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THE RELIGIOUS RIGHT: A STUDY IN AMERICAN

RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM

THESIS

Presented to the Graduate Council of the

North Texas State University in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

By

Thomas John Ferris, B.A.

Denton, Texas

August, 1963

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cha

I

tpter

I. INTRODUCTIONCTIO.0...0. 0 . . ... ..

II. BILLY JAMES HARGIS AND THE CHRISTIAN CRUSADE

II. EDGAR C. BUNDY AND THE CHURCH LEAGUE OFAMERICA -.-0.*.*.0.0.*.0.0.0.0.0.*.0.0.0.0.9

IV. CARL McINTIRE AND THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OFCHRISTIAN CHURCHES .*.,*..*,0.0***0

V. CONCLUSION . . * . . , . * . . . * . . , . .

Page

1

15

54

97

119

APPENDIX . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 125

BIBLIOGRAPHY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ** . . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 139

iii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Conservatism in America declined during the 1930's,

then in the post-war years began to revive in what has been

termed a "wonder"l and the most surprising development of

the post-war period. Yet an even more surprising develop-

ment has been the re-emergence of an important American

phenomenon within conservatism: the far right.3 Far right

activities gained national attention during the McCarthy

era, and again in 1960 as a result of the controversy over

the Air Reserve Center Training Manual, the San Francisco

student riots against the House Un-American Activities

Committee (HUAC), the possibility of a young liberal Roman

Catholic's becoming president of the United States, and

1Clinton Rossiter, Conservatism in America: The ThanklessPersuasion (New York, 1962), pp. 3-4.~~Rossiter epTains thetrend of the 1950's as "creeping conservatism" rather than"creeping socialism."

2Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Hope (Boston,1962), p. 72.

3Donald Janson and Bernard Eismann, The Far Right (NewYork, 1963), pp. ix, 1-10; Rossiter, Conservatis in America,pp. 166-170, Synonyms for "far right" include: ultra-conservative, ultra-rightist, rightist, and radical right.Far-rightists themselves label those who do not share theirposition as liberals, leftists, or ultra-leftists. Thoughdangers are involved, labeling is merely a recognition thatideas, programs, and activities do fall into certaincategories which are then assigned a descriptive name.

1

2

the alarm that President Eisenhower would soon retire from

public life.4

Of the more than two thousand ultra-conservative organi-

zations in operation in the post-war period,5 three will be

examined in detail to determine their origin and history,

views, personalities, goals and methods of operation. These

are Billy James Hargis and the Christian Crusade (CC), Edgar

C. Bundy and the Church League of America (CLA), and Carl

McIntire and the American Council of Christian Churches

(ACCC). Two factors were considered in selecting them: each

claims to be fundamentalist in religion, and each is signif-

icantly active on a national scale. They are regarded by

Louis Cassels, religious editor of United Press International,

as the "big wheels" of the religious right.

4New York Times, March 28, 1960, p. 1; Eugene V. Schnei-der, "The Radical Right," Nation, CXCIII (September 30, 1961)202; Fred J. Cook, "The Ultr 7 Nation, CXCIV (June 30, 1963 ,570.

5Betty E. Chmaj, "Paranoid Patriotism," The Atlantic, CCX(November, 1962), 91, citing New York Times, December, 1961.

6 Louis Cassels, "The Rightist Crisis in Our Churches,"Look, XXVI (April 24, 1962), 46. The Anti-Defamation Leagueof B'nai Bt rith considers Christian Crusade "among the threeor four most important organizations on tiie ultra-right."Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, Facts, Rev. BillyJames Hargis: The Christian Crusade (New York, 19627,pp. 229, 231. Rossiter considers Bundy's and McIntire'sactivities to be "so harsh and malevolent" that they may beconsidered fellow travelers of Fascism; they are "out-agitatingthe Left in providing 'the dynamic of dissent' in America to-day!" Their dissent, according to Columbia Universityhistorian Richard Hofstadter, is not as powerful as that ofthe liberals in the thirties, but it does affect politicallife and causes a "kind of punitive reaction" throughout thenation. Rossiter, Conservatism in America, pp. 171-172.

3

Unifying characteristics of ultra-conservative organiza-

tions are their opposition to Communism and their conspira-

torial view of society. To them the fight against Communism

is merely another phase of Satan's ancient conspiracy against

the church; the battle between freedom and Communism is

actually a battle between good and evil, Christ and anti-Christ.

This conspiracy has evidenced itself in a number of ways.

For example, during World War I the American " 10 0 per centers"

saw a conspiracy by the German-Americans to poison American

soldiers by putting ground glass in their food. Now some

among the contemporary ultra-conservatives see the same kind

of conspiracy to poison the American people through adulter-

ated Polish hams and the use of fluorides and bromides in

foods.7 Rather than viewing the current upsurge in the

Negroes' desire for equality as a natural process, the far

right sees it as a plot by the Communists to disrupt harmo-

nious race relations. China's fall to the Communists was not

due to her internal problems, but is seen as a plot by the

State Department. Indeed, these small plots are only ex-

pressions of the eternal, international plot which through

the ages has borne the name of Jew, Catholic, or Communist,

with Satan behind each. If the plot can be exposed, the

7John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns ofAmerican Nativism 18-1925(New York, 1963), p. 207;Christian Beacon, August 2, 1962, pp. 2, 4. The ChristianBeacon is published weekly at Collingswood, New Jersey.

4

ultra-conservative reasons, life will return to peace and

order.8

The ultra-conservative is considered apart from the

conservative in that he generally desires to remake America's

institutions and eliminate from American political and in-

tellectual life anyone who differs from his value system.9

He is defined by Clinton Rossiter as one who is a "mixture

of sober conservativism, timid standpattism, and angry re-

action (a mixture rendered even more extraordinary by a

careless penchant for radical methods))."10

The rightist classifies an individual on the basis of

his attitude toward Communism: "hard" or "soft." To the

rightist a liberal cannot be anti-Communist, because he is

"soft" on Communism. A person is "soft" if he insists that

there is little danger from Communism internally, while a

"hard" anti-Communist makes no distinction between the dangers

of domestic and international Communism. One who is "hard"

usually believes that the threat from domestic Communism is

even greater than that from international Communism. Even

though domestic Communism is small in its numerical strength

8 Billy James Hargis, What's Wrong with Jesus? (Tulsa,[n.dj); Christian Beacon, May 21, 1963, pp. 1-8; Schneider,"The Radical Right,"pT200; News & Views, December, 1962,pp. 1-6. News & Views is published monthly at Wheaton,Illinois.

9Seymour Martin Lipset, "The Sources of the 'RadicalRight,"' The New American Right, edited by Daniel Bell (NewYork, 1955)~ pp~ 166-167.

10Rossiter, Conservatism in America, p. 170.

5

it is still considered an extreme danger, for the ultra-

conservative believes that Red infiltration has been successful

in every major institution in American society.11

Since Communism is considered by the ultra-conservative

as morally evil, he gladly supports organizations formed to

combat it. As de Tocqueville observed a century ago, forming

new organizations is an old American custom.12 Before the

Civil War, organizations were formed to rid the country of

the alleged un-American tendencies of the Catholic and the

immigrant. The most important of these was the American

Party of the 1850's, commonly known as the Know-Nothing Party.

Its goal was the exclusion of Roman Catholics from politics.13

As a result of its controversy with the Catholics, a perma-

nent scar of the Know-Nothing movement may be seen at the

153-foot level of the Washington Monument. When they

learned that the Pope had sent a gift block of marble to be

used in constructing a monument to George Washington, the

Know-Nothings broke into the construction ground, destroyed

the plans, and dumped all the marble into the Potomac. When

work on the monument was resumed 25 years later, the color

lDaniel Bell, "Interpretations of American Politics,"The New American , edited by Daniel Bell (New York,1955 7pp.22-25.

12Lipset, "The Sources of the 'Radical Right,'" p. 181.

13Lipset, "The Sources of the 'Radical Right,t" p. 169;Gustavus Myers, History of Bigotry in the United States (NewYork 1960), pp. 129-163;~Higham, Strangers in the Land,pp. 4, 6-7.

6

of the original 153 feet of marble could not be dupli-

cated.14

Another organization arose in the 1880's, taking the

place of the then-defunct Know-Nothings, to protect American

society against what was thought to be a foreign enemy. The

American Protective Association (APA), founded by Henry F.

Bowers in 1887 at Clinton, Iowa, had as its central purpose

opposition to Catholicism, restriction of immigration, and

preservation of the public school system from Catholic

subversion. A representative pamphlet of the APA was George

P. Gifford's Our Republic in Danger--A Clarion C g to the

Rescue, which stated that there was a "Romanist" movement

afoot to overthrow the schools. This movement was supported

by the Roman Catholic hierarchy, considered by Gifford "a

separate political government, despotic, tyrannic, absolute

and anti-republican." It was always, Gifford wrote, "seek-

ing international conquests." The APA called for freedom-

loving Americans to rise up and oppose the Catholics. Even

Abraham Lincoln's assassination was considered by the APA a

"Catholic plot."15

Another 100 per cent American organization, the Invisi-

ble Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), came

14Richard Dudman, Men of the Far h (New York, 1962),pp. 14-15.

15Myers, Histor of iotry, pp. 163-192, citing OurRepublic in Danger; Liple ,"he Sources of the 'RadicaTRight,'" pp.169-170; Higham, Strangers in the Land,pp. 62-63, 80-87, 108.

7

into being in Atlanta, Georgia on October 16, 1915. Organ-

ized by William J. Simmons, it was dedicated to upholding

Americanism, propagating Protestant Christianity, and

guaranteeing white supremacy. Although there were KKK

persecutions of the Jew and Negro, by the middle of 1921

the Klan began to specialize in disciplining the white

person--the Catholic, in particular. By 1922 its mission

was defined by Edward Clark, a KKK publicity agent, as "one

of creating national solidarity by protecting 'the interest

of those whose forefathers established the nation."16 The

Klan found itself fighting anything and anyone who might be

considered a subversive enemy of what the KKK defined as

the traditional American way.17

The most radical racist organizations on the extreme

fringe of fundamentalism in the thirties and forties were

William Dudley Pelley and his Silver Shirts (also known as

Christian American Patriots); Gerald Winrod and his De-

fenders of the Christian Faith; and Gerald L. K. Smith and

his Christian Nationalist Crusade. Their racist views against

Negroes and Jews were not held by fundamentalism in general.18

1 6 Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 291.

17Higham, Strangers in the Land, pp. 285-299, 327-329;Lipse t, "The Sources of tHei Tadical Right,'" pp. 170-172;Myers, History 2f Bigotry, pp. 211-276.

18 For an extended discussion of these and other extremeright-wing organizations from the thirties to the present,see Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord (Boston, 1953).

8

Joseph McCarthy, the late Senator from Wisconsin, by

his charges of Communist infiltration of the United States

government and all phases of American society, became a

rallying point for the ultra-conservatives. The enemy had

been the Catholic, the Jew, the foreigner; now the conspiracy

against the American way of life was being plotted by the

Communists.

McCarthy began his anti-Communist career while still a

relatively unknown first-term senator. On February 9, 1950

at Wheeling, West Virginia, he made the now-famous speech

in which he stated that he had in his hand a list of the

names of Communist Party members and fellow travelers

working in the State Department. 1 9 Unlike the Know-Nothings,

the APA, and the KKK, McCarthy did not center his attacks on

minority groups, but on the Easterners, the Harvard-Yale

men, and the intellectuals. It was they, the Middlewestern

Senator said, "the bright young men who are born with silver

spoons in their mouths," who betrayed America. From that

day to this, the question of the internal threat of Communism

has been the main theme of ultra-conservatism in America.20

In the early years of the movement fundamentalism did

not react to Communism by forming organizations devoted

19The number of names was either 207 or 57. Eric F.Goldman, The Crucial Decade--and After: America, 1945-1960,(New York,~1961), pp. 141-1437

20Lipset, "The Sources of the 'Radical Right,'" pp. 209-214; Myers, History of Bigotry, pp. 448-460; David A. Shannon,The Decline of American Communism, Communism in Americal Life,e-dited by linton Rossiter (New York, 1959), pp. 188-189.

9

exclusively to fighting it. Whatever fundamentalist oppo-

sition there was to Communism is found only in individual

expressions such as the statement by Dwight L. Moody, a

forefather of fundamentalism and a revivalist of the late

nineteenth century, concerning the labor unrest in Chicago

in the 1880's: "Either these people are to be evangelized or

the leaven of communism and infidelity will assume such

enormous proportions that it will break out in a reign of

terror such as this country has never known."21 Billy

Sunday, controversial evangelist of the early twentieth

century, said: "If I had my way with these ornery wild-eyed

Socialists and I.W.W.'s I would stand them up before a

firing squad."2 2

As concerned as was Moody and as radical as was Sunday,

neither formed organizations to combat liberalism, Socialism,

or Communism. Such a phenomenon developed only after World

War II, and split the ranks of the movement. For example,

Bundy and McIntire believe that Billy Graham, widely known

evangelist in the post-World War II period, is aiding the

cause of Communism by his association with the National

Council of Churches and his endorsement of the Russian

Baptist leaders, whom Bundy and McIntire consider "tools and

21Cited by James Findlay, "Moody, 'Gapmen,' and theGospel: The Early Days of Moody Bible Institute," ChurchHistory, XXXI (September, 1962), 324.

22Cited by William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Pros-perity, 1914-2, The Chicago History of American Cvilization,edited by~Daniel J. Boorstin (Chicago, 1958), p. 66.

10

agents of the Kremlin." 23 Those like Hargis, Bundy, and

McIntire, who see liberalism, Socialism, and Communism as

three partners in subverting the American way, are intensely

critical of the moderate fundamentalist who fails to join

them in their fight to save America. Yet a survey of the

origins of fundamentalism would indicate that it is the far

right wing of the movement which is doing violence to some

of its basic tenets.

American Protestantism has been historically conserva-

tive in its political, economic, and religious views.24

Within Protestantism, fundamentalism, an early twentieth

century movement, is generally even more conservative. To

the far right within religious fundamentalism is a group

which has welded its theological views to its political-

economic views so completely that they desire the term

"fundamentalist" to mean one who accepts the fundamental

teachings of the Bible as literally interpreted and the

fundamental political-economic principles upon which they

believe this country was founded.2 5 A desire to alter this

23Carl McIntire, "Billy Graham," a report reproduced byCLA from Christian Beacon, October 27, 1960.

24Findlay, "Moody, 'Gapmen, ' and the Gospel," p. 325.Clinton Rossiter's thesis is that most conservatives areChristians. These conservatives believe that man has a sinnature and therefore government legislation cannot cure hisproblems, for they are essentially spiritual in nature.Society must be in harmony with God in religious, political,and economic absolutes. Rossiter, Conservatism in America,pp. 21-22, 35, 43-44, 46, 54, 228-229, 269-272, M-283.

25New York Times, March 28, 1960, p. 28.

11

religious, political, and economic framework envisioned by

the far right fundamentalist is stigmatized as aiding and

abetting Communism.

By friend and foe alike, fundamentalism is considered

to have originated and grown as a manifestation of reaction.

During the latter part of the nineteenth century a movement

began within American Protestantism to encourage Christians

to bring society into harmony with the Bible's teachings,

whereas previously only the individual had been the goal of

evangelism. This new attempt to build an ideal Christian

society was called the "social gospel." Walter Rauschen-

busch, whose Christianity and Social Crises was published

in 1907, was its chief leader and exponent.26

In science and philosophy, naturalism and rationalism

questioned the historical source of authority for Protestant-

ism--the Bible. The traditional Genesis record of the

creation of the universe and man began to be discarded when

Charles Darwints theory of evolution was applied to theo-

logical thought. When evolutionary principles were applied

to the origins of the books of the Bible, the result was a

rejection or modification of the commonly accepted author-

ship and dates of many biblical books, thus further weakening

or destroying traditional biblical authority.

Within virtually every major denomination, a controversy

developed over which view would prevail: the new or the old.

26 Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity(New York, 1953), p. 1264.

12

Those holding the old position wanted the modernists,

liberals, or apostates (as they were to be named) expelled.

