THE REFORMATION(TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE)

Forces that weakened the Catholic Church:◦ New emphasis on secular (worldly) & individuals vs. religion (Middle Ages)

◦ Merchants want to be leaders, not Church clergy/popes

◦ Merchants did not want to pay TITHES (taxes) to Church

◦Printing press spreading ideas faster!

◦ Church clergy corrupt & poorly educated!

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

Monk from Wittenberg, GER.

Took stand against church’s INDULGENCES: pardon that bought your way into heaven

Posted 95 THESES on Church door attacking this idea & “pardon merchants”, Oct. 31st, 1517◦ Began the Reformation

movement for religious reform

MARTIN LUTHER

1. Can only win salvation by faith alone in God

2. Bible is ultimate authority & all teachings should be based on it

3. All people with faith are equal before God

M. LUTHER’S THREE MAIN IDEAS

Pope was unhappy!

Threatened Luther with EXCOMMUNICATION (kick out) unless he RECANT (take back) his statements

Luther threw decree in a bonfire & Pope excommunicated Luther Edict of Worms (outlaw & heretic)

Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) was ANGRY & sent him to Town of Worms for trial

WHAT HAPPENED TO M. LUTHER?

Luther video: Indulgences, 95 Theses, Printing Press (5 minutes)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZTKKjxvBhE

Video Time!

A prince sheltered Luther for 2 years◦Luther translated New Testament into German

Luther returns! ◦Found priests now dressing in regular clothes

& called ministers◦Now leading church service in German, not

Latin!

New religious sect: LUTHERANS

WILL LUTHER RETURN?

1524 German peasants like Luther’s ideas demand end to serfdom (slavery) & started a revolt

Luther mad! Told German princes to crush revolt successful

Peasants felt betrayed & rejected Luther

REVOLT AGAINST LUTHER

Most northern German princes supported Lutheranism went against Pope

Signed a protest against the Church

Protesting Princes PROTESTANT◦ term applied to Christians belonging to non-

Catholic Churches

GERMANY AT WAR, Part I

Holy Roman Emperor CHARLES V (Hapsburg family) went to war against Protestant Princes & defeated them

But couldn’t make them come back to the Catholic Church

Tired of fighting signed PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555)◦Religion of each German state be decided by its

ruler (own Pope)

GERMANY AT WAR, PART II

TUDOR FAMILY: King Henry VIII wants a son, but wife too old!

Divorce not allowed (Pope’s rule)

Henry calls Parliament (government) to pass laws that end Pope’s power in England REFORMATION PARLIAMENT

Henry marries Anne Boleyn

ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT

ACT OF SUPREMACY: Made English King—not the pope—the head of England’s Church

NO MORE POPE IN ENGLAND

Henry’s 3 kids: Mary, Elizabeth, & Edward

Edward ruled for 6 years, then died

Mary took over & was Catholic, so turned Church back over to the pope!

Mary pushed out, and Elizabeth restores Protestantism

She becomes head of the Church of England, or ANGLICAN CHURCH

HENRY VIII’s CHILDREN

Mary’s husband, King Philip II of Spain (Catholic), was angry & planned attack on England

Sent 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, & 19,000 soldiers

England defeated the Spanish (under Elizabeth’s rule)

SPANISH ARMADA

Word spreads to France to JOHN CALVIN

Writes book that says all humans are sinful & CAN’T EARN salvation only a few are already CHOSEN

PREDESTINATION = God has already chosen those to save (predetermined)

New religion, CALVINISM (Protestant sect); based out of Geneva, Switz. STRICT!

REFORMATION SPREADS

Princes in North Germany converting to Protestantism (no more Pope)

Hapsburg Family & Holy Roman Empire in South Germany still support Roman Catholic Church

Begins war Charles V defeats Protestant Princes, but can’t get them to convert back

In France, Catholics vs. Huguenots (Fr. Protestants) went to war frequently

PROTESTANTS VS. CATHOLICS

DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN , you already have this information!

PEACE OF AUGSBURG= says each state’s ruler free to choose religion

Peace short-lived Small states around Holy Roman Empire converting to Protestantism; tensions high

Leads to THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

STILL FIGHTING

Movement to help keep Catholics stay loyal

COUNTER-REFORMATION: Catholic church has lost so many people

Ignatius of Loyola creates Society of Jesus (JESUITS) to spread Catholic word again & stop Protestantism

Sent out INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS

CATHOLIC REFORMATION

1. Protestant churches flourish

2. Religion no longer unites Europe

3. Individual monarchs & states gain power (church declines)

4. Helped set stage for modern world

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION

Catholic bishops agreed on these doctrines:

◦ 1. Church’s interpretation of Bible was final

◦ 2. Christians need BOTH faith and good works for salvation (opposite of Luther)

◦ 3. Bible and Church are equal authorities

◦ 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith (but false selling was banned)

COUNCIL OF TRENT