progressives wanting to return to WASP ideals

Liberal Advocating changes in society’s institutions to reflect changing conditions. --

Progressive movement These terms refer to means as well as ends; one can pursue radical

goals by conservative means, e.g., socialists running for political office in a democratic political system (Eugene Debs)

CAUSES OF FEAR SOCIAL UNREST PATRIOTISM THE COMMUNIST REVOLUTION POST WAR STRIKES BOMBINGS THE WORK OF A. MITCHELL PALMER

ATTORNEY GENERAL

THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW… FEAR AND PREJUDICE LEAD TO A

VIOLATION OF BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.

LISTEN AND LEARN

"Red Scare" and the "Great Unrest"

Fear of Radicalism Red Summer

Racial Violence

October 1917: Bolshevik Revolution

Strikes After WWI Result of inflation during the war Frustrated union-organizing drives More strikes occurred in 1917 but number of

strikers far more in 1919. 20% of all workers Largest proportion in U.S. history

Many Americans believed that labor troubles were the result of Bolshevism Billy Sunday

Wilson is absent

Seattle General Strike January 1919 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike All unions in Seattle demanded higher pay for

shipyard workers Seattle mayor called for federal troops to

head off the “anarchy of Russia” Labor sought industrial

democracy

Boston Police Strike September 1919

Over 70% of Boston’s 1,500 policemen went on strike seeking wage increases and the right to unionize.

Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the National Guard

Police went on strike in 37 cities

They were fired and they recruited from the National Guard.

Steel Strike and United Mine Workers of America Strike

Steel Strike AFL attempted to organize the steel industry September 1919 Judge Elbert H. Gary: Head of USX refused to negotiate After violence the use of federal and state troops Broken January 1920

United Mine Workers of American Strike Under John L. Lewis

Struck for shorter hours and higher wages on November 1, 1919. Attorney General Palmer obtained injunctions and called off the

strikes

Palmer Raids After bomb scares, Wilson’s Attorney General,

A. Mitchell Palmer, got $500K from Congress to "tear out the radical seeds that have entangled American ideas in their poisonous theories.“

Nov. 1919, 249 "radicals" deported to Russia after nationwide dragnets; mostly anarchists

Jan. 2, 1920, 5,000 suspected communists arrested in 33 cities during

Public Reaction The end of the Red Scare Use of Red Scare to break back of

conservatives

Sacco and Vanzetti 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

charged & convicted of killing two people in a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts

Defendants were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers

Judge Webster Thayer and the Massachusetts Supreme Court

In 1927, Judge Thayer sentenced the men to death by electric chair

Ku Klux Klan Resurgence of the Klan began in the South but

also spread heavily into the Southwest and the North Central states

Birth of a Nation More resembled nativist "Know-Nothings of 1850s

and American Protective Association of late 19th century.

Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti- Communist

Demise of the KKK David Stephenson

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/themap/map.html

Closing the doors on immigration 1921 Immigration Act

Ended open immigration with a limit and quota system

1924 National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924) Reduced immigration to

152,000 total per annum.

Scopes Trial Fundamentalists

Believed teaching of Darwinian evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age.

"Monkey Trial" -- 1925 in Dayton, eastern Tennessee John Scopes ACLU Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan

Prohibition 18th Amendment

ratified by states in 1919

Volstead Act of 1919 implemented the amendment

Problems with enforcement

Results of Prohibition Rise of organized crime

Al Capone John Dillinger

Rise of speakeasies Prohibition was repealed in 1933

Glorification of Business The Man Nobody

Knows Bruce Barton

Calvin Coolidge Businessman “ruled”

the nation

Booming Economy US came out of WWI the world’s largest

creditor nation. Between 1922 and 1928 industrial

productivity Wages at an all-time high Electric power increased 19-fold between

1912 and 1929.

New Technology New Industries Inventions Construction 1st Trans-Atlantic Telephone

Revolution in Business Corporate

Mergers continue

Managerial Corporate leadership began to be controlled by

college-trained, replaceable managers. Business schools open Businesses add in more layers of management

New White Collar Workers 1920-1930

white collar jobs rose 38.1% 10.5 million to 14.5 million 1900, 18% of workers white collar; 444% by 1930

Manual labor jobs up only 7.9%, 28.5 million to 30.7 million.