Reactionary movements to conserve the old fundamental views

soon manifested themselves in the form of Bible conferences,

mass evangelism, educational institutions, and publications. 27

Although one of the first Bible conferences was held as

early as 1878 in the Church of the Holy Trinity (Episcopal)

in New York City, the Niagara Bible Conference of 1895 is

considered the most significant, for its delegates formu-

lated what they felt to be the irreducible statement of

Christian belief: (1).the inerrancy of the scriptures; (2)

the deity of Christ; (3) the virgin birth of Christ; (4)

the substitutionary atonement of Cnrist; and (5) the

physical resurrection and personal return of Christ.28

Many consider the formal beginning of the fundamentalist

movement to be between 1909 and 1912, with the publication

of a series of twelve paperbacks entitled The Fundamental..

A Tesmon to the Truth. Two California oil millionaires,

the Stewart brothers, provided $300,000 for the free distri-

bution of the volumes to every pastor, evangelist, missionary,

27Norman F. Furniss, The Fundamentalist Controversy,1918-_931 (New Haven, 19547~pp. 103-176 andStewartG.

e History of Fundamentalism (New York, 1931), pp. 64-225.Both these works give a detailed description of the contro-versy from 1919 into the thirties and the resulting.loss ofleadership by the fundamentalists.

28Furniss, The Fundamentalist Controversy, pp. 13, 184;Cole, History of~Fundamentalism, p.3L.

13

theological student, Sunday School superintendent, YMCA and

YWCA secretary in the English-speaking world. Over three

million copies were distributed in this manner, describing

and defending the controversial fundamentals.2 9 The

Stewarts' money also founded the Bible Institute of Los

Angeles in.1908, a sister school to Chicagots Moody Bible

Institute founded twenty years earlier. In 1917 the Los

Angeles school republished The Fundamentals, reduced to four

volumes, and on its jubilee anniversary in 1958 again

published it in two volumes entitled The Fundamentals for

Today. The most recent edition, 1962, is in one volume.3 0

Though the phrase "the fundamentals" dates back to

1909, the term "fundamentalist" was not coined until 1920

by Charles Laws, editor of the Watchman-Examiner, in his

editorial, "Tampering with the Mainspring."3 1 Fundamental-

ists, then, consider themselves members of a theological

movement to conserve the fundamentals of the Christian faith,3 2

2 9Cole, History of Fundamentalism, pp. 52-61, 229; J. I.Packer, "Fundamentaligm" and the Word of God (Grand Rapids,1958), p. 28.

3 0 Charles L. Feinberg, editor, The Fundamentals forToday (Grand Rapids, 1962).

31Cole, History of Fundamentalism, p. 67; WilliamHordern, A Layman's Guide to Protestant Theology (New York,1959), p. 57.

32 John F. Walvoord, "What's Right about Fundamentalism,"Eternity, VIII (June, 1957), 6, 35; As a leader in the move-ment today, Walvoord traces its history and makes a plea toretain "fundamentalist" as a descriptive term. Edward J.Carnell, "Fundamentalism," A Handbook of Christian Theology,edited by Marvin Halverson TNew York, l~95FT, Pp. 142-144.

14

The Adventist and Pentecostal Holiness groups historically

are not considered to be fundamentalist.33

Although the fundamentalist controversy reached its

height by 1925 and ended in the early thirties, this does

not mean that fundamentalists are no longer active. They

are as active now, or more so, than they have ever been.

This activity, however, is carried on in and through organi-

zations which have been founded as a result of the contro-

versy. Their numerical total, which does not represent

their influence, is estimated to be close to five million.

The main stream of fundamentalism concerns itself with

religious evangelism and training, while its right wing

carries on political-economic activity. In doing this, the

far right wing is violating fundamentalism's original tenets,

which disallowed the application of its theology to society.35

33Hordern, A Layman's Guide, p. 75; Winthrop S. Hudson,American Protestantism, The-Ficago History of AmericanCivilization, edited by Daniel J. Boorstin (Chicago, 1961),p. 159.

34 Hudson, American Protestantism, pp. 156, 161, 187.

35Edwin Walhout, "The Liberal-Fundamentalist Debate,"Christianity Today, VII (March 1, 1963), 519-520; Edward J.Carnell, The Casefor Orthodox Theoly (Philadelphia,1959), pp.Tl~T'6~~CarneiTVIs a critic within the move-ment, critical of the term and the reactionaries as ex-emplified in the Scopes Trial and Carl McIntire's ChristianBeacon. An entire discussion of fundamentalism's failurein applying its theology to the society in which it livesmay be found in Carl F. H. Henry's The Uneasy Conscience ofModern Fundamentalism (Grand RapidsT~T947).

CHAPTER II

BILLY JAMES HARGIS AND THE

CHRISTIAN CRUSADE

Foremost among the far right leaders is Billy James

Hargis, key personality behind Christian Crusade and its

activities for the past fifteen years.

Born August 3, 1925 in Texarkana, Texas, Hargis was

graduated from a Texarkana high school in 1941. He then

spent a year and a half at the Ozark Bible College, Benton-

ville, Arkansas before quitting because of financial dif-

ficulties.1 Although claiming no educational attainments,

Hargis believes he knows "the mind of God and the mind of

the majority of the American people in their quest for

freedom." Indeed, in his opinion, he has the kind of edu-

cation that really counts: "36 years of education in the

university of hard knocks," giving him an ability to under-

stand the common man. Hargis makes it clear that he was not

born with a silver spoon in his mouth, as he states most

religious and political liberals were, nor does he look down

1 Billy James Hargis, Communist America: Must It Be?(Tulsa, 1960), pp. iv, v. Crusade literature says the OzarkBible College presently has over 200 students and has beenrelocated in Joplin, Missouri. Christian Crusade (January,1963), p. 13.

15

his nose, as they do, at anyone who has not graduated from

"one of their accepted [cc literature often refers to

Harvard] schools of learning."2

In a unique progression, the Tulsa evangelist received

an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in 1954 from the

Defender Seminary, Puerto Rico; a Bachelor of Arts in 1956

and a Bachelor of Theology in 1958, both from Burton College

and Seminary, Manitou, Colorado. In 1957 he received an

honorary Doctor of Laws from Belin Memorial University,

Chillicothe, Missouri, and in 1961 another honorary Doctor

of Laws from Bob Jones University, Greenville, South

Carolina.3

Hargis feels he is being smeared by "the liberal press

and their duped allies" when they speak of his degrees as

coming from diploma mills, even though Burton College and

Seminary and Belin Memorial University are so listed by the

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Hargis disa-

grees with the HEW, pointing out that he attended classes at

Burton in the summers of 1957 and 1958, and completed a

thesis and residence requirements before receiving his degree.

Crusade literature asserts that "thousands" of ministers have

2The Weekly Crusader, March 9, 1962, p. 7. Most Crusadepublicity describes Hargis as the possessor of a B.A., Th.B.,D.D., and LL.D. The Weekly Crusader is published at Tulsa.

3Hargis, Communist America, pp. iv, v ChristianCrusade (July, 1957),P . 5, (January, 1963),TP.13.e-fender Seminary was founded by Gerald Winrod in 1946; thehonorary degree seems to be his only association with Hargis.Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord (Boston, 1953), p. 46.

16

17

received their degrees from Burton, including Harlan O'Dell,

onetime pastor of former Vice-President Richard M. Nixon.

Furthermore, Hargis says, it is "not only false, but un-

Christian" to attempt to link him with Clyde Belin, sentenced

in 1959 to one year in federal prison for using the mails to

defraud persons by inducing them to attend Belin University,

and for making false and fraudulent claims in University

bulletins. Hargis asks, "How would he . . . know that the

school would be closed within a ..* . few years and that its

President would be convicted on a criminal charge?"4

Hargis is a fundamentalist minister who was ordained

at the Rose Hill Christian Church (Disciples of Christ),

Texarkana, Texas. He began pastoring the First Christian

Church, Sapulpa, Oklahoma in 1946 and resigned in 1950 to

give his "full time to this inter-denominational fight

against Communism."5 He regularly speaks in local churches,

often holding week-long anti-Communist conferences in them.

His fundamentalist theology is a vital part of his fight

against Communism, for he says, "Show me a country where

Christian orthodoxy is prevalent and I will show you an area

where the Communists do not have a chance." He points out

in his literature that he has never met a preacher "who

4Christian Crusade (January, 1963), p. 13. See also"The Scandal of Bogus Degrees," Chri(tianity Today, IV(May 9, 1960), 664-666.

5Hargis, Communist America, p. v; Undated letter fromHargis to "Frienids"The W Crusader, March 2, 1962,pp. 7-8.

18

classed himself a fundamentalist, who belonged to a

Communist front-organization." Of the 7,000 Protestant

clergymen J. B. Matthews, former chief counsel for the House

Un-American Activities Committee, listed as belonging to

Communist-front organizations in the thirties, forties, and

fifties, Hargis says he knows of none who were fundamental-

ists.6

Turning to the organization itself, Christian Crusade's

main thesis is that every agency and institution of society

has been infiltrated by or is unknowingly aiding Communism.

The danger is now so great that within the lifetime of the

present generation America will become a "slave labor camp"

as a republic in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

This problem can be solved, CC says, "if God's people" will

immediately and actively aid in cleaning up Communism "in-

ternally"; only then America's problem with Communism "in-

ternationally will be solved."7 Its attempt to aid "God's

people" has involved the Crusade in what it calls a "grass-

roots educational and political activity," using every means

of mass communication available.8

6The We Crusader, March 2, 1962, p. 7; Billy James

Hargis,~What's Wrong with Jesus? (Tulsa, [n.d.3).7Christian Crusade (December, 1962), p. 1; Billy James

Hargis, What's Wrong with America? (Tulsa, [n.d.)), p. 1.

8Billy James Hargis, American Socialism...Moving America

Downhill (Tulsa, [n.d.J ), p. 16; Anti-Defamation League ofB'nai B'rith, Facts, Rev. Billy James Hargis: The ChristianCrusade (New York, 1962j, p. 237.

19

The objectives of Christian Crusade as officially

stated in its literature are:

To safeguard and protect the Christian ideals uponwhich America was founded;

To preserve the cherished freedoms which are theheritage of every American;

To stimulate Biblical Christianity in our churchesand homes;

To strive for sound pro-American education in thenation's schools and colleges;

To eradicate Marxism and Collectivism from ourchurches, schools and national life;

To combat militantly and aggressively, and toexpose publicly, any person or organization whose wordsor actions inculcate leftist, socialist or communistphilosophies or aims, intentionally or otherwise, into!an phase of American life.

CC desires that these objectives will result in "all

good Americans" favoring:

Greatly reduced taxes, through cutting governmentspending to the bone and through eliminating boon-doggling bureaucrats;

A sound dollar, so that our money, insurancepolicies and pensions will retain their purchasingpower;

Maintaining the sovereignty of the United States;Elimination of foreign aid except for American

military purposes;Getting the government out of all business which

can be conducted by private enterprise;A Supreme Court that fulfills its sworn duty to

uphold the Constitution;Reducing the power the federal government has

usurped and returning to the states their constitutionalrights;

Severence of diplomatic relationship with godlessCommunist countries;

Teaching the youth of our land patriotism, soundeconomics and time-honored virtues;

Every effort, short of actual war, to liberate thecaptive nations from Soviet Imperialism#

and "all good Americans" opposing:

Confiscatory taxation, federal extravagance, waste,and give-away programs;

20

Inflation of all kinds, including the wage-pricespiral, printing-press money, etc.;

Attempts to buy friendship; and the supporting ofpro-communist, socialist governments at the expense ofAmerican taxpayers;

Legislation by the Judiciary, and misinterpretationand evasion of the Constitution;

All government officials and candidates who aresocialist, "liberals," welfare-statists, one worlders;

Communism and Socialism in every form, includinggovernment ownership, operation, or competition withprivate business;

Federal interference in schools, housing, voting,and other matters constitutionally belonging to thestates;

Socialist and pro-communist teachings and teachersin the nation's schools and colleges;

Abandonment of the 150 million people whom ourgovernment, through leftist pressure, surrendered toatheistic Communism.

In the years 1948-1949, the activities of CC were

centered in local evangelistic preaching, weekly radio

broadcasts, and an eight-page magazine occasionally published

on the subject of the "apostasy" of many Protestant pastors

in their attempt to "socialize" the biblical teachings of

Christianity. The elimination of Communism from American

society was not one of its original goals. From 1950-1952

radio broadcasting became daily, evangelistic preaching

increased in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas area, and

circulation of the Crusade's magazine grew. Tracts and

pamphlets were distributed, which Crusade literature says

exposed the "depth of penetration of socialistic and commu-

nistic ideologies into American life."11 In 1951 this

9Billy James Hargis, A Call to Action to Every RealAmerican (Tulsa, [n.d.]), ppT-3.

10Billy James Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade(Tulsa, [n.d.J ), p. 2.

21

organization was incorporated in Sapulpa, Oklahoma as

Christian Echoes Ministry, Inc., and in 1952 took its present

official corporate name of Christian Echoes National Minis-

try, Inc.11

From 1952 to the present, there have been four events

which focused national attention on CC; each in turn was

considered by the Crusade the most important happening to

date.12 CC gained international attention, its literature

reports, when Hargis became director of the Bible Balloon

Project of the International Council of Christian Churches

(ICCC).13 Prompted by refugees from Eastern Europe who

reported a severe shortage of Bibles, delegates to the 1952

British Isles regional meeting of the ICCC decided to send

gas-filled balloons carrying portions of the Bible to Iron

Curtain countries. After receiving President Eisenhower's

blessings and State Department approval, the CC leader

released 5,000 balloons from Nuremberg, Germany on September 4,

1953.14 Before the project ended in 1958, Hargis visited

Europe 5 times and launched over 1,000,000 Bible portions.

1 15ee Appendix A for a list of the National AdvisoryCommittee of Christian Crusade.

121952-1958, Bible Balloon Project; 1960, Air ReserveCenter Traning Manual; 1962, National Anti-Communist Leader-ship School; 1963, OPERATION: MIDNIGHT RIDE.

13The ICCC was founded by Carl McIntire in 1948 as acounter-force to the World Council of Churches.

14New York Times, August 6, 1961, p. 13; July 26, 1952,p. 14; August 3l,71953, p. 6; September 5, 1953, p. 18.

22

CC backers were the principal financiers of the project,1 5

which Pete White, CC public relations director, considered

a key weapon against the Communists and one of the causes of

the Hungarian Revolt of 1956.16

In 1957, on one of his overseas trips in connection

with the balloon project, Hargis met with Generalissimo and

Madame Chiang Kai-shek of China and President Syngman Rhee

of South Korea. These three "world Christian leaders in the

fight against Communism" told Hargis that the failure of

President Truman and the State Department to send military

aid to China caused the Communist takeover there. They also

warned Hargis that aid to neutrals is aid to the Communist

cause. Hargis reports that he left the Far East realizing

he must intensify his anti-Communist activities in America.1 7

This activity now became the Crusade's purpose. Upon Hargis'

return to America, CC launched a nation-wide "Christian

Conscience Crusade" to report his findings and awaken the

American public.18

CC intensified its nation-wide campaign in 1958 by

holding an eight-hour anti-Communist "radio marathon"

15Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 2.

16Pete White, "Bibles from the Sky.," American Mercury,

LXXXV (April, 1957), 91.

17Billy James Hargis, "Three Christian Giants in aWorld of Dwarfs," American Mercury, LXXXV (December, 1957),14-20.

18 Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 3.

23

broadcast featuring, its literature claims, many of the

nation's outstanding Christian conservatives. The theme was

"Communism Shall Not Win." 1 9 The following year another

nation-wide "Save America--for God and Our Children" crusade

took place, and the organization held a national convention

in Tulsa. CC expanded extensively throughout 1959 in

preparation for a dramatic impact on the nation in 1960.

In keeping with this expansion, Hargis began to broaden his

anti-Communist efforts by participating in other anti-

Communist movements and, in 1959, became the first minister

to be elected president of "We the People.," a national

coalition of conservative voters claiming membership in

every state in the Union.20

As its initial impact in 1960, CC purchased property

in Tulsa for its future international headquarters and

"Memorial Chapel and a National Liberty Museum." A second

eight-hour "radio marathon" was held on the subject "America

Deserves to Know," with over twenty of "America's great

Christian patriots,"21 and the second annual Christian

Summit Conference took place in Tulsa.22 Also in 1960, CC

became embroiled in a national controversy when material

19Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 3,20New York Times, September 16, 1961, p. 8; Sep-

tember 1 T96T, p. 26.

21Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 4.

