The The ReformationReformation

The Roman Catholic Church had refused to reform so badly and vehemently for so long, that it was almost impossible to ignore the corruption of the church. It was the biggest mistake made by a monopoly corporation ever, with the possible exception of Coke’s refusal to buy Pepsi for $50,000 in the 30s. Here they didn’t even have a major competitor yet, so they allowed one to be created.

Massive Corruption in the Church1. The Bablylonian Captivity (1309-1376)

2. The Great Schism (1378-1417)3. Problems of the Church

- Immorality- many popes drank, gambled, and were promiscuous

- Corrupt Popes – lived lavish lifestyles- Ignorance – many priests were illiterate- Pluralism – holding of two church offices at the same time- Absenteeism – church officials would not enter their diocese

4. Indulgences

The doctrine of indulgences rested on three principles:

1. God is merciful but he is also just2. Christ and the saints have established a “treasury of merits” with the Church.

3. The Church has the authority to grant sinners spiritual benefits.

Signs of Vitality (to live or Signs of Vitality (to live or grow)grow)

• New Organizations were formedNew Organizations were formed

– The Brethren of the Common LifeThe Brethren of the Common Life; ; religious sect in Holland that sought religious sect in Holland that sought to make religion personal, (feed the to make religion personal, (feed the hungry)hungry)

•The Imitation of ChristThe Imitation of Christ by Thomas by Thomas Kempis urged Christians to seek Kempis urged Christians to seek perfection in a simple way of life.perfection in a simple way of life.

•Pope Julius II summoned a council Pope Julius II summoned a council on reform called the on reform called the Lateran Lateran CouncilCouncil (1512-1527) (1512-1527)

Johann TetzelJohann Tetzel•A Dominican A Dominican

friar that was friar that was hired by hired by Archbishop Archbishop Albert to sell Albert to sell indulgences indulgences in Germany..in Germany..This is a caricature of Johann

Tetzel, the indulgence preacher who spurred Luther to publish his 95 theses.  Note the dog he is riding.  The last line of the caption reads, "as soon as the gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs."

Martin Luther and the Birth of ProtestantismTheological Issues

initiated a long debate in Europe:

1. Luther rejected the idea that salvation could be achieved by good works, such as indulgences

2. Criticism of the Papal Wealth

95 Theses

Posted his concerns with the Catholic Church on the Wittenburg Castle door (Oct. 31, 1517)

Protestant ThoughtProtestant Thought1. Salvation came through faith

alone.2. All religious authority is in the

bible; not the Pope3. All work is sacred and everyone

should serve God in his or her individual vocation

4. The church is defined as a community over all Christian believers

5. Criticized the selling of indulgences

6. Luther believed in consubstantiation

6 Conflicts over beliefs in the Catholic Church

Luther was ordered to appear before Charles V of the H.R.E. to recant his beliefs before the Diet of Worms. Luther did not and was protected by Duke Frederick of Saxony.

The Social Impact of Luther’s The Social Impact of Luther’s beliefsbeliefs

• Luther’s ideas were accepted due to widespread Luther’s ideas were accepted due to widespread resentment of clerical privelages.resentment of clerical privelages.

• Attracted educated men who became preachers.Attracted educated men who became preachers.

• Peasants agreed with Luther:Peasants agreed with Luther:– Complaints of Landlord seizure of village land Complaints of Landlord seizure of village land

and over crop failure which led to peasant and over crop failure which led to peasant revolts.revolts.

– Luther did not support the revoltsLuther did not support the revolts– Widespread peasant revolts in 1525 were Widespread peasant revolts in 1525 were

brutally crushed.brutally crushed.

• Zwingli and Calvin were influenced that Zwingli and Calvin were influenced that further spread the faith thanks to his further spread the faith thanks to his mastery of languagemastery of language

• Hymns enabled people, especially the young, Hymns enabled people, especially the young, to remember central points of doctrineto remember central points of doctrine

• Luther impacted WomanLuther impacted Woman– Gave dignity to domestic work, stressed Gave dignity to domestic work, stressed

good Christian home, ended confession, good Christian home, ended confession, and encouraged education for girlsand encouraged education for girls

– Enlightened views on sex and marriage, Enlightened views on sex and marriage, although he claimed that women should be although he claimed that women should be no more than efficient wives.no more than efficient wives.

The Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Faith

How is a person saved?

Catholic Protestant

Where does religious authority reside?What is the Church?

What is the highest form of Christian life?

Faith and good works

Faith alone

Bible and traditional teachings of the Church

Word of God as revealed in Bible and interpreted by self

The Clergy (priesthood)

The entire community of Christian believers

Superiority of monastic life over secular

All vocations have equal merit

Political Impact of Luther’s BeliefsPolitical Impact of Luther’s Beliefs

• The Prostestant Reformation stirred The Prostestant Reformation stirred nationalistic feelings against the wealthy nationalistic feelings against the wealthy papacypapacy

• German Princes supported Luther who used German Princes supported Luther who used religion as a means of gaining more political religion as a means of gaining more political independence and money.independence and money.

• Political Disaster for GermanyPolitical Disaster for Germany (HAND OUT) (HAND OUT)– Hapsburg-Valois wars advanced the cause of Hapsburg-Valois wars advanced the cause of

Protestantism and promoted political fragmentation.Protestantism and promoted political fragmentation.– Peace of Augsburg (1555)Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charles recognized Charles recognized

Lutheranism as legal religion and each prince Lutheranism as legal religion and each prince permitted to determine the religion of his territory.permitted to determine the religion of his territory.

