THE REFORMATION

The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

a. Dissatisfaction with the Churchi. Unhappy with taxesii. Disapproved Indulgences

1. Approved by Pope Leo X2. Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope

that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory

iii. Disapproved other church practicesiv. Growth of Nationalism

1. People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the church

b. Early Reformers

i. John Wycliffe1. Born in England

around 13302. Believed the

earth should give up earthly possessions

ii. Jan Hus1. Born in Southern

Bohemia in 1370 2. Preached against the

immortality and worldliness of the Catholic Church

3. Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII

4. Later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at the stake

2. Martin Luther

a. Ninety-five Thesesi. Luther denied that

Indulgences had any power to remit sin

ii. Criticized the power of the pope

iii. Criticized the wealth of the Church

1. Theses was intended for church leaders

2. Nailing them to the door was common practice

3. Intended to stimulate discussion among the intellectuals

b. Luther’s Messagei. He contradicted basic Catholic belief

when he insisted that God’s grace cannot be won by good works

1. Believed all that was needed was faith

ii. Declared the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus Christ

iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of the scripture1. To prove this point, translated the Bible

into German

iv. Christian practices should only come from the Bible

c. Reactions to Lutheri. 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated

Lutherii. 1521, Diet of Worms

1. Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Assembly

2. Edict of Wormsa. Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his

writingsb. Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading

iii. 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of Christianity

3. Spread of Protestantism

a. Ulrich Zwinglii. Born in Switzerlandii. Preached ideas similar

to Luther, however his reforms went even further than Luther’s

iii. Established a church based on the idea of a theocracy

iv. Protestants and Catholics went to war over this

v. Zwingli died in battle in 1531

b. John Calvini. Most important

Protestant reformer, next Luther

ii. Preached the doctrine of predestination

1. Holds that God knows who will be saved before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation

iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a theocracy

iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior

v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory

4. Protestantism spreads to England

a. A King’s Protesti. Henry VIII

1. Became king in 1509, at the age of 17

2. Was a devout Catholic3. 1525, he asked for an

annulmenta. His wife, Catherine of

Argon, had only produced one child, which was girl named Mary

b. He did not believe she would have a son

4. Pope would not agree to the annulment

b. The Reformation Parliamenti. Henry summoned the Parliamentii. Parliament declared that England no

longer considered itself under the authority of the pope

iii. Henry VII became the head of the Church of England

1. He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed land among the nobles

iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn1. Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to

Catherine null and void2. Anne gave Henry another daughter named

Elizabeth

v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 15343. This required subjects to take an oath

declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

c. Henry’s Heirsi. He had a total of

six wivesii. Third, wife Jane

Seymore, gave Henry a male heir, his named, Edward VI

iii. Edward VI1. Took the throne in

1547 at the age of 9, died before the age of 16

iv. Mary1. Henry’s first

daughter, becomes Queen of England

2. Returned England to the authority of the pope

3. Earned the title, Bloody Mary, because of how many people she killed for their protestant beliefs

d. Elizabeth’s Reigni. Elizabeth I

1. 1st act was the new Supremacy Act of 1559

2. Persecuted anyone who worshiped as Catholic

3. Firmly established the Church of England

The Counter Reformation

1. Reforming the Catholic Churcha. Early Reformers

i. Girolano Savonarola1. He preached against

the abuses of the church

2. Called for churches to melt their gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the Church

3. Would eventually be excommunicated

4. 1498- He was executed in Florence

b. Jesuitsi. Their work renewed

the churches emphasis on spirituality and service

ii. Their name means the Society of Jesus

iii. Order was founded in 1534, by Ignatuis of Loyola

1. Approved by the pope in 1539

iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else

v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation1. Established missions, schools, and

universities

c. The Council of Trenti. Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545

1. Met off and on until 1563

ii. Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues

1. Addressed the corruption of the clergy2. Training of priests was regulated3. Financial abuse curbed4. Sales of indulgences abolished

iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith, made by the Protestants1. Believed church could help believers

achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith

iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant that there would be no compromise between Protestants and Catholics

d. Reforming Catholics

i. Charles Barromeo

1. Archbishop of Milan (1560-1584)

2. Took action to implement reforms ordered by the council, i.e. built new schools for the education of priests

ii. Francis of Sales1. Regained the

district of Savoy, that had turned to Calvinism

2. Founded a religious teaching order for women

e. Women and the Church

i. Women in religious orders began to take on more active roles in the Church

ii. Teresa of Avila1. Became a nun at the age of 202. Had her own strict rules regarding

fasting, prayers and sleep3. Founded the Carmelite orders4. Her reported visions of Christ and

Catholic faith inspired many to remain Catholic

f. The Inquisitioni. Church court meant to counter the Reformation

1. Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542)

ii. Tried people accused on being Protestantiii. Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition

in 1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition

1. Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews and later Protestants

iv. Index of Forbidden Books1. A list of books that the Church warned people not to

read

2. Religious and Social Effectsa. Changes in Religion

i. Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this was due mostly to the Jesuits

ii. Religious turmoil increasediii. Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to

religious freedom

b. Persecution and Hysteriai. Both Jews and Muslims were forced to

convert or leave Spainii. Jews moved into Southern and Eastern

Europe1. In some places Jews were forced to live in a

particular part of the city called a ghetto

iii. People feared witchcraft1. Accused people of practicing witchcraft2. Penalty was death

c. Political Effectsi. Rising sense of national identityii. Protestant Reformation, indirectly

encouraged the formation of independent states and nations

3. Religious Wars and Unresta. Italian Wars

i. 1527, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome

ii. 1558, the Italian Wars ended

iii. Significance1. Credited with

expanding the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe

b. Conflicts among Germansi. 1524, tens of thousands of Germans

stormed castles and monasteries1. Known as the Peasant ‘s Rebellion

a. Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power

ii. 1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran Princes of Germany

iii. War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555

1. Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects would practice

c. Conflicts between Religionsi. Huguenots (French

Protestants) fought against Catholics

ii. Henry of Navarre1. He was a Huguenot2. When he became king,

he brought stability to France by converting to Catholicism

3. 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes

a. Granted religious freedom for Huguenots