22Christian Crusade (December, 1962), p. 10.

24

from two of its pamphlets appeared in tne Air Reserve Center

Training Manual. This controversy proved quite profitable

to CC, Pete White says, for it moved the organization onto

the national scene.2 3

In 1962, Hargis held the First National Anti-Communist

Leadership School at the Mayo Hotel in Tulsa, Oklahoma,

January 29 to February 2. During these five days several

hundred conservatives from across the United States attended

to hear "noted" speakers on anti-Communism. A few of the

speakers attracted unfavorable attention to CC because of

their anti-Negro, anti-Semitic, and anti-Catholic statements.

Hargis said he was annoyed by these statements because of

the presence of reporters from the major television networks,

the New York Times, Time, Life, the Saturday Eve Post,

and Nation, but felt he could not censor any of the speeches

since that would be a denial of academic freedom. One

speaker in particular, Revilo P. Oliver, professor of classics

at the University of Illinois and a member of the John Birch

Society Council, was outspoken in racial matters. Oliver

assailed liberals as "witch doctors and fakers with a

sanctified itch to save the world," taxing Americans to death

for the benefit of the "mangy cannibal in Africa."2 4

23Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, pp. 4-5.

24 Harold H. Martin, "Doomsday Merchant on the Far, Far

Right," Saturday Evening Post, CCXXXV (April 28, 1962), 22.

25

The National Anti-Communist Leadership School provided

CC its greatest amount of national news coverage up to that

time, and classified Hargis as one of the leading ultra-

conservative leaders in the country.25

The Crusade's educational activities were expanded in

1962 with the purchase of a hotel in Manitou Springs,

Colorado. The hotel, now named "The Summit," will serve as

a resort for Christians interested in vacationing in Colo-

rado and will house the CC Anti-Communist Youth University,

Former Congressman John Rousselot is to be Dean of the

University, at which classes will be held on "The Holy

Bible," "Christian Economics," "Free Enterprise System,"

"Constitutional Government Procedures," "Strategy and

Tactics of International Communism," and "How to Organize

Conservative Youth Groups on High School and College

Campuses.26

A new objective for CC was announced in December, 1962:

a "Christ-Centered Americanism Campaign," to run January 1,

1963 to December 31, 1964. During this two-year period

Hargis hopes to accomplish ten projects. Project One in-

cludes recruiting 100,000 official members for CC with

annual membership dues of $10 or $1,000 for a life membership.

25New York Times, January 21, 1962, p. 5; January 30,1962, p~~-1 ; January 31, 1962, p. 11; Thomas H. Uzzell, "BillyJames Hargis: A Pitch for God and Country," Nation, CXCIV(February 17, 1962), 140-142.

2 6 Billy James Hargis The Summit: Anti-Communist YouthUniverse (Tulsa, [n.d. S.

26

Being a member of CC will enable one to participate in

Project Two, a "Book-of-the-Quarter Club." Though there

are more than enough anti-Communist periodicals now availa-

ble, the book club will meet a supposed "dire need for

full-length conservative books." Those not interested in

official membership may become book club members for $10 a

year.

Project Three is a streamlining of the CC magazine, and

of The Weekly Crusader, which may be subscribed to for $10 a

year. Project Four calls for development of the Anti-

Communist Leadership School into an annual meeting. An

Anti-Communist University is Project Five.

The sixth project is, in Hargis' opinion, the "most

important goal": expansion of mass communications. Project

Seven is the development of Bible study groups in over 1,000

communities; Project Eight, the development of 1,000

Christian Crusade Fellowships as local anti-Communist study

groups. Project Nine sets aside the month of August as

Crusade members' fellowship month at The Summit. The annual

August CC convention, as part of the new campaign, will be

held in a different major city each year. The final project

is to publish a monthly suggestion in Christian Crusade as

to a specific course of action which Crusade members should

take in their respective communities; such actions as eradi-

cating Communist-made merchandise from local stores, en-

couraging the removal of "ultra-liberals" from the news media,

27

placing conservative books in public libraries, and en-

couraging the support of conservative merchants.27

In addition to its ten projects for 1963-1964, CC

carried out another "Save America" campaign in 1963, this

time inspired by Paul Revere, who also warned Americans of

impending danger. From February 27 to April 3, 1963 Billy

James Hargis and former Major General Edwin A. Walker

toured the nation from coast to coast "to alert the American

public to the enemy within and without," in what was termed

by CC as "the most important single project" it had under-

taken to date. The campaign was proclaimed as "OPERATION:

MIDNIGHT RIDE," Twenty-eight meetings were held in various

major cities, after which both Hargis and Walker termed the

campaign a complete success, Indeed, it was "undoubtedly

the most successful project in the history of Christian

Crusade. 128

In his "Save America" campaigns, Hargis is attempting

to save an America he believes is and always has been a

Christian nation. He believes the brave men and women who

2 7 Christian Crusade (December, 1962), entire issue;"Vital Information Concerning the Christ-Centered Ameri-canism Campaign," publication sheet included with CC's April1963 monthly mailing.

28Letter from Edwin A. Walker and Billy James Hargis toCC friends, April 5, 1963. The entire February and March1963 issues of Christian Crusade were devoted to "OPERATION:MIDNIGHT RIDE," giving the itinerary and reporting on thelectures. Hargis encouraged each member to secure copies ofthe lectures for $25. See also "The Far Right: Crusade andCollect," Newsweek, LXI (April 1, 1963), 21-22.

28

settled the wilderness did so with a "Bible under one arm

and a musket under the other"; they were ready to fight for

their faith and freedoms. Their intent, Hargis emphasizes,

was to establish a government where "God and Jesus Christ"

would be recognized, not a particular church or denomination.

In support of his position, Hargis cites the Plymouth Colony

Law for Education of Children, intended to teach them to read

the Bible; the 1643 New England Articles of Confederation,

which stated the purpose of colonization as the advancement

of the Gospel; the Declaration of Independence, claiming to

rely on divine providence; and the Thanksgiving Proclamation

of the Continental Congress on November 1, 1777, calling for

the spreading of the Kingdom of God. Hargis concludes that

the founders of America were courageous in acknowledging the

Bible as the source of truth and as a guidebook for the newly

created nation and its leaders. The Constitution of the

United States, he believes, mirrors the ideals of Christ.

To depart from the Constitution is to depart from Christ.29

America became a great nation because her people adhered

to and recognized the faith and ideals expressed by the

Founding Fathers. The freedoms they gave this country and

the republican form of government they established, however,

are being subverted, Hargis warns, by "Communism, through

its associates, liberalism, progressivism, socialism, and

modernism." The "so-called social crises" were created by

29Hargis, Communist America, pp. 31-35.

29

these groups; they are "destroying love of country, per-

verting morals of young and old, casting aside beloved

traditions, banning the Bible" from schools. The effect of

all this is to reduce the once proud individualistic American

citizen to an "insignificant helpless, hopeless pawn of

giant government," 3 0

Because he believes Americans do not want to depart

from the Christian ideals of the Pilgrims, Hargis has called

for a Congressional declaration "reaffirming" belief in the

"Christian principles of the Founding Fathers"; dependence

on "divine providence"; and a statement that separation of

church and state does not mean separation of God from

government, but merely that there will be no governmental

recognition of any religious group or any prohibiting of the

freedom to exercise religious faith and practice.31

Hargis is not surprised when people mention to him that

they were not aware of the extent of Communist infiltration

into American society as reported by CC. He asks, "How

could they know," when most of "America's daily newspapers

are promoting the Communist Line." In too many cases, Hargis

is convinced, the newspaper serves as a tool of "legal

license for Communist activities." He refers to reporters

as "interpreters," "dupes," "so-called liberals," and

30Hargis, Communist America, p. 33.

31Christian Crusade (September, 1962), p. 18. Theseresolutions were made at the Fourth Annual CC Convention,August 3-5, 1962, in Tulsa.

30

"Journalistic eggheads."32 They fail to give a "true

picture" of Khrushchev and other Communist dictators and

prefer to give, Hargis maintains, a "sugar coated version

of Communists as misunderstood men honestly desirous of

peace." 33 He views the New York Times and the Washington

Post as liberal newspapers; the Atlanta Constitution and the

Atlanta Journal, edited by the "notorious" left-wing "radi-

cal" Ralph McGill, as "left-wing" papers. Even William

Randolph Hearst and his newspaper chain are considered by

Hargis to be guilty of aiding the cause of Communism. 4

Not only are the newspapers promoting Communist causes;

radio, television, magazines, and movies are also tools used

to misinform and mislead Americans. Life, Time, and Newsweek

are regarded by Hargis as liberal "slick magazines." Look,

Life, and Time are to be remembered, he warns, as magazines

of the "EXTREME LEFT" which supported Fidel Castro against

the "pro-American government in Cuba under Batista." Even

the conservative Saturday Evening Post has a liberal slant.35

3 2 Hargis, Communist America, pp. 23-24.

3 3 The Weekly Crusader, April 9, 1962, p. 8.

34 The Weekly Crusader, March 2, 1962, pp. 1, 7. In con-trast, Rossiter considers the Hearst papers as representativeof the "fierce anti-communism" of ultra-conservatives. ClintonRossiter, Conservatism in America: The Thankless Persuasion(New York, 1962),pp.17-171.

35The Weekly Crusader, May 4, 1962, p. 1; March 2, 1962,p. 3; Monthly letter to CC friends, "It's high time the goodChristian people of America know the truth about~the TimeSmear."

31

Of recent concern to Hargis have been the numerous

newspaper and magazine articles designed to "smear" him and

the effective work of Christian Crusade; "smears" manufactured

by liberal and pro-Communist forces. Some recent (1960 to

the present) "smear" articles which Hargis has mentioned in

Crusade literature are: "Heavyweight Champ," Time (August 17,

1962); "Doomsday Merchant on the Far, Far Right," Saturday

Evening Post (April 28, 1962); "The Rightist Crisis in Our

Churches," Look (April 24, 1962); and "The Far Right:

Crusade and Collect," Newsweek (April 1, 1963).

Hargis is critical of the failure of newspapers and

magazines to report the news; instead, he says, they give

opinions and leave out facts. Concerning the reporting of

racial troubles, he decries the failure to report the "cold

facts" regarding the role "Communist conspirators" have had

and are having. Reporters fail to reveal that the Communists

have created all the social crises America has faced in the

last twenty-five years.36

Since a major goal of Communism is to discredit all

Congressional investigation of Communism, and since the

American press, with few exceptions, has opposed these in-

vestigations, there can be no other conclusion, Hargis says,

than to assume the press is doing the work of Communism.37



32

Other evidence of Communist work done by the press is

found in its use of the term "McCarthyism." Hargis maintains

the term was first used by Gus Hall (whom he usually identi-

fies first as an "ex-convict" and then as head of the Commu-

nist Party, U.S.A.) in a May 3, 1950,issue of the Daily

Worker, "The Great American Press leaped into action,"

Hargis says, following Hall's directive for a campaign to

rid America of "McCarthyism.tt38

The "great betrayal" of China is considered by Hargis

to be a fault of the "controlled" press. It falsely reported

that Chiang Kai-shek was a "scoundrel"; it incorrectly

identified the Communists as "agrarian reformers"; and in

general supported the betrayal directed by George Marshall

and Owen Lattimore.

Even the Letters to the Editor section of the newspaper

is controlled by those who are aiding the Communists.

"Fellow-travelers," "so-called liberals," and Communists have

taken over this important public opinion forum. Hargis is

alarmed at the depth of infiltration and subversion, so much

so that he calls on the American people no longer to place

38Hargis, Communist America, pp. 26-27. Herbert Block,political cartoonist for The Washington Post, used the termin a cartoon two months pFevious to Rals use and iscredited with its origination. Eric F. Goldman, The CrucialDecade--and After: America, 1945-1960 (New York, 19El7p. 145. ~Block says,7"TheMcCarthyism cartoon appeared inMarch, 1950. , . . I've never heard of any use of the wordprevious to the March, 1950 cartoon." A copy of the cartoonmay be found in The Herblock Book (New York, 1952), p. 145.Letter from Herbert Block, July 12, 1963.

33

complete trust in their papers. Flood the editors, he says,

with protests against this takeover.39

Turning to reporters, Hargis considers Drew Pearson to

be playing the "Moscow game" directed by Krushchev. "It is

a fact," he says, "that Khrushchev assigned American news-

papermen to smear anti-Communist organizations.' that "outside

of the Devil, Drew Pearson is the biggest liar that ever

lived"; and that Pearson began smearing CC after a visit to

Russia. Concerning this visit, Hargis asks, "Was he

Pearson] given special orders in Moscow to destroy the

effective ministry of Christian Crusade with his lying pen?"

Hargis considers the "smears" he receives from Pearson to be

both good and tad; bad because they are Communist inspired,

good because they are a recognition of the effective work of

CC. Indeed, he deems it an honor to be singled out, along

with Joseph McCarthy, Chiang Kai-shek, and James Forrestal,

by this "slimy character assassin."0

As though control of the press were not enough, the

Communists have as their goal the subversion and infiltration

of education from the kindergartens to the universities, and

as a result the traditional red brick school house is indeed

becoming Red. With this as his thesis on Communism and

education, Hargis asks, "Do our fathers and mothers fully


40Billy James Hargis, The y Truth about Drew Pearson(Tulsa, [n.d.j), pp. 1-41, 6,Pearson is pictured on thecover in front of a horned Satan bearing his resemblance.

34

realize the Communists are after our youth"; that they are

already quite successful; that the United States is being

lost from within because so little is being done to stop

them?41

Little is said about Communist activities in the ele-

mentary grades; it is assumed to be active and successful.

Hargis' main discussion of infiltration concerns itself with

the high schools, universities, and the Department of Health,

Education, and Welfare. He categorically states that the

teaching of the past forty years has been injurious. It

plays down the "American way" and America's great tra-

ditions; debunks the Founding Fathers, the Declaration of

Independence, and the Constitution, while it plays up

Socialism and Communism. The effect of this kind of teaching

is to dechristianize America, and, according to Hargis, has

been done purposely. He feels that the pro-Communist teach-

ing program of the schools and universities and parental

blind trust in them are to blame for "millions of citizens

who do not know the history of their own country"; and for

the "average father" who knows more about "Gunsmoke" than

about his children's education.4 2

That the Communists are being successful can be seen

from a Purdue University research report which, Hargis says,

states that from "11 to 62 per cent" of America's high school

4lHargis, Communist America, pp. 55-61.

k2Hargis, Communist America, pp. 57-58.

35

students accept one or more Socialist views. The Socialism

which the high schooler is being taught to accept is that the

United States government should abolish the right of inheri-

tance, own basic industries, operate and control all banks

and credits, and own "all" means of transportation and

communication. The seeds which teachers are planting in the

minds of their students will eventually lead, Hargis fears,

to a belief that the Soviet system is better than the Ameri-

can system.43 Whenever there is any comparison between the

Soviet and American systems, Hargis usually interjects the

thought that the Soviet system is "totally" wrong and would

have collapsed long ago were it not for American aid and

"subversive elements" within the school system.

Socialism in the schools can even be seen in the grading

system, Hargis points out, for in California a high school

girl received an A for an essay suggesting that "America

should surrender to the Kremlin," while in Arizona the state

educators would not even let students enter an essay contest

on the "Advantages of Private Medical Care" and the "Ad-

vantages of the Free Enterprise System." Any who desire

additional evidence of the socialization of America are re-

ferred to E. Merrill Root's Brainwa in the Hi Schools,

based on a study of eleven American history texts used in

high schools in 1952. Root writes that the high schooler is

conditioned to accept a totalitarian Socialistic way of life


36

through a study of American history as interpreted from the

liberal and Socialist point of view.44

Hargis accuses the American Association of University

Professors (AAUP) of not acting to stop subversive professors

from corrupting the minds of students. This accusation is

based on the AAUP's disapproval of loyalty oaths and the

McCarthy hearings. He points out that Helen C. White, past

president of AAUP has a record of "supporting Communist-

front apparatus." "Many" other professors in the organi-

zation also have "records." Hargis concludes that America's

universities contain not only "egghead intellectuals," but

also the "hardest of the hardcore Communists" who are

teaching students to accept the "ugly pattern" of the Soviet

Union. These "hardcore" Communists in the universities are

"godless, anti-Christ, Communists--key strategists in an

international conspiracy for the overthrow of the world.45

Herbert A. Philbrick, nine years a Communist for the

FBI, whom Hargis quotes approvingly on the subversion of

education, says that the Communists are most successful in

the infiltration of the Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare. In that department, Philbrick reports, "fully one-

third of the top eschelon of the Communist conspirators in

this country" will be found. "It is estimated that from 75

to 80 per cent of the responsible officers in the department

44 Hargis, Communist America, pp. 62-64, 69-71.


37

are conspirators, 46 Hargis finds evidence to support Phil-

brick's charge in HEW Circular 532 distributed to teachers

in June 1958, entitled "The Education of the Able Student."