Hapsburg-Valois Wars•German people resent that the Church

has some of the best land and fine living.

•French goal was to keep Germany divided

•Fought in Italy and Germany by France and Austria

•Ends in Peace of Augsburg of 1555 – Officially recognizes Lutheranism as religion and allows local princes in H.R.E. to choose religion of the people further disunifying Germany.

The Holy Roman Empire

• Emperor Charles V inherited Spanish and Austrian Empires.• determined to dominate the world (Europe)

Hapsburg holdings in 16th century

Protestantism Spreads

John Calvin (1509-1564) believes strongly in the ideas of the elect and predestination.

Wrote The Institutes of Christian Religion – belief in the omnipotence of God, the insignificance of humanity, and predestination.

The beliefs of CalvinismThe beliefs of Calvinism• God selects certain people to do his work and God selects certain people to do his work and

that he was selected to reform the Church.that he was selected to reform the Church.

• Theocracy – the state is subordinate to the Theocracy – the state is subordinate to the Church; Geneva became “a city that was a Church; Geneva became “a city that was a church”church”

• Life in GenevaLife in Geneva– Genevan Consistory monitored the private morals Genevan Consistory monitored the private morals – Calvinists did not view women much differently Calvinists did not view women much differently

thanthan Catholics: Catholics: Woman to be obedient to their Woman to be obedient to their husbands; unmarried women upsetting the husbands; unmarried women upsetting the natural ordernatural order

• Geneva became the model with emphasis on Geneva became the model with emphasis on work ethic- work ethic- driving force in international driving force in international ProtestantismProtestantism

Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531)

Takes Luther’s ideas to Zurich, Switzerland.

Big fan of Erasmus and opposed indulgences and medieval superstitions.

The AnabaptistsPredecessors to Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish… Luther didn’t go far enough for them… Started by John of Leyden (1509-1536)• Believed in adult baptism (born again)

• Pacifists (no fighting!)

• Separation of Church and state- became a rural faith

•Hated by most Europeans; ideas too radical for the time.

John KnoxJohn Knox

• John Knox took John Knox took Calvin’s ideas and Calvin’s ideas and brought them to brought them to Scotland where Scotland where Calvin’s ideas Calvin’s ideas became the became the Presbyterian Church. Presbyterian Church.

Wrote the Book of Prayer which is still used in Church’s today.

The English ReformationThe English Reformation• Reformist attempts in England.Reformist attempts in England.

1.1.John Wycliff and the LollardsJohn Wycliff and the Lollards

2.2.English humanist William Tyndale English humanist William Tyndale began printing an English began printing an English translation of the New Testament.translation of the New Testament.

King Henry VIII (England)King Henry VIII (England)• Wanted a son to Wanted a son to

continue the continue the dynasty of the dynasty of the Tudors (last name)Tudors (last name)

• Broke away from Broke away from the Catholic the Catholic Church so he could Church so he could get an annulment get an annulment and re-marry. (six and re-marry. (six wives)wives)

• Issued the Issued the Act ofAct of SupremacySupremacy that that declared the king declared the king as head of the as head of the ChurchChurch

“Past Time with Good Company”

Henry’s Effects in Henry’s Effects in EnglandEngland• Henry needed money so he dissolved Henry needed money so he dissolved

the monasteries and confiscated their the monasteries and confiscated their lands.lands.

• Nationalization of the church led to Nationalization of the church led to changes in governmental changes in governmental administration; resulting in more administration; resulting in more efficiency.efficiency.

Henry VIII’s DaughtersHenry VIII’s Daughters• Mary I-Mary I- Raised as a Raised as a

Catholic and tried Catholic and tried to restore the to restore the Catholic faith by Catholic faith by burning people. burning people. Nicknamed Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”“Bloody Mary”

• Elizabeth I-Elizabeth I- Made Made the Church of the Church of England or England or Anglican Church Anglican Church the official religion the official religion in Englandin England..

The Counter or Catholic The Counter or Catholic ReformationReformation• Council of Trent- (1545-1563) A meeting of

Bishops to discuss and implement changes in Catholic teachings. Restore Church’s respect

Results of the Council of Results of the Council of TrentTrent

• Clericals are to give up luxuries (concubines)Clericals are to give up luxuries (concubines)

• Bishops are to visit diocese at least once Bishops are to visit diocese at least once every 2 years.every 2 years.

• Seminary professors will determine if Seminary professors will determine if candidates had genuine vocations of the candidates had genuine vocations of the callingcalling

• Created an Created an indexindex (a list of forbidden books) (a list of forbidden books)

• Preach the common people (especially the Preach the common people (especially the uneducated)uneducated)

• Overall a great success; halted the spread of Overall a great success; halted the spread of ProtestantismProtestantism

New New Religious Religious OrdersOrders

• The Ursuline OrderThe Ursuline Order – – a a new religious order for new religious order for women to further their women to further their education.education.

• Ignatius of Loyola sets up a school called The Society of Jesus.

• Jesuit- a priest who travels that tries to recruit people to convert to Catholicism.

•Holy Office – committee of 6 Cardinals to root out heresy.

Ignatius of Loyola

IntellectuIntellectualal

SocialSocial Political Political EconomicEconomic

Backdrop of Problems that allowed Protestantism to start

Plot the Course of events that eventually led to the complete break between England and the Roman Catholic Church and its long term effects .

The Reformation had a profound impact on European civilization in general. Fill in the chart below to give a better understanding. Give specific examples to support your findings.

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