Huge increase of consumer products created a need for advertising and sales people.

Women increasingly entered the work force.

Advertising emerged as a new industry Manufacturers mastered problems of

production Need mass market base Used persuasion, allure, and sexual

suggestion Sports Became a big business

Babe Ruth Jack Dempsey

Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor Started movement to develop more efficient

working methods The Principles of Scientific Management

1911 Henry Ford

Henry Ford Detroit emerged as the

automobile capital of the world

Ford realized workers were also consumers

Ford’s use of the assembly line made him about $25,000 a day throughout the 1920s Model-T

The Impact of the Automobile Replaced the steel industry as the king industry in America. Employed about 6 million people by 1930. Supporting industries such as rubber, glass, fabrics, highway construction, and thousands

of service stations and garages. Nation’s standard of living improved. Railroad industry decimated by passenger cars, buses, and trucks. Speedy marketing of perishable foodstuffs were accelerated. New network of highways emerged; 387,000 mi. in 1921 to 662,000 in 1929 Leisure time spent traveling to new open spaces. Women less dependent on men. Isolation among sections broken down while less attractive states lost population at an

alarming rate. Buses made possible consolidation of schools and to some extent churches. Sprawling suburbs spread out even further as America became a nation of commuters. One million Americans had died in car accidents by 1951, more than all killed in all

America’s battles Home life broke down partially; youth became more independent Crime waves of 1920s and 1930s partially facilitated by the automobile.

The Airplane Dec. 17, 1903, Wright Bros. (Orville

and Wilbur) flew a gasoline-powered plane 12 seconds and 120 feet at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

By the 1930s and 1940s, travel by air on regularly scheduled airlines was markedly safer than on many overcrowded highways.

1927, Charles Lindbergh flew the first solo flight across the Atlantic

Impact of the airplane

Radio Guillermo Marconi, an Italian, invented

wireless telegraphy in the 1890s First voice-carrying radio came in Nov.

1920 when KDKA in Pittsburgh carried the news of the Harding landslide

National Broadcasting Co. organized in 1926

Impact of the radio

Movies Emergence of the movie industry

1890s peep-show penny arcades The Great Train Robbery

Nickelodeons D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation Hollywood became the movie capital

of the world Movie Stars The Jazz Singer

1st talkie

Impact of movies Eclipsed all other new forms of amusement. Became new major industry employing about 325,000 people in

1930. Actors and actresses, some with huge salaries, became more

popular than the nation’s political leaders. American culture bound more closely together as movies

became the standard for taste, styles, songs, and morals. Provided education through informative "shorts" such as

newsreels and travelogues. Tabloids and the cheap movie magazine emerged as two by-

products of the movie industry.

Changes in Working Conditions Reduction in Hours Welfare Capitalism

The American Plan of Business One major flaw

Social Life during the “Roaring 20s”

Census of 1920s revealed people are living in urban areas

A sexual revolution Dr. Sigmund Freud The “flaming youth”

of the “Jazz Age”

Cont… Margaret Sanger Sexual revolution brings some emancipation

Flapper One-piece bathing suits Women are smoking and socializing

Women independence and organization ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Alice Paul Divorce Laws Women Voters

Rise in Church as a reaction Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson.

"Jazz" The term "Jazz" became popular after WWI Pre-WWI development Late 19th Century

Ragtime

New Orleans Dixieland Jazz

The Harlem Renaissance Harlem

Produced a wealth of African American poetry, literature, art, and music, expressing the pain, sorrow and discrimination AA felt at home.

Langston Hughes and Claude McKay Duke Ellington and the Cotton Club Marcus Garvey

UNIA

The Lost Generation After WWI, a new generation of writers outside of the

dominant Protestant New England burst upon the literary scene

Henry L. Mencken, in his American Mercury magazine F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) Ernest Hemingway (1889-1961) Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) William Faulkner (1897-1962) T.S. Eliot

Architecture Frank Lloyd Wright

Guggenheim Museum