The bibliography recommends an article by Walter Reuther, a

vice-president of the AFL-CIO, entitled "What the Public

Schools Should Teach." Hargis describes Reuther as an

"ardent pro-Communist," basing this on Reuther's eighteen-

month trip to Russia and a letter he wrote to friends in

Detroit in the 1930's, describing his desire that the United

States become a "Soviet America." This is proof enough for

Hargis that HEW has been turned into a "Kremlin directed

base for the subversion of three vital American pillars:

health, education, and welfare."4 7

As with education, CC has much to say about the Negro

and other racial problems, although the Crusade's officially

stated position is that it is not anti-Negro, anti-Catholic,

anti-Semitic, or anti- anything except Communism. The press

has made racial segregation a controversy, Hargis believes,

rather than revealing it as it really is--a social crisis

"plotted by the Communists." Hargis says the Southern Negro

does not want integration, and quotes an editorial by Davis

Lee, Negro publisher of the Anderson (South Carolina) Herald

to prove his point:



38

When we were first brought to this country we . , .were worshipping the cow, the sun and the moon--every-thing was God to us but the true living God. TheSouthern white man taught us to believe in the real Godand in Christ, the Saviour of all men, black and white.This one revelation changed us from a savage into thelikeness of God with a soul to save. Once we embracedChristianity we became a different people, and throughour simple religious concept, thousands became ourfriends and benefactors. We had God on our side and inour corner. White people began to cultivate us asfriends, as trusted and loyal people. The slave ownershad so much faith in us, that when they went off to warbetween the states . . . they left black men behind tocare for their wives and children. They could not havepaid a finer tribute than this. No slave owner wasafraid that we would force our attention upon his wife.We were people of character; we had demonstrated thatwe could be trusted. The Southern white man, afteremancipation, did not inaugurfle this system ofsegregation that we have now.

Hargis says that sixty-one per cent of the national

officers of the NAACP (which he prefers to call the "National

Association for the Agitation of Colored People") have been

involved in one or more Communist activities It was in

support of this "agitation" society that President Kennedy

sent troops into Mississippi in 1962. This, says Hargis, is

government by pressure of "a very Un-American minority

group."50 He believes that the real issue at Oxford was not

integration, but state's rights.

At a 1963 New England Rally for God and Country, Hargis

commented to reporters on the picketing of the rally by the

48Hargis, Communist America, pp. 101-102; Davis Leealso says the progressives, liberals, social reformers, thefellow-travelers and pro-Communists are the guilty ones instirring up race controversy.


50 Christian Crusade (December, 1962), p. 4.

39

NAACP that he had never "been called a segregationist until

the Boston N.A.A.C.P." gave him that label. He also is

reported to have said that he feels integration is "inevi-

table . . . it is the law of the land."51 Yet in a Dallas

rally, December 7, 1962, he proposed segregated anti-

Communist organizations, and in particular a "Negro Anti-

Communist Crusade.1152

CC has given special attention to Martin Luther King,

Jr., president of the Southern Christian Leadership Confer-

ence, in a pamphlet entitled Unmaski Martin Luther Ki,

Jr., the Deceiver. To Hargis, King is a race agitator guilty

of pro-Communist actions because he: favors the abolishment

of HUAC; disagreed with McCarthy; and associates with other

"known Communists" such as Carl Braden, Frank Wilkinson, and

Abner W. Berry, Negro member of the Central Committee of the

Communist Party. Hargis wants to know if King is really

interested in the Negro or if he is concerned with the Negro

only to further Communist objectives in America. He wonders

why King favors abolishing HUAC. "Could it be," Hargis asks,

"that he fears exposure of his true motives from this in-

vestigating committee?" 53

5 1Boston Sunday Globe, January 6, 1963, p. 53.

52Statement by Billy James Hargis, Dallas, Texas,December 7, 1962.

53Billy James Hargis, Unmasking the Deceiver: MartinLuther Kin , Jr. (Tulsa, [n.d.j),pp.~l-7TKingsays thatwherever e holds meetings, Unmasking the Deceiver is distri-buted by Hargis' followers. Statementby Martin Luther King,Dallas, Texas, January 4, 1963.

40

Although he considers HUAC an exposer of Communism,

Hargis believes that the net effect of government policy is

to move America toward Communism, and points to the farm

program, the postal department, the medical care for the

aged proposal, foreign aid, the influence of Americans for

Democratic Action on the Kennedy administration, and the

Supreme Court. He finds it reasonable that the Communists

should consider control of the American farmer an important

goal, and since there has been an ever-increasing degree of

government control over farming from the 1930's to the

present, Hargis concludes that the Communist conspiracy is

being successful. A recent step.to complete control was

taken in 1961 when Kennedy asked Congress to authorize the

Secretary of Agriculture to supervise election of an advisory

committee for each farm commodity. These committees are to

work out the "taxpayer-supported program and you can be sure

that the hidden finger of Communist conspirators will be

there behind the scenes, trying," Hargis says, "to push this

. . . towards a Soviet farm program for America."54

Even the Post Office Department is being flooded by

Communist subversion, Hargis warns, for in a 12-month period

over 300,000 packages of Communist propaganda came into the

United States through the Port of New Orleans alone, to be

54Billy James Hargis, The Communist Program for theAmerican Farmer (Tulsa, Zn.I),Pp.TTF7.

41

sent through the mails to schools and colleges at taxpayers'

expense. In 1948 the United States government stopped the

Soviet use of United States mail for propaganda purposes, but

Kennedy, by executive order in March 1961, "ordered all propa-

ganda solicited or unsolicited delivered to the addresses."

Hargis says since the executive order was put into effect

the Communist propaganda coming into this country has in-

creased "130%." To allow the Soviets to use United States

mails on the basis that it will improve cultural exchanges

is, he says, "the essence of naivety and complete folly" and

provides yet another example of the "suicidal incompetence"

of the government of the United States.55

Now, Hargis writes, the government is attempting to

open another door for Communist takeover: medical care for

the aged. It should not be forgotten, he reminds his readers,

that socialized medicine has been a goal of the international

Communist conspiracy for years. As proof he cites the

March 12, 1961 issue of the Worker, which carried an article

entitled "A FIRST STEP TO MEDICAL CARE FOR THE AGED." The

first step was Kennedy's proposal for such legislation.

The basic reasons for Hargis' opposition to this legislation

are that it is a goal of the Communists, it will not work,

it has not worked (look at Britain), and it is a "socialist

55Billy James Hargis, The Postal Propaganda Problem(Tulsa, [n.d.]), pp. 1, 5-6.

42

planners' foot-in-the-door" scheme for government control of

medicine.56

Foreign aid is deceiving America into "financing its

own self destruction." This is so, claims Hargis, because

of the seventy-five billion dollars in aid from America in

the past fifteen years, over sixty billion, or eighty per

cent, went to the Communists or their allies. His conclusion

is, "Communism would have died many deaths, but for the

helping hand of America." In recent years, he claims, "the

helping hand" has given $465,424,000 in foreign aid to the

Soviet Union. The only solution to this treason is "a

national referendum on foreign aid, or by some other means

shut off the flow of money to anti-Christian enemies."5 7

Americans for Democratic Action is a "Trojan Horse"

organization infiltrating the government for the purposes of

"selling" Socialism. This is the opinion, quoted by Hargis,

of the late Congressman Kit Clardy of Michigan. Hargis is

concerned with ADA's weakening of "America's first line of

defense"--the immigration laws, its call for unification of

Korea under the United Nations, its call for "more aid to

56Billy James Hargis, Uncle Sam M.D.? (Tulsa, [n.d.7),pp. 1, 3, 5.

57Hargis, Communist America, pp. 134-135, 144-148:Hargis believes that most of the world's nations are eitherCommunist or Communist allies, excepting only Free China,South Korea, Spain, and Portugal. This accounts for hiscomputation of the amount of United States foreign aid toCommunists.

43

the pro-Soviet . . . Nehru of India," its desire for recog-

nition of Red China and her admission to the United Nations.

Hargis deplores the fact that there are forty ADA members in

the Kennedy administration, but no members of the John Birch

Society.58

Continuing his list of Communist-influenced government

agencies, the Oklahoma crusader asserts that the Supreme

Court has strengthened the Communist conspiracy within and

against America in the last five years, so much so that

today (1960) the American people are "practically powerless

against the enemy." He states that President Eisenhower's

appointees to the Court, in cases involving the Communist

conspiracy, have voted "92%, 90%, 58% and 36% in favor of

the enemies of America." Chief Justice Earl Warren is the

"92%" voter. The Supreme Court has strengthened the enemy,

Hargis says, through its rulings which deny congressional

committees "freedom to investigate Communists and pro-

Communists," which deny states the right to enforce their

own anti-subversive laws, which say the executive branch of

the government cannot dismiss security risks, and which say

the United States must grant passports to those refusing to

58Billy James Har is, Radicalism of the Left--Americansfor Democratic Action Tulsa[n. ,pp~~-3T~Tll presentor~former ADA members in Kennedy's administration are listedin this pamphlet and are accused of "fuzzy irresponsiblethinking" which has contributed to gains by the 'atheisticCommunistic conspiracy in the world." Quoted from Roy Cohn,former counsel to the McCarthy Senate Subcommittee, beforethe ADA, October, 1958.

44

sign non-Communist affidavits. The solution? "An Act of

Congress providing that the states shall have concurrent

jurisdiction in the field of sedition."59 Hargis concludes

that America's government is in such a state that "the

people of the United States have ceased to be their own

rulers--and the government now ruling them is heavily pro-

Communist * 60

On the international scene, Crusade pamphlets report

that United States' membership in the United Nations has

brought the day of America's conquest by the Communists

alarmingly near. It is not surprising that the United

Nations is "destroying America by degrees," for the United

Nations was "the result of a declaration from Moscow, and is

becoming itself a Moscow declaration." Hargis describes it

as the "GREATEST HOAX EVER PERPETRATED ON THE AMERICAN

PUBLIC," and advocates either the expulsion of Communist

nations from the United Nations, or the immediate withdrawal

of the United States.61

Hargis objects to the United Nations as Kremlin-planned

and engineered by traitors in the United States. Chief among

59Hargis, Communist America, pp. 110, 114, 118: Hargiscites Communist Partv. Subversive Activities Control Board,Pennsylvania v. Steve Nelson, Yates v. United States,andWatkins v. United States.

60Hargis, Communist America, p. 110: When this was writtenEisenhower was serving his last year as president.

6lHargis, Communist America, pp. 119-120; Billy JamesHargis, The United Nations: Destroying America by Degrees(Tulsa, Tn.d. *)T. 1.

45

the traitors he names Alger Hiss, a Kremlin agent influential

at the Yalta Conference, top man in the State Department on

United Nations planning, and a key figure in the drawing up

of the United Nations constitution. Hiss was also suc-

cessful in getting over five hundred Communist sympathizers

on United States payrolls in the United Nations. Undoubtedly,

Hargis says, some are still there working for the best

interests of the Communists.62

The Kremlin was not content with just starting a world

organization--they intended to use it as a major propaganda

forum and a hideout for spies and saboteurs. To insure the

accomplishment of this goal, Hargis believes, is the reason

the Soviet Union "insisted" the United Nations be located in

the United States. This enables the Soviets to spread "the

gospel of Communism" under the cover of diplomatic immunity.63

Hargis expresses concern over the new United Nations

members, particularly the newly-created African nations,

"most of which fare] only slightly removed from cannibalism,"

and are strongly leaning toward Communism. The votes of

these new members, coupled with the votes of the captive

Communist nations, will soon bring about a "landslide"

sellout of America's sovereignty.64

62Hargis, Communist America, p. 121; Hargis, The UnitedNations, pp. 2-

63Hargis, The United Nations, p. 4.

64Hargis, The United Nations, p. 5.

46

A strong supporter of the United Nations is the National

Council of Churches (NCC). One of Hargis' pamphlets, used

in the Air Reserve Center Trainin Manual which caused a

national furor, was The National Council of Churches Indicts

Itself: 50 Counts of Treason to God and Co The main

argument of the pamphlet is that the Communists, fellow-

travelers, and sympathizers have been successful in in-

filtrating the churches of America, particularly the NCC.

Hargis based his claim of infiltration on a 1935 United

States Naval Intelligence report which states that the

Federal Council of Churches (reorganized into the NCC in

1950) was "subversive" and "gave aid and comfort to the

Communist movement and party."

As an illustration of his "50 Counts," Count 14 con-

demns Union Theological Seminary as contributing to Communist

goals by allowing Earl Browder, while he was head of the

Communist Party, U.S.A., to speak to its students. Count 28

blames the Federal Council of Churches for Pearl Harbor

because of its lobbying in Washington against a preparedness

program; Hargis concludes that the "pacifism" of the Federal

Council "is directly responsible for the thousands of boys

who were killed in the beginning days of World War II." The

"shocking NCC reading list" is Count 30, because it includes

W. E. B. Dubois' book, Black Reconstruction. Since Dubois

has been associated with over seventy-five Communist fronts

and causes, Hargis says, a recommendation of his book should

be sufficient evidence to "any thinking" person of the

Communist influence of the NCC.65

Hargis propagates his views on the state of the nation

by means of ratio and literature. He began his radio work

on a Mutual Broadcasting System station in Siloam Springs,

Arkansas, speaking once a week for fifteen minutes. He now

has six hundred fifteen-minute and one hundred fifty thirty-

minute broadcasts a week on stations in nearly every state,

plus Puerto Rico and Monterrey, Mexico. Television is less

widely used, with eight states carrying a weekly fifteen-

minute CC program. The television programs deal with what

CC considers to be the effects of Communist subversion in

America. Color and black and white movies of these programs

are made available to churches and schools.66

CC's literary activities are extensive. The Crusade

publishes a weekly eight-page magazine entitled The Weekly

65Billy James Hargis, The Facts about Communism and OurChurches (Tulsa, 1962), pp.~3-37: This work of 247pagesuses the same argument repeatedly presented by ultra-rightistsagainst those clergy who were sympathetic toward the SovietUnion during the thirties and early forties and who areliberal in their political and economic views; also BillyJames Hargis The National Council of Churches Indicts Itself(Tulsa, 1960, pp. 11, 20, 30-32A ccusations of Communistinfiltration in the churches prompted Louis Cassels' "TheRightist Crisis in Our Churches," and Ralph Lord Roy'sCommunism and the Churches, Communism in American Life,edited by Clinton Rossiter (New York, 1960).

66Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, pp. 7-8;Hargis, A Call to Action, p. 4; City, station, dial, andtime programs may be heard are listed in Christian CrusadeInternational Radio Network (Tulsa, April, 1962).

48

Crusader. The lead editorial is written by Hargis or a

"prominent American"; it consists of an analysis of national

and international news. C. A. Willoughby, former chief of

intelligence for General Douglas MacArthur, is joint editor

of the magazine and contributes a "Foreign Intelligence

Digest" section.6 7

Christian Crusade is the title of a monthly magazine

which Crusade publicity claims has a circulation of 110,000

copies, with over 500,000 readers. Examination of the June

1962 issue reveals a reprint from Southwestern Telephone

News; a sermon of the month by Hargis; announcements of the

month's speaking engagements; a devotional by Bob Jones,

Jr., president of Bob Jones University, Greenville, South

Carolina; "A Counterspy's Views on Communist Subversion,"

by Matt Cvetic, who for nine years was a Communist for the

FBI; an article by Benjamin Gitlow, former general secretary

of the Communist Party, U.S.A.; a "Foreign Intelligence

Digest" section by C. A. Willoughby; advertisements featuring

Crusade literature for sale; and many appeals for contri-

butions. The subscription price is $1 a year.68

6 (The Weekly Crusader, June 29, 1962, p. 3; Hargis,Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 8.

68 Christian Crusade (June, 1962), pp. 2-3, 7, 9-10, 12,16, 21-22; Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 8;Hargis, A Call to Action, p. 4, Other periodicals recom-mended by Christian Crusade in "Suggested Literature andOrganizations" are Human Events, Free Enterprise, AmericanOpinion, The Dan Smoot Report, anT T eiring7Line.

49

Other literature includes three books written by Hargis.

CC points out that Communist America: Must It Be? is Hargis'

"first full length book," and it is "more than a book," it

is a "weapon." Containing 182 pages, it is a book which,

Crusade literature says, "thousands believe . . , is the

most valuable and most informative anti-Communist book of

the decade." From its first copyright date in 1960 to its

fifth edition in 1962, 150,000 copies have been printed.

It originally sold for $3 and now can be purchased for 250

as a paperback. Sample chapter headings give the flavor of

its theme: "A Bird's Eye View of Treason"; "America--Marked

for Conquest"; "A Free Press--Leading America Leftward";

"Patriotism--Once Revered, Now Smeared"; "A Supreme Court

Against America."69

Hargis' second book, The Facts about Communism and Our

Churches, was published in 1962 in a 50,000 copy, 250-page

edition selling for $2.50 clothbound and $1 paperback, It

is viewed by CC as the first book dealing with Communism and

the churches to be written by "a leading anti-Communist" in

69Hargis, Communist America, p. II; Hargis, Facts aboutChristian Crusade,p. . argis says that no major publish-ing house will publish a book written by him or by any otherrightist, except some recently opened conservative publishinghouses. Therefore, he says, "to get our works published wehad to finance their printings and organize our own methodsof distribution. . . . If the old-line publishing housescontrolled by liberals will not print our works, we willbuild our own publishing houses." The Weekly Crusader,March 9, 1962, p. 7.

50

seven years.7 0 This book makes no wild claims, Hargis

writes, it is "completely researched," documented and foot-

noted, and deals only with "Facts.*

His third book, Communism: The Total Lie, reveals the

extent to which the Communist conspiracy is undermining

American society and describes, as CC views it, what living

under Communist rule would mean. Dedicated to and written

for the "women of America," it is to be used as a "weapon"

against the infiltration of liberalism, Socialism, and

Communism into "their own family circles." Hargis says,

"If you can get the good women of America stirred up over

the Communist and Socialist threat, they will change the

course of history on the side of freedomtt2 Again, sample

chapter headings reveal its style: "Communist Treatment of

Women"; and "Welcome, Bloody Butcher!"

Hargis' prolific pen is now preparing another book which

he feels is a "must": The Betrayal by America's Liberal Press.

It will expose Communist and Socialist sympathies and the

press's "hatred" for conservatives and religious orthodoxy.73

Other books, not written by Hargis, but recommended and

distributed by CC include John T. Flynn's The Decline of the

70Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade, p. 9; Hargis,The Facts about Communism and Our Churches, dedication page;Christian Crusade (December,~l 7), P. 6.

71Rossiter, Conservatism in America, p. 284.72Christian Crusade (March, 1963), p. 5.73 Christian Crusade (March, 1963), p. 2.

51

American Republic, Rosalie M. Gordon's Nine Men Against

America, Merrill Root's Brainwahin in te Hg Schools,

Zygmund Dobbs' aRIntri and Race Turmoil, Matt Cvetic's

The B Decision, Edgar Bundy's Collectivism in the Churches,

Barry Goldwater's Why Not Victory, Charles A. Willoughby's

and John Chamberlain's MacArthur--1941-1945, Bryton Barron's

The Untouchable State Department, and a John Birch Society

twelve-volume paperback series entitled "One Dozen Candles."74

Hargis is particularly active as a pamphleteer, for he

feels that to save America CC must distribute "anti-

Communist, anti-Socialist, anti-liberal, anti-atheist, anti-

apostate" literature by the "tons each month."75 Most of

the pamphlets distributed by CC appear first as lead articles

in Christian Crusade or editorials in The Weekly Crusader.

They are then republished in pamphlet form with such colorful

titles as Will the Real Nikita Khrushchev Please Stand Up?;

Unmasking the Deceiver: Martin Luther King, Jr.; Paul Revere's

Ride.76

74Most of these were Crusade Book Club editions. Anti-Communist and anti-liberal books are given quarterly to CCmembers. Non-members receive the books by paying $10 a year.The titles were taken from Crusade literature, particularlyChristian Crusade (September, 1962), p. 20, and "SuggestedLiterature and Organizations."U

75The Weekly Crusader, March 2, 1962, p. 8.

76Hargis writes that CC hired men "skilled in psycho-logical literature" to help them prepare "attractivepamphlets that will be read by the masses." The WeeklyCrusader, March 2, 1962, p. 8.

52

CC uses the movie to good effect as a communicative

tool, having produced thirteen full-length movies and nine

fifteen-minute filmed interviews between Hargis and "famous

statesmen."v Crusaders may use these films in five ways:

buy them outright; rent them to show in schools and churches,

at $25 per showing; use them for television, either in an

individual showing or all together in an all-night program

(of this proposal Hargis asks his readers, "Can you imagine

the impact of a TWELVE HOUR ALL-NIGHT ANTI-COMMUNIST TELE-

VISION MARATHON in your town?"); use them in "Church

Awakening Crusades," lasting two weeks, showing one film

each night with a "giant" rally the concluding night; or,

show the fifteen-minute Hargis interviews on television

once a week, paid for by "interested friends."7 8

Any study of an anti-Communist organization must take

into account its financial support. Over 100,000 contributors

gave $1,000,000 to CC in 1961, partly through the purchase

of books, pamphlets, and subscriptions to The Weekly Crusader

and Christian Crusade. Hargis turned over to the Crusade

$145,000 in lecture fees and $50,000 in book and record

royalties. The rest of the 1961 income was received as

77Christian Crusade (October, 1962), p. 2. SeeAppendix B for a list of films, giving speaker, subject,length, and price.

78 Christian Crusade (October, 1962), pp. 2-3, 23. Thereis no indication n ruade literature that any of theseproposals have been accepted by "interested friends" and putinto operation.

53

gifts. Such gifts are tax deductible, since CC is a non-

profit educational agency.7 9 In 1962, the Crusade operated

on a $1,250,000 budget, an increase of $250,000 over 1961.

The financial benefits Hargis personally receives from CC

are a yearly tax-free salary of $12,000, plus expenses and

a $43,000 parsonage in Tulsa.80

In its battle against Communism, the Christian Crusade

has discovered infiltration and subversion to such an extent

that Hargis fears America is rapidly becoming a Soviet

Republic. The Crusade emphasizes no particular point of

infiltration; but, like a shotgun, scatters its fire over

every phase of American society.

79J. K. Adams, "Saving America, Inc.," Nation, CXCIII(September 30, 1961), 194; Martin, "Doomsday Merchant on theFar, Far Right," p. 19.

80Martin, "Doomsday Merchant on the Far, Far Right,"pp. 19-20.

CHAPTER III

EDGAR C. BUNDY AND THE CHURCH

LEAGUE OF AMERICA

While Edgar C. Bundy and the Church League of America

are as concerned as is Hargis with widespread Red Infil-

tration, Bundy's emphasis is on churches and education. His

method of operation is quite different from that of the well-

publicized Crusader in that he relies mainly on a seminar

plan and desires no publicity at all. His organization is

semi-secret, publishing only a monthly newspaper and special

reports. He uses only two outside speakers: Carl McIntire

and E. Merrill Root.

The CIA dates back to 1937, the year in which Franklin

D. Roosevelt sought to pack the Supreme Court. At that time

Frank J. Loesch, Henry P. Crowell, and George Washington

Robnett were particularly alarmed by Roosevelt's attempt to

alter the Court. Loesch was head of the Chicago Crime Com-

mission in its efforts to prosecute Al Capone, the notorious

Chicago gangster. He was also an elder in Chicagots Fourth

Presbyterian Church, a counselor for the American Medical

Association, a member of Chicago's Board of Education during

the 1930's, president of the Chicago Bar Association, and

54

55

simultaneously a trustee and the secretary of the Chicago

Historical Society.

The other two men were almost equally prominent. Henry

P. Crowell was Chairman of the Board of Quaker Oats, a

Presbyterian layman, and a heavy supporter of the Moody

Bible Institute in Chicago. George W. Robnett was a Chicago

advertising executive, a member of the Methodist Church, and,

CLA literature claims, an expert analyst on the subversive

activities of Communists and fellow-travelers in the United

States. He spent thirty years building a library of Commu-

nist and fellow-traveler literature and cataloging the names

of individuals associated with these subversive movements.

These three men were deeply concerned over the many

ministers whom they thought were including socialistic thought

in their sermons, thus paving the way for "complete sociali-

zation of the American way of life, including religious

institutions."1

On March 24, 1937, they met with other concerned men to

form an organization which would distribute to the minister

a regular bulletin describing any movement, political or

economic, which would have either a direct or indirect effect

on his church's present or future work. From this meeting,

attended by "prominent lay people of Methodist, Baptist,

Presbyterian, Episcopal, Congregational, and Disciples of

1What Is the Church League of America? (author notgiven) (Wheitton~,~~IllinoisTtn.d.TT, p. 2.

56

Christ churches,"2 came the Church League of America--born

in reaction to Roosevelt's alleged socialistic experimenta-

tion and sparked into existence by his attempt to pack the

Supreme Court.

CLA national headquarters were established in Chicago,

where they remained until 1952, when the League moved to

Evanston, Illinois. In 1956 the CLA permanently located in

Wheaton, Illinois.3

The Church League led a rather quiet existence until

1956, when Edgar C. Bundy became its acting General Chairman

and Executive Secretary. Born in Stamford, Connecticut on

November 1, 1915, Bundy was educated in Florida, Georgia,

and Illinois. CLA literature cites his 97.8 senior high

grade average and 96.0 freshman grade average at Oglethorpe

University, Atlanta, Georgia. Bundy turned down the remain-

ing three years of a scholarship at Oglethorpe and trans-

ferred to Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois in the fall of

1935, where he graduated with an English major in 1938.4

By February, 1941 Bundy had been drafted into the army.

He was commissioned a second lieutenant in October, 1942 and

promoted to the rank of captain before his release from active

2What Is the Church League, p. 2.

3What Is the Church League, p. 3; News & Views, March,1963, p. 1.

4News & Views, March, 1963, p. 6; The National Councilof the Protestant Episcopal Church, Sowing; Dissension in theChurches, A Report of the Department of Christian SociaTRelations (New York, [n.d.] ), p. 4.

57

duty in September 1948. Since 1948 he has been promoted to

a major in the Air Force Reserve.5 While in the service, he

was active for six years as an intelligence officer and

served in every major theater of war, including Europe, North

Africa, China-Burma-India, and in 1948 as Chief of Research

and Analysis of Intelligence of the Alaskan Air Command. His

military awards include Nationalist China's highest aviation

decoration, the Bronze Star, and five battle stars.6

Additional awards include the American Legion's Ameri-

canism citation, and the title "Young Man of the Year" from

the Wheaton Junior Chamber of Commerce. He has been an

active member of the DuPage (County, Illinois) Young Republi-

can Organization, the Sons of the American Revolution, the

Abraham Lincoln National Republican Club, co-ordinator of

the DuPage County Coalition of Patriots, the American Legion

National Convention's Americanization Committee, and secretary

of the Joint Foreign Relations-Americanization Convention

Committees.7 His intelligence work, extensive travels in

the Far East, and high military rank convey the impression

5Bundy makes much of his rank as a major, despite armyregulations against such use for other than a militarypurpose. AR 140-5, Sec. XII., par. 82b, cited in SowingDissension, p. 4. Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord(Boston, 1953), pp. 240-241. New York Times, March 21, 1960,p. 5.

6What Is the Church League, p. 6; Sowing Dissension, p. 4.

7What Is the Church League, p. 7.

58

that he has the knowledge and experience to be an expert on

the Communist conspiracy, both internal and external.8

Upon re-entering private life, Bundy became City Editor

of the Daily Journal, Wheaton, Illinois. He was given a

prestige boost when he received an invitation in June, 1949

from Senator Kenneth McKellar, Chairman of the United States

Senate Appropriations Committee, to testify on the Far East.

CLA literature says his testimony "was termed by Republican

and Democratic senators alike as being one of the finest

given on the Far East before a Senate Committee." According

to the transcript of his testimony, however, in commending

Bundy on his presentation Senators Bridges and McCarran said

only that the presentation was "very clear, able" and that

he was doing a great work.9

While under oath before this committee, Bundy predicted

a South Korea invasion by the North Korean Communists over a

year before it occurred. He also predicted the fall of

China and scored the "appeasement of the Soviet Union and

8A CLA manual cautions those looking for Communists to"depend on the judgment of trained and experienced anti-

Communists, i.e., former F.B.I., naval or military intelli-ence officers." A Manual for Survival (author not given)(Wheaton, Illinois, 1961), p~. Iversen adds, after WorldWar II a "new dimension in private anticommunism was suppliedby individuals and organizations which sought to make'counter-subversion' a science and were aided in this en-deavor by . . . former F.B.I. agents and military-intelli-gence veterans." Robert W. Iversen, The Communists and theSchools, Communism in American Life, edited by ClintonRossiter (New York, 1959), pp. 241-242,

9What Is the Church League, pp. 6-7; House of Represent-atives, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, Hearings before the Com-mittee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate (Washington, 1949),P. b07.

59

failure to recognize the Communist threat" in the Far East,

attributing this appeasement to the State Department, Secre-

tary of State Dean Acheson, and the Truman Administration.1 0

Church League publicity states that Bundy's testimony before

congressional committees was frequent and that he often

supplied them with research materials. 1 1

This appearance before Congress proved advantageous to

Bundy. He began to speak regularly before patriotic clubs

and societies, and universities and colleges, concerning

Communist inroads in American society. He was billed as a

research analyst, lecturer, author, and Executive Secretary

and General Chairman of the CLA. 1 2

Of even more significance to the CLA and the people it

seeks to educate is the fact that Bundy is a fundamentalist

minister. He was ordained in March, 1942 as a minister in

the Southern Baptist Convention at the Emmanuel Baptist

Church, Alexandria, Louisiana, and is presently a member of

the Twin City Baptist Temple of Mishawaka, Indiana.1 3

1UWhat Is the Church League, p. 7. Bundy warned thatif China fell t3~Communism , apan, the Philippines, India,Burma, the Malay States, and the Dutch East Indies wouldalso fall. House of Representatives, Committee onpriations, p. 594.

11Roy, Communism and the Churches, p.254; Frank J.Donner, The Un-Americans (New York, 1961), p. 258; "BishopOxnam's Challenge," Christian Century, LxX (August 5, 1953)1262-1264.

12Roy, Apostles of Discord, pp. 240-242.

13What Is the Church League, p. 7; o4n Dissension,p. 4 . -~ __

60

The impression intended for the reader of Church League

publicity is that the organization was founded by men of the

highest abilities in their respective professions, with fun-

damentalist religious belief; and is now led by a man of the

highest military experience, intellectual attainment, and

fundamentalist religion. People at the grass roots level

should have no fear in placing their complete faith in the

integrity of the organization and the reliability of its

materials.

In keeping with its founders' designs, the Church League

of America operates as a voluntary organization of citizens

who are affiliated with fundamentalism, and states the

following premises:

(1) The "spirit of valiant Christian Americanism" must

be rekindled.

(2) The "American System of free speech, free press,

free religion, free assemblage" must be preserved.

(3) The "American Way" has provided greater material

and spiritual prosperity than ever before attained.

(4) There is a world-wide struggle now creating un-

precedented problems in all areas of life, for which the

Christian must be prepared and on guard.

(5) As a growing force in America and the world, Marxian

Socialism is "an alarming threat to all existing orders,"

particularly Christianity.

(6) Organized radicalism can be seen in the growth of

National Socialism, evidenced by the expanding centralized

federal government. This trend must "inevitably eventuate

into some form of collectivism where the sovereignty of the

individual is totally eclipsed by the sovereignty of the

State."

(7) An "all powerful government tends to become arro-

gant, imperious, extravagant and Fascistic."14

(8) The CLA's purpose is "to preserve those American

traditions which constitute the only foundation upon which

free institutions can survive."

(9) Christian philosophy is in contrast to Marxian or

collectivist principles. There is no freedom of religion

in a Fascist or Socialist government.

(10) The CLA serves as a medium between intellectual

leaders and laymen, educating them to believe that "free

enterprise is the only economic foundation upon which free

institutions" such as churches and colleges can survive.

Based on these premises, the purpose and program of the

Church League is to:

(1) Disseminate literature to keep ministers aware of

the dangers of America's "trend toward national socialism";

(2) Give press releases to the newspapers in order to

broaden its influence;

14When Premises (6) and (7) were drawn up in 1937,National Socialism and Fascism were a major internationalproblem.

61

62

(3) Educate the minister, who in turn educates his

congregation, to oppose "radical schemes and totalitarian

trends";

(4) Coordinate the thinking of "sound thinking ministers

into a powerful voice" which can be heard when national

issues of great importance arise;

(5) Influence "left-wing ministers who are strongly

Socialistic."15

How does the CIA educate ministers and coordinate them

into effective pressure groups, and influence the general

public and "left-wing ministers"? The answer is a variety

of books; special reports in the form of photographically

reproduced HUAC reports, magazine articles, and excerpts

from the Congressional Record; a monthly tabloid newspaper

entitled News & Views; tapes and films; local conferences;

and counter-subversive seminars. Examples from various

pieces of educational literature will illustrate the League's

method of communicating with the public.

News & Views, edited by Bundy, is a six-page newspaper

with a burning torch of liberty as its trademark and the

motto: "Eternal Vigilance is Forever the Price of Freedom."

It is considered a reporting service to those who support the

15What Is the Church League, pp. 4-5. In contrast toPurpose&( aa recent Tece Y iterature from the CLA in-cludes the statement: "No newspaper publicity desired."The Church League of America Seminar Plan (Wheaton, Illinois,n~.~dJJT. I.

63

Church League, "unique and different from anything else

published." It gives its readers a picture of the radical

movement (leftists, liberals, Socialists, Communists); it

enables "sponsors to get their money's worth"; it offers

employers "insurance" by keeping "their own key employees

informed as to the radical movement"; it lets sponsors know

what the Church League is doing; and it lets everyone know

that "we ECLA] know our subject.,16

Occasionally, when important issues need immediate

communication, a special edition of News & Views or a special

report with the News & Views format is published.

The CLA does not hesitate to photographically reproduce

articles in whole or in part in order to demonstrate the

extent of Communist subversion in American society. A one-

page reproduction of Time's March 16, 1942 Religion Section

was titled by the CLA, "Here is the blueprint FOR THE DE-

STRUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES." Discussing the 1942 Federal

Council of Churches meeting, the article pointed out that

John Foster Dulles, chairman of the conference, submitted a

set of prerequisites for a lasting peace upon conclusion of

World War II. Dulles blamed United States' behavior, based

on economic self-interest, between the two wars as contribut-

ing to her poor show in world leadership. Pointing out that

the world's natural wealth is unevenly distributed, he made

a plea to the wealthy nations to regard themselves as a trust

16What Is the Church League, pp. 4-5.

64

to be discharged in the best interests of all nations. The

conference program adopted called for a world government,

abandonment of isolationism for the United States, limitations

of national sovereignty, international control of armies and

navies, worldwide freedom of immigration, elimination of

tariffs and trade restrictions, and an international bank,

The conference called attention to the profit motive in

capitalism as a breeding ground for war.

The CLA sees this article as a blueprint drawn up by

Dulles to destroy the United States and asks why Dulles, as

chairman of the "left-wing Council of Churches," was made

Secretary of State under Eisenhower. The reader, it is

hoped, will come to the conclusion that Dulles, as a dupe,

was working toward fulfilling Communist objectives in

America.1 7

The CLA library has been collecting books, pamphlets,

sermons, and Sunday School quarterlies on religious, politi-

cal, and social movements since its beginning in 1937. It

contains a section built around John Dewey, "whose philosophy

of pragmatism . . . softened many intellectuals in America

for the acceptance of communism." The library also contains

thousands of files on individuals and organizations who, it

is felt, have been engaged in subversive or fellow-traveler

1 7"American Malvern," Time (March 16, 1942), reproducedby the CLA (Wheaton, Illinois,7Un.d.j). Bundy attempts tofurther implicate Dulles by writing that he was a longtimefriend of Alger Hiss and the NCC. Edgar C. Bundy, Collectiv-ism in the Churches (Wheaton, Illinois, 1961), pp. 1b3-lb.

65

activities. At present there are over 850,000 of these, on

cross-referenced index cards. They state whether the indi-

vidual, organization, or publication is or was a Communist

Party member, fellow-traveler, party sympathizer or front-

joiner; or simply a dupe. "Thousands of ministers" write to

the CLA for this information for use in sermons and classes

in religious schools. The CLA considers its file system one

of the twelve best in the country.

In addition, the CLA library holds original documents

from the American League of Peace and Democracy, the Fellow-

ship of Reconciliation, the Americans for Democratic Action,

and the American Civil Liberties Union. Communist materials

include propaganda from the International Workers of the

World, the American-Russian Institute, the American Committee

for the Protection of the Foreign Born, and "hundreds of

others." Publications dating back to 1919 are the New Masses,

Daily Worker, the Communist, Political Affairs, and the

People's Daily World.18

Besides News & Views and occasional special reports, the

CLA's main method of educating people on the strategy and

1 8 What Is the Church League, p. 3. Upon reading a de-scription of this self-acclaimed top-notch library on subver-sive activities, one gains the impression it is there forpublic use. This is not the case. This impressive list ofresearch materials on political and economic activities ofthe twentieth century is "closed to the public." The "filesare available only to staff members of the Church League ofAmerica and the Board of Directors." Whatever one may desireto know about the CLA or the information it can provide maybe obtained only through its official publications. Letterfrom Edgar C. Bundy, December 19, 1962.

66

tactics of Communism is the seminar plan. The two-day

counter-subversive seminar, Bundy claims, was pioneered by

the CIA, which has been holding seminars since 1937. Though

other organizations have copied this plan, they deal in

generalizations and theories, rather than in "specifics."

When a person desires a seminar in his area he must

produce a minimum of fifty people who are willing to meet

for two or three days. These people must be invited indi-

vidually, not through ads, for, Bundy says, this is "a

private school for students, not for infiltrating agitators."

Those attending the seminar must agree to not distribute any

unauthorized literature or tape any of the lectures. A ten

dollar fee entitles the student to six classes, a documen-

tation kit, a year's subscription to News & Views, and the

special report service. Bundy instructs the seminar students

from A Manual for Survival, published by the CLA.19

The CIA, Bundy asserts, is the only organization of its

kind, dealing in facts rather than generalizations, and

therefore is deserving of financial support. Such support

comes from individuals, churches, foundations, and business

corporations. Gifts to the CIA have been tax deductible

19The Church League of America Seminar Plan, p. 1; AManual Tor Survival, p. 2'06. During June anad~T-gust 1963Bundy wTTT hold several seminars at Hotel Christian Admiral,a new Bible and Patriots Conference Center in Cape May,N.J., owned and operated by the 20th Century ReformationHour, a Carl McIntire program. Christian Beacon, May 16,1963, pp. 1, 8.

since 1942; individuals are encouraged to give liberally and

to include the CLA in their wills.

Among the corporations and industries listed as CLA

contributors are Armour & Company; Borg-Warner Corporation;

The Greyhound Corporation; Monsanto Chemical Company; Sears,

Roebuck & Company; and U. S. Steel Corporation.20

Other funds come to the CIA through the sale of litera-

ture. The seminar textbook, A Manual for Survival, sells

for three dollars and a donation is required for any informa-

tion from the CLA library. Although Bundy says that the

League does not sell News & Views as a subscription, one

must contribute at least five dollars per year in order to

receive it. Back issues of News & Views may be purchased

for ten cents "if you are a subscriber" and for twenty-five

cents if not; per hundred the price is nine dollars. Friends

20What Is the Church League, pp. 3-7: The following com-plete the list:~TKbEbott Laboratories; American Box Corporationof California; American Hardware Mutual; American Tag Company;Anchor Steel & Conveyor Company; Atlas-Boxmakers, Inc.; TheBastian-Blessing Company; F. A. Bean Foundation, Inc.1 Bell& Zoller Coal Company; Beloit Iron Works; L. M. Berry & Co.;Black & Veatch; Avery Brundage; F. Burkart ManufacturingCompany; The Celanese Foundation, Inc.; Central Cold StorageCompany; Cleveland Builders Supply Company; Darling &Company; Elliott Paint & Varnish Company; Ender Coal andCoke Company; Farwell, Ozmun, Kirk & Company; Indiana BrassCompany; Iselin-Jefferson Company, Inc.J Joanna WesternMills Company; Milk Bottle Crate Company; Mitchell VeneerCorporation; National-Standard Company; Olson Rug Company;Ottawa Silica Company; Republic Electric Company; RobertsDairy Company; Scholl Manufacturing Company; SecuritiesIncorporated; J. P. Seeburg Corporation; Standard Rate andData Service; Tennessee Products & Chemical Corp.' VictorManufacturing & Gasket Company; Western Felt Works;Wisconsin Cold Storage Company; Youngberg-Carlson Company.

68

are encouraged to purchase and distribute News & Views by

the thousands,21

The CIA does not purport to be "a cure all," but claims

it is "prepared to do a job . .0* where the potential reach

is great--and where no one else is working. . . . For that

reason [the CLA is] entitled to support."22

Bundy's major emphasis in CLA work is exposing Commu-

nism in the churches and educational institutions, He

believes church infiltration by Communists, fellow-travelers,

and dupes began with liberal theologians. These he charac-

terizes as disciples of the nineteenth century German

"school of higher criticism, rationalism, humanism, and

communism [emphasis added]," which substitutes a naturalistic

philosophy of religion in place of a miraculous supernatural

Christianity based on a literal interpretation of the Bible.

CLA literature continually points out that a minister need

not be a Communist Party member to do a Communist's work;

all he need do is reject "the divine, Supernatural and

Miraculous plan of salvation as laid down in God's Holy Word,

and substitute his own humanistic, rationalistic, and materi-

alistic philosophy."2 3 There is no record in government

21News & Views, May, 1961, p. 4; Price List for Publi-cationsoftTFie Church League of AmericaT(Wheaton,~ITlinois,fn.d.),~pp.~14-15; Letter fr5oii Edgar C. Bundy, May 5, 1962.

22What Is the Church League, p. 4

2 3 News & Views, April, 1962, p. 2.

69

files, Bundy says, of a fundamentalist minister aiding or

abetting the Communist movement in any manner, including

signing "Communist-inspired" petitions. To the contrary, he

says, ministers who aid Communists are religious liberals

and, in fact, "COMMUNISM AND THEOLOGICAL MODERNISM are as

ONE!"24 Bundy believes that before any man in the field of

religion can embrace Marxism he must first become a liberal,

modernist, humanist, or naturalist.25

Bundy tells his followers to expect the liberals and

modernists to dislike fundamentalists and hate the word

"fundamentalist," for it means one who adheres both to the

fundamental teachings of the Bible and to the fundamentals

upon which our forefathers founded this nation. He regards

the founding fathers as Pilgrims and Puritans--seventeenth

century religious dissenters who left England and came to

America for one purpose: "To worship God in spirit and in

truth without any state or ecclesiastical oppressors to tell

them what they had to do." They gave us the first textbook,

which taught children "In Adam's fall, we sinned all." They

were characterized by their courage, ruggedness, individu-

alism, with a "Bible under one arm, with a musket under the

other, and the 'TRUTH.'" They were willing to brave the

dangers of an uncharted wilderness, full of savage natives

24News & Views, December, 1962, p. 1.

25News & Views, August, 1957, pp. 3-4.

70

and animals, Bundy concludes, so that present-day Americans

might have a Christian heritage.26

The extent to which Communism has infiltrated American

churches, theological schools, and religious publishing

houses is presented in Bundy's Collectivism in the Churches.

It is lauded as a documented account of the "left-wing

political activities" of the Federal, National, and World

Councils of Churches, written so that the minister may inform

his congregation of the "well-planned, determined methods"

being used to destroy America's "basic liberties."27

The main target of Bundy's attack is the National

Council of Churches (NCC) which, along with other ecumenical

agencies, merged with the Federal Council in 1950. He is

willing to testify under oath before a congressional investi-

gating agency that the NCC is "one of the greatest enemies

in regard to national security." 28 His usual method of

exposing the intent of the NCC is to discuss some high-

ranking churchman, including his "Communist front record."29

A typical example of such a churchman is G. Bromley

Oxnam, until his death in 1963 considered by Bundy to be

representative of the "popular, radical, pro-Communistic

26News & Views, July, 1962, pp. 1-2, 9; August, 1957,p. 1.

27News & Views, February, 1958, p. 1.

28New York Times, February 19, 1960, p. 8.

29Edgar C. Bundy Collectivism in the Churches (Wheaton,Illinois, 1961), pp. 47-46. News& VTews, February, 1958,p. 2.

71

element in religious circles in America."3 0 Most of the

evidence used by Bundy to prove Oxnam's pro-Communist

activities is taken from a HUAC report on the July, 1953

Oxnam hearing, at which Bundy and leaders of the American

Council of Christian Churches occupied the front row as

guests of Representative Jackson, a HUAC member.31

In discussing Oxnam's record, Bundy includes the HUAC

charge that he was affiliated with the National Council of

American-Soviet Friendship and had participated in a 1942

Boston rally, "Salute to Our Russian Ally." This American-

Soviet Friendship organization, Bundy writes, was "exposed"

and "declared subversive" by HUAC. Bundy was not satisfied

by Oxnam's defense that he, along with other distinguished

Americans, was friendly toward Russia in 1942 because she

was a major ally in World War II. Even though Oxnam cited

General Dwight D. Eisenhower as one of the distinguished

Americans and quoted him as saying, "American-Soviet friend-

ship is one of the cornerstones on which the edifice of

peace should be built," Bundy replied: "Eisenhower was, of

30Carl McIntire, Bish Oxnam, Prophet of Marx (Collings-wood, N.J., [n.d.J), cited in News & Views," Ju1y, 1954, p. 1;A Manual for Survival, p. 130.

31Roy, Communism and the Churches, p. 254; Donner, TheUn-Americans, p. 25b. ~T He~~ly, 1954 News & Views is titled"I Protest,' says Bishop Oxnam," and subtitled T e 'dothprotest too much, methinkst--Shakespeare. "

72

course, at that time a soldier in Europe under New Deal

command."3 2

Occasionally the CLA uses another tactic in dealing

with the NCC: a special report on local clergymen entitled

"Affiliations Record of:. . . ." One such report contained

nine affiliations of Virgil E. Lowder, then Executive Di-

rector of the Council of Churches of Greater Houston. To

illustrate, the first three affiliations were listed as

follows:

Sponsor: Bill of Rights Conference ("Call"July 1-17,71949)

Member: Chicago Ad Hoc. Committee of Welcomefor the Dean of Canterbury (Folder, November, 1948)

Signer of a Statement: Chicago Committee AgainstWar Propaganda.~("EicagoStar," May 8, 1948, page 4).Also Signer of a Protest (Folder, May 21, 1948),

Besides the nine affiliations no information is given, and

the reader is to assume these organizations are Communist

fronts.33

32News & Views, July, 1954, p. 3; A Manual for Survival,pp. 135~TW7.~ Eisenhower made his statement concirring theNational Council for American-Soviet Friendship in November,1945, a year after HUAC cited it as a tool for Communistactivity, while Oxnam participated in its work five yearsbefore it was declared subversive. Yet it is Oxnam, notEisenhower, whom Bundy chooses to consider a Communistsympathizer with a Communist front record. Roy, Communismand the Churches, pp. 257-258; House of Representatives,Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications(Washington, 1961), pp.117-118.

33"Affiliations Record of Rev. Virgil E. Lowder," SpecialReport of CIA. Concerning this report, Lowder says he "neverhad any sympathy with Communism and has fought it ever sinceit loomed on the international horizon." Most of the organi-zations listed were cited as subversive by HUAC after Lowderis "alleged" to have been associated with them. Letter fromVirgil E. Lowder, April 1, 1963.

73

Bundy claims there are between 7,000 and 8,000 clergymen

in the NCC with similar Communist front records, and has

broken these figures down by denominations, as follows:

Methodist -- 2109Episcopalian -- 1411Congregational -- 1014Baptist -- 660Presbyterian -- 64934

Turning to the "left-wing bias" of the religious press,

Bundy ranks the Christian Centuy, a weekly magazine intended

as a voice of religious liberalism, as the "most radical" of

the "quasi-religious" publications.35 He reached this con-

clusion after examining all the 1957-1958 issues and listing

contributors who had "Communist front records or records of

activity in behalf of Socialist or pacifist enterprises.136

In company with the Communists, Christian Century favors

recognition of Red China and has a very low opinion of anti-

Communist organizations and individuals such as Senators

Bricker, Eastland, and Jenner, Governor Faubus, Chiang Kai-

shek, the Boers of South Africa, the Daughters of the Ameri-

can Revolution, and the Church League of America. In contrast,

A Manual for Survival, p. 131. Bundy agrees withJ. B. Matthews wEd~ in the American Mercury, charged, "Thelargest single group supporting the Communist apparatus inthe United States today is composed of Protestant clergymen."Matthews claims there are 7,000 such clergymen, the samefigure given by Robert Welch, founder of the John Birch So-ciety, in April, 1961. Matthews, "The Reds in Our Churches,"American Mercury, cited in Donner, The Un-Americans, pp. 243-244.

35News & Views, March, 1959, p. 1; A Manual for Survival,p. 142; Bundy, Collectivism in the Churches, p. F7~

36News & Views, March, 1959, p. 1.

74

Christian Century "Just loves" the National Association for

the Advancement of Colored People, Herblock, Fidel Castro,

and Walter Reuther.37

Perhaps of even more assistance to Communism than

Christian C is Union Theological Seminary. Pointing

out that Union Seminary, Columbia University, and Riverside

Church are located on the same block, Bundy remarked, "Birds

of a feather, eh?",8 Of the abundant proofs he finds of

Communist infiltration of Union Seminary, six are discussed

at length. His first substantiation is a 1919 report from

the Joint Legislative Committee of the State of New York

Investigating Seditious Activities. This committee found

Union Seminary to be a dangerous center of "Revolutionary

Socialist teaching," and the school where Harry F. Ward,

who "shows decided sympathy for socialist forms and is

friendly to Bolshevism in Russia," teaches. Bundy adds that

it is now a school of "Professorial Pinkos."39

As his second evidence Bundy cites HUAC's One Hundred

Thing You Should Know About Communism, which singles out

Union Seminary as a school where Communist propagandists are

37 News & Views, March, 1959, pp. 1-6; A Manual forSurvival~p.~I2;FBundy, Collectivism in th- eChurchefs,pT. 21-214.

38New York Times, March 28, 1960, pp. 1, 25; News &Views, February, 1957, pp. 1-4: this issue is entitled''Spawning Ground for Communism."

39News & Views, February, 1957, pp. 1, 5; A Manual forSurvival, .~129_FBundy, Collectivism in the Chirhe,~~pp. 123-126.

75

active. Earl Browder, while head of the Communist Party,

U.S.A., spoke at Union and told the students: "You may be

interested in knowing that we have preachers, preachers

active in the churches, who are members of the Communist

Party."o

Bundy's third proof of Union's Communistic leanings is

that it has "RSV Fronters" on the faculty. Four of the

translators of the NCC-copyrighted Revised Standard Version

are Union faculty members, and two of them have been

associated with subversive organizations

In 1954, the Rockefeller Foundation gave Union Seminary

over $500,000. As his fourth point, Bundy asks, "Was this

to aid in carrying out the program outlined by the Kremlin?14 2

The fact that Union is successful in placing its graduates

in high places in the ecclesiastical world as well as in

government provides Bundy's fifth argument, and John Foster

Dulles is the key. Dulles, associated with the World Council

of Churches and influential in placing Alger Hiss as head of

the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was a trustee

of Union Seminary while Secretary of State.4 3

Finally, Bundy finds evidence against Union in one of

its graduates, Ralph Lord Roy, the "smear artist" who authored

4oNews & Views, February, 1957, p. 1.4lNews & Views, February, 1957, p. 3.

42News & Views, February, 1957, p. 5.

43News & Views, February, 1957, p. 5; Bundy, Collectiv-ism in te Churches, p. 179.

76

Apostles of Discord and Communism and the Churches.44 Bundy

says the latter was written under a grant of $250,000 from

the "notorious" Fund for the Republic.45 He gives three

possible reasons for Roy's conclusions in Communism and the

Churches: The research was inadequate; he failed to recognize

"Communist influence" when he saw it; he had an "unbending

determination" not to find any appreciable evidence of Commu-

nist infiltration for fear those in the "Liberaloid circles"

would label him with the "smear" word, "anti-Communist."46

Bundy feels Communist infiltration is at least as deep-

rooted in the schools as in the churches. His concern for

education reflects conservative thinking that the school has

been and should always remain a conservative force in so-

ciety. Recognizing the importance of the schools as a con-

servative force, he argues, the Communists began their

infiltration immediately after the Party's founding in 1919.

They seek to subvert America by using the colleges, high

schools, textbooks, and even the National Parent-Teachers

Association to propagate Communism by creating a pro-Soviet

attitude in the student. Bundy feels they have been aided

44News & Views, February, 1957, pp. 5-6.

45The grant actually totaled $500,000.00; $12,521.66 ofthis went to Roy to free him from teaching responsibilitieswhile completing the book. Letter from Hallock Hoffman,Secretary, Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions,The Fund for the Republic, Inc., February 26, 1963.

46News & Views, May, 1961, pp. 1-4; "The Roy Boy,"Special Report of CLA, May, 1961, pp. 1-4; Bundy, Collectiv-ism and the Churches, pp. 245-254.

77

in their task by progressive education ideas, so that both

the collectivists (a term Bundy uses to include Communists,

fellow travelers, and liberals) and their philosophy of

education must be exposed and eradicated from the class-

room. 7

One of the distinctive features of CLA's exposures,

Bundy says repeatedly, is that only documented facts are

presented. In addition to his own research to uncover these

facts, Bundy relies strongly on E. Merrill Root and J. B.

Matthews as authorities on Communism and the schools.

Matthews is best known for his services as research director

of HUAC, and is also credited with introducing the concept

of the fellow traveler (one who unwittingly serves the

causes of Communism). The Communist front record system

which lists all front organizations, petitions, and letter-

heads with which an individual has been associated is also

47A Manual for Survival, pp. 107-108, 111-112; News &Views, September~~T959, pp.-1-6 , September, 1961, pp.1-8~~June, 1962, pp. 1-6; Rossiter, Conservatism in America,pp. 26-27; Iversen, The Communists and the ScEools, pp. 246,359-360; Sidney Hook~~PoitTETa7 Power andPersonal Freedom(New York, 1959), p. 315.

4 80n June 22, 1953 Senator Joseph McCarthy appointedMatthews his chief aide and on July 9, 1953 dismissed himbecause of the criticism which arose over Matthews'article, "The Reds in Our Churches," in which Matthewsaccused 7,000 Protestant clergymen of supporting theCommunist conspiracy. Matthews, "The Reds in Our Churches,"American Mercury, cited in Donner, The Un-Americans,pp. 243-2474.

78

one of his contributions. Because of these, Bundy considers

Matthews "Mr. Anti-Communist."4 9

Of almost equal prominence in the field of Communist

infiltration of education is E. Merrill Root, professor of

English at Earlham College, on the Committee o' Endorsers of

the John Birch Society and associate editor of American

Opinion, Birch Society monthly magazine.5 0 Bundy and Root

are like-minded to such an extent that Root's books and

public addresses on education reflect Bundy's views

exactly.51

At the grand opening of the Church League's new national

headquarters, Root delivered an address on "The Type of

Education which Produced Great American Leadership." This

address summarizes Bundy's view of the education process:

The teacher is to be, above all else, a conservationist; his

function is to conserve. The students should be willing to

9A Manual for Survival, p. 108; Iversen, The Communistsand the~Schools, pp. 241-244; Howard Rushmore, vITr. Anti-Communist," American Mercury, LXXVI (May, 1953), 79-96.

5 0 Jack Nelson, "What Is the Problem?," NEA Journal,

LII (May, 1963), 20.

5 1 CLA publicizes Root's books, opinions, and reviews.

For example: E. Merrill Root, "A Criticism of My Critics,"

Special Report of CLA, April 1, 1963; Mark Graubard, MarxistBrainwashing in Our High Schools: A Review of ProfessorETMeTrill Root' i~b~6~61?k BRANWAshTNG IN THE HIG-SCHOOLS ~(Wheaton, Illinois, 1961); Medford EvansTAre School Text-

books Aiding in the Destruction of the American Republic?"(a review of Brainwashing in the High Schools), News & Views,September, 1961; E. Merrill~Root, "7The Type of Educationwhich Produced Great American Leadership," News & Views,March, 1963.

79

learn as did Abraham Lincoln--without federal aid, air-

conditioning, "gimmicks and gadgets." The subjects should

emphasize heroic and great Americans such as Nathan Hale,

John Paul Jones, Commodore Perry, Ulysses S. Grant, Admiral

Dewey, and Douglas MacArthur.52

Bundy considers Root's Collectivism on the Campus,

published in 1955, and Brainwashing in the g Schools,

published in 1958, to be the best written and most reliable

books on Communist subversion in education.53 In these

books, Root pictures the student's mind as the target for a

three-pronged attack: one by the Communists, another by the

fellow travelers, and a third by the liberals.

Immediately after World War II it became popular among

some to single out college professors who had been Party

members; in Collectivism on the p Root is continuing

this practice by basing his evidence largely on Matthews'

files. The history of Dirk J. Struik, many years a pro-

fessor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), is considered by Root representative of

the typical Communist professor. Struik illustrates every

phase of Communist activities in the universities: he was a

Marxist; he used his mathematics courses to indoctrinate

52News & Views, March, 1963, pp. 1-4.

53He lists these books among the five most important onthe subject of Communism. Price List, p. 25. About 10,000of each title have been sold to date. Letter from Martin I.Cooley, official, The Devin-Adair Co., February 28, 1963.

80

Communist ideology; he was not disciplined by the adminis-

tration of MIT even after Herbert Philbrick "certified" him

as a Communist, instead, the "state liberals" supported

Struik in defense of academic freedom. Since few deny

Struik was a Marxist who actively supported Communist causes,

Root asks why he was allowed to remain at MIT where he could

subvert students' minds. Were the administrators pro-

Communist? How many students of his are now active tools of

the Party? Did those who supported Struik realize that they

too were guilty of aiding Communism? Root concludes that

history alone will tell how many students were led by Struik

"down the road to Communism, from which they were unable to

return until they had performed acts against their country."54

Root finds other evidence of subversion in universities

which allow Communists to speak on their campuses under the

guise of "academic freedom." Archie Brown, key demonstrator

against the 1960 HUAC hearings in San Francisco, spoke at

Berkeley and Stanford in 1960, and Gus Hall, general secre-

tary of the Communist Party, U.S.A., spoke at the Universities

of Oregon and Washington in February, 1960. Root wonders

whether the administrators of these schools realized they

were allowing Communists an opportunity to undermine faith

in God, America's system of law and order, and the Constitution.

54E. Merrill Root, Collectivism on the Campus: The Battlefor the Mind in American Colleges (New York, 1955), pp. 82-93citing~~The AnFiuial Reor ofthe Committee on Un-American Ac-tivities,1951. It has never been proven legTly that Struikwas a Party member. Iversen, The Communists and the Schools,pp. 170-171.

81

Instead of promoting academic freedom by allowing Communists

on the speaker's platform and in the classroom, the universi-

ties of today are committing, in Bundy's words, "academic

suicide."55

Although Bundy and Root grant that there were and are

now only a few Communist professors, they point out that for

every Party member there are between five and ten who,

"wittingly or unwittingly, what does it matter?" do the

Communists' work. How does one identify such a fellow

traveler? First, check HUAC reports and the Attorney

General's Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications,

1951. Then ask the suspected fellow traveler to name ten

things wrong with America and two things wrong with Russia.

"He will be on Russia's side every time."56

Root thinks the best example of a fellow traveler is

Herbert Naboisek, research psychologist at the University of

California, who refused to counter the "alien conspiracy"

and took the Fifth Amendment when questioned by a HUAC in-

vestigator of Communism in California schools.

The "dupe" is another type who unwittingly serves Commu-

nism. He considers himself a neutralist, but the "neutralist

or soft thinker is witless, and less a fellow traveler than

55News & Views, June, 1962, pp. 1-6.

56A Manual for Survival, p. 35; Root, Collectivism on

the Campus, pp. 141-W3.0This technique originates from

HUC's 100 Things You Should Know About Communism, pp. 15-16.When Bundy uses thismethod he occasionally concludes that

the person is a Communist rather than a fellow traveler.

82

a dupe." 57 As an example of a dupe, Root names William

Gellerman, professor of education at Northwestern. In 1944

Gellerman wrote a book in which he attacked Martin Dies, who

was then "a pioneer in the dangerous field of anti-Communism."

In writing this book, Root believes, Gellerman was serving

the Communist Party better than if he had been a member.

Further evidence of "ignorance in high places," that is,

dupes who serve the cause by failing to recognize Communist

invasion of universities, is found in Dwight Eisenhower. In

1948, while president of Columbia University, he accepted a

grant of money from the "Sovietized puppet government of

occupied Poland" and then, Root continues, allowed that

government to appoint Manfred Kridl, a "pro-Communist apolo-

gist," to a chair in Polish literature. For this reason,

Eisenhower is portrayed as a tool of Moscow.58

In Collectivism on the Campus, Root has provided a con-

venient check on teachers who took the Fifth Amendment before

congressional investigating committees in a table on Commu-

nist Party membership reproduced from "Subversive Influence

in the Educational Process," a report of the Jenner Committee

on Interlocking Subversion in the American Government.5 9

57Root, Collectivism on the Campus, p. 143.

58Root, Collectivism on the Cam us, pp. 183-185. Thisconcept seems to have origlhnated W 1hAllen Zoll's NationalCouncil for American Education Red-ucator Series: Red-ucators at Columbia University. Iversen, The Communiistsand the Schools, pp,.243-245.

59Root, Collectivism on the C pp. 143, 385-390.

83

After completing his study of college professors, Root

turned his attention to their textbooks. When "honest

people" examine them critically, they will unmistakingly

find that the "collectivist long ago moved in on the text-

book. 6O As their prime illustration, Bundy and Root both

repeatedly cite the Cornell University publication USSR, A

Concise Handbook, a series of twenty essays on contemporary

Russian civilization which first appeared as separate arti-

cles in The Encyclopedia Americana. Root condemns USSR for

several reasons. He considers at least fifteen of the con-

tributors pro-Soviet. His prize exhibit is Vladimir

Kazakevitch, frequent writer for Russky Golos, Russian

language journal, and a Soviet agent who fled the United

States just as he was about to be arrested. Root finds very

suspicious the failure to mention the role of the secret

police in Russia, her complete suppression of all human

liberties, and her slave labor camps. Although Cornell

withdrew the text in 1954 Root considers the harm irreparable,

for it was used for years at Bucknell, Rutgers, Swarthmore,

California, Chicago, Michigan, and Yale, and the articles

are still available in old editions of the Americana.6 1

60Root, Collectivism on the Campus, p. 200.

6lThis attack on USSR initially came from J. B. Matthews'

"Tactics and Methods of Communism in America," a HardingCollege Freedom Forum Presentation, May 2, 1952. Root, Col-lectivism on the Campus, pp. 2 00-20 4 ; A Manual for Survival,p. 117. Concerning this and similar c arges, Iversen writes,"There is not the slightest evidence that any commerciallypublished text was designed to promote a Soviet America."Iversen, The Communists and the Schools, p. 363.

84

In addition to the professors and textbooks, "state

liberals" are assaulting the minds of college students. Root

describes a state liberal as one who believes that government,

rather than the individual, is the best means for advancing

social, political, and economic justice at all levels of

society, and "the candid mind must admit that sometimes . .

the state liberals come perilously close to endorsing the

Communist Party." One "foremost" state liberal, Arthur M.

Schlesinger, Jr., then Harvard historian, came close in 1946

when he wrote that he looked "wistfully" at Russia, de-

siring, Root infers, socialization of American society into

a "collectivist pattern." 62

Almost all of America's schools are dominated by state

liberalism's collectivistic thinking; particularly, Root

believes, Yale, Wisconsin, and Southern Methodist. For

instance, K. S. Templeton, former graduate student at Wis-

consin, related to Root that books on the reserve shelves at

the University's library were "largely collectivist"; his

course work under Merle Curti, Wisconsin historian, was of a

"collectivist nature"; and his final thesis was "openly

branded" by Curti as an "apology for the National Associ-

ation of Manufacturers." The same atmosphere exists at

Southern Methodist, as reported by Donald Allen Waite, then

a graduate student in the education department:

In the final of philosophy of education, he [theinstructor] asked if we thought it fair to administer

62Root, Collectivism on the ppp. 4, 218-220.

85

the loyalty oaths. All the rest of the gentle darlingsno doubt passively acquiesced [in opposition to theoaths], but not me. Other questions too were loaded infavor of his socialism-communism, but I answered themall according to the spirit of a true believer in freeenterprise. Do you know what he wrote across the topof my paper? "Authoritarian and illogical." 3

The total effect of these frontal assaults on the mind

is well summarized by Root: they are "softening us up for

the easy kill of Communism."64

To combat this onslaught of Communism, Root has de-

veloped a program which, if immediately acted upon by every

loyal American, will at least give the conservative student

or professor a fair hearing.

First, every patriot should support the professors who

have upheld the "individualist revolution." Some of these

professors are: Bruce W. Knight at Dartmouth; Anthony T.

Bouscaren of the University of San Francisco; William E.

Warner of Ohio State; A. H. Hobbs of the University of

Pennsylvania; Richard Weaver of the University of Chicago;

Donald Davidson of Vanderbilt; and Russell Kirk, formerly of

Michigan State.

Second, encourage universities to follow the example of

Harding College, Searcy, Arkansas, or Bloomfield College and

Seminary, Bloomfield, New Jersey. One of Bloomfield's recent

circulars setting forth requirements for its professors,

63Root, Collectivism on the Campus, pp. 220-221, 233,239-240.

64Letter from E. Merrill Root, March 3, 1963.

86

stated that applicants should have "positive loyalty to

American political ideals and traditions. Reds, pinks, near-

pinks and 'fellow travelers' will not fit into the policy of

Bloomfield."

Third, every parent should write the college his child

will attend and ask the president, "Is there a Communist on

your faculty? . . . Have you on your faculty fifty per cent

who passionately and articulately believe in free enterprise

and individualism?" If 10,000 parents would do this im-

mediately, Root challenges, there soon would be colleges

that practice academic freedom.

Fourth, alumni should not give "a cent" to colleges

which have a Communist or a Fifth Amendment teacher, or do

not have fifty per cent of their faculty supporting free

enterprise.

Finally, ask each college president to question his

faculty as to whether they include in their outside reading

assignments The Freeman, The American Mercury, Human Events,

or books by Freda Ulley, Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Hayek,

James Burnham, Arthur Koetler, and Max Eastman, and whether

they themselves have read William Buckley's God and Man at

Yale.65

65Root, Collectivism on the Cam us, pp. 240-241, 363,366-367, 369, 376, 3bU-32; News &!Views, March, 1963,pp. 1-4, September, 1961, ppTT~87; Rook, Political Power andPersonal Freedom, pp. 315-317. Rossiter says most of themagazines, newspapers, and authors named by Root are favor-ites of the ultra-conservatives. Rossiter, Conservatism inAmerica, pp. 171-173, 177-178.

87

In contrast to its work with churches and schools, the

CLA has little to say about the contemporary problem of the

Negro and integration. It does distribute two pamphlets,

however, entitled Communism and the NAACP, Vols. I and 2,

and Ten Directors of the NAACP. These pamphlets were

published by the Georgia Commission on Education in 1958 and

appear to be the work of J. B. Matthews and Myers G. Lowman,

executive secretary of Circuit Riders, Inc. Lowman was

secretly commissioned by the Attorney General of Georgia for

six months work at a fee of $4,500, to investigate NAACP

activities in that state.66 The pamphlets warn the white

Southerner that the Communists have as their goals the "con-

fiscation without compensation of the property of the white

capitalists" and racial amalgamation. To accomplish these

goals the Communists are using the NAACP as an effective

tool.67 In Ten Directors, the name of each is followed by a

list of his associations with Communist fronts. By way of

illustration, Eleanor Roosevelt's name was followed by fifty-

seven fronts, of which these five are typical:

Eleanor Roosevelt, Board of Directors, NAACP:() All-Harlem Youth Conference -- sent greetings

-- Dail Worker, May 12, 1938(J American Committee for Protection of Foreign

Born -- sponsor -- Daily Worker, October 21, 1941, page 4

6 6 Atlanta Constitution, August 2, 1958, p. 1; AtlantaJournal, August3, 195,p I. 1; Atlanta Journal-Constitution,August 10, 1958, p. 5.

67Communism and the NAACP (author not given), Vol. 1 of2 vols. (Atlanta,~T95T~ pp. 5, 7-46; Communism and the NAACP(author not given), Vol. 2 of 2 vols. (Atlanta, 1958T,pp. 1-100.

88

(3) American Committee for Protection of ForeignBorn -- sponsor of dinner -- program, October 27, 1946

(4) American Committee for Protection of ForeignBorn -- signer of open letter -- folder, 1947

(5) American Committee for Spanish Freedom -- sentmessage to -- Daily Worker, November 23, 1945, page 8

The list continues through all fifty-seven citations.68

While Eleanor Roosevelt's front record is discussed in

company with many others, her husband became the symbol of

governmental association with Communism. The CIA maintains

that the year 1934 was a turning point in American history.

Prior to that date there was little evidence of Communist

infiltration of government, yet by 1937 it would have been

impossible to find a single government agency without at

least one secret Red employee.6 9

By gaining influence in key policy-making positions,

Communists and their sympathizers were able to weaken the

security of the United States, Bundy believes. He sees an

example of Communist success in a 1938 agreement between the

United States and the Soviet Union allowing Siberian Eskimos

to visit their cousins in Alaska during whaling season. He

6 8 Ten Directors of the NAACP (author not given) (Atlanta,1957), 7P. 17-20. The American Committee for Protection ofForeign Born was cited by HUAC as an auxiliary of the Commu-nist Party, June 25, 1942; subversive and Communist, June 1, 1948;under the "complete domination" of the Communist Party,February 11, 1957. House of Representatives, 87th Congress,2nd Session, Guide to Subversive Organizations and Publications,Report of Committee on Un-American Activities (Washington,1961), p. 18.

69A Manual for Survival, pp. 83-84; News & Views,July, 1962, pp. 1-9. Rossiter finds a chief characteristicof the ultra-conservative is that he is anti-Roosevelt.Rossiter, Conservatism in America, p. 165.

89

is certain that the Russian secret police had agents among

the Eskimos spying on military installations in Alaska.70

Meanwhile, back in Washington, infiltrators were able

to persuade the United States to support "a group of decadent

and decrepit governments in western Europe" rather than the

more important Far East Asian countries. They helped convince

the United States to give China to the Communists by with-

drawing needed financial support from the Chiang Kai-shek

government. Such events do not surprise Bundy, however,

for President Roosevelt once said to Martin Dies, 1939 HUAC

chairman, "There is nothing wrong with the Communists, some

of my best friends are Communists.72

The most frequently-used illustration of Communists in

high government positions is Alger Hiss. Variously described

as a Harvard graduate, "celebrated friend of the Red Con-

spiracy in the State Department,"' and a key figure in the

NCC, Hiss was not discovered and exposed by the FBI, as

commonly supposed, but rather by HUAC. Bundy deplores those

who, "despite the overwhelming evidence," believe Alger Hiss

7 0House of Representatives, Committee on Appropri-ations, p. 606; A Manual for Survival, pp. 33-b5; News &Views, August, 1957, pp. VL.

7lHouse of Representatives, Committee on A ro ri-ations, pp. 592-601; A Manual for SurviVaI, pp.U-9.

7 2 A Manual for Survival, p. 83.

90

was innocent and was smeared by HUAC. "It is obvious that

one cannot reason with such obstinate mentality'"73

Bundy considers the FBI and the congressional investi-

gating agencies the most important safeguards America has.

He quotes J. Edgar Hoover as saying the aims and responsi-

bilities of the FBI and HUAC are "the same," but the methods

of operation differ. Since the FBI cannot make public any

of its investigative finds and HUAC can, Bundy sees HUAC as

vital to the nations security. Indeed, Bundy affirms, it

renders a "distinct service when it publicly reveals the

diabolic machinations of sinister figures engaged in un-

American activities."?'4

The CLA head tells of a case in which the limitation of

FBI activity could have created a serious problem for the

United States, had it not been for the Senate Sub-Committee

on Internal Security, another investigating agency which can

publicly reveal its information. The FBI on several oc-

casions sent information to the White House revealing that

Harry Dexter White, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was

a high-ranking agent of the "International Communist Con-

spiracy." President Truman did nothing to remove White and

later denied receiving any such report. Hoover, Bundy says,

was then called to testify publicly before the Sub-Committee

73A Manual for Survival, pp. 83, 164-165; News & Views,May, 1952, pp. 1-5, October, 1962, pp. 1-6.

74 j. Edgar Hoover, testimony before HUAC, March 26, 1947,cited in A Manual for Survival, pp. 143, 159.

91

on Internal Security, where he reported that the FBI had

sent several warnings to the White House of White's Commu-

nist activities. It is this exposure of subversive elements

in American society, Bundy holds, that makes the investi-

gative committees more hated and feared than any other

security organization in the country.75

Bundy reminds his readers that citizens can attend in-

vestigative hearings in person or secure copies of the com-

plete hearings free from their Congressmen or for only a few

pennies from the Government Printing Office. At what he

terms a "great expense," Bundy reprints and sells copies of

HUAC reports. For instance, the CLA reprinted Issues Pre-

sented by Air Reserve Center Training Manual and The House

Committee on Un-American Activities: What It Is, What It

Does. The latter was reprinted in the News & Views format

and entitled "Operation Elimination." Bundy asked his

readers to purchase "thousands of extra copies" of this

issue--at twenty-two dollars per hundred--and distribute

them "to every member in your church, civic club, every

teacher, principal, superintendent and school board member,

and to your neighbor, milkman, paperboy, garbage collector,

meter reader, groceryman, washwoman, and filling station

attendant." His readers were even told to "buy time on local

radio and television stations and read it to the public." 76

75A Manual for Survival, pp. 160-161, 163.

76A Manual for Survival, pp. 160-164; News & Views,September,9 p.~ 1; Price List, p. 17.

92

Bundy believes that the greatest attack to date by the

Communists and their sympathizers on any investigative com-

mittee of Congress occurred in the Communist-led student

riots against HUAC. This attack, CLA literature reports,

was led by a left-wing front for Communism, the American

Civil Liberties Union.7 7 Stating that the HUAC film "Oper-

ation Abolition" shows an on-the-scene Communist-led riot

intended to disrupt HUAC hearings, Bundy asks why the Civil

Liberties Union should oppose the public showing of this

film.78 He thinks so highly of "Operation Abolition," a

film that will shake "the lethargic daylights out of those

who have been brain washed into thinking it can't happen

here," that he purchased two copies which Church Leaguers

may rent for ten dollars a day.79 This film, Bundy asserts,

shows that it will happen here and our children will be

living under Communism unless we do something about it.

What can one person do? Plenty, says Bundy, if he re-

solves to do something positive and constructive each week

77George Washington Robnett, CLA Director for the Insti-tute of Special Research, also claims that "fully 80% of itsACLU] efforts are on behalf of Communists who have come into

conflict with the law." News & Views, July, 1961, pp. 1-2, 4.

78News & Views, July, 1961, p. 1. He fails to mentionACLU's fTim WOperation Correction," which claims that "Oper-ation Abolition" is a distorted propaganda film.

79News & Views, September, 1960, p. 1. As of May 6, 1961700 copies of "Operation Abolition" had been circulated to anestimated 15 million viewers. M. Stanton Evans "Just Who'sDistorting What?," National Review (May 6, 19615, reproducedby the CLA (Wheaton, Illinois, /n.d.7). See Appendix C fora list of CLA films.

93

of the year. To aid the student, Bundy has outlined a

twelve-step program which will keep him active throughout

the year.

Informing oneself of Communist philosophy, strategy,

and tactics is the first and most essential step. This is

to be accomplished by reading and thoroughly understanding

the annual reports of HUAC and the Sub-Committee on Internal

Security, plus a minimum of five or six of the following

government reports: Guide to Subversive Organizations and

Publications; Soviet Total War; The Communist Party of the

U.S., A Handbook for Americans; Communist Strategy of Pro-

tracted Conflict; House Committee on Un-American Activities,

What It Is, What It Does, 1958. It is desirable also that

the student read three or four books from a list of twelve

the CLA considers the best published on the nature of Commu-

nism,80 Bundy emphasizes the necessity of this basic step:

If you do not have the time or the patience to dothis elementary preparatory reading you cannot possiblyjoin the fight for America. It is suggested that in-stead you make as liberal and as frequent financial

80The twelve books are: Whittaker Chambers, Witness;Louis Budenz, Techniques of Communism; W. Cleon Skousen, TheNaked Communist; William Kintner, ThE Front Is Everywhere;Edgar C. Bundy, Collectivism in the~Uhurches;FRobert Straus-Hupe, Protracted Conflict; James Burnham, Web of Subversion;Felix Wittmer, Conquest of the American Mind; AnthonyBouscaren, Guide to Anti-Commuinist Action; Edward Hunter,Brainwashing from~Pavlov to Powers; Stefan T. Possony,Century of Conflict; Henry Atkinson, E of War. A Manualfor Survival, pp. 201, 213-215. Henry RegneryDevin-Adair,and Bookmailer are the publishers of six of these books.Clinton Rossiter considers them and the authors ultra-conservative. Rossiter, Conservatism in America, pp. 170-172.

94

contributions to the fight and let others betterqualified do the fighting for you. 8 1

The student who can buy and read more is instructed, in

step two, to subscribe to "at least" one or two newsletters,

newspapers, or magazines from among the following: American

Legion; Bookmailer News;82 Christian Beacon (put out by Carl

McIntire, and described as the best paper on Socialism and

Communism in religion); News & Views; Dan Smoot Report;

Human Events; National Review; and U. S. News and World

Report.83

Since the Communists and their "vast crop of concealed

supporters" are tireless workers, literally working "sixteen

hours or more a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year,"

the anti-Communists must work equally hard if America is to

be saved. Therefore Bundy exhorts the student not to attempt

to fight Communism alone, but, as a third step, to join a

"reputable" anti-Communist organization and actively support

it.84

81A Manual for Survival, p. 201.

82Lyle Hugh Munson, a former CIA agent, founded Book-mailer, Inc. in 1953 as a mail order bookstore which special-izes in literature for the American right. Located at232 E. 35th, New York 16, N.Y., its publication, BookmailerNews, tells.of new and reprinted books of interest to theconservative. Richard Dudman, Men of the Far g (NewYork, 1962), pp. 142-144.

83A Manual for Survival, pp. 201, 214.

84 A Manual for Survival, p. 204.

95

As his fourth activity, the anti-Communist is to make a

selection from the CLA suggested book list and "insist" that

the librarians of his community purchase the book and make it

available to library users. Warning the student that some

librarians with "secret pro-Communist sympathies" may refuse

to permit such books in the library, he is encouraged to use

considerable pressure and persuasion until success is at-

tained.

Step five suggests enclosing leaflets advertising an

anti-Communist book, seminar, or campaign in each piece of

mail. This can be done without additional postage since the

enclosures seldom exceed the full ounce paid for. Capital-

izing on free media brings the student to step six: writing

letters to newspapers, answering any "pro-Soviet and un-

American" communications and exposing the Communists' use of

the "Letters" columns.

If no local anti-Communist organization exists, step

seven calls for establishing such an organization, along with

a well-located reading room stocked with "counter-subversive"

reading materials. Bundy suggests in step eight that the

student place copies of pamphlets, newsletters, and government

reports in doctors' waiting rooms. Step nine calls for the

use of subscriptions of News & Views as gifts.

As his tenth act the student should encourage and in-

sist on the use of anti-Communist speakers at civic affairs

and other meetings. In step eleven the student is asked to

96

write to radio and television sponsors, movie theaters, and

other entertainment agencies which employ Communist script

writers, producers, or actors, or "Fifth Amendment witnesses,"

and ask that something be done about it.

Finally, step twelve calls for the reader to be loyal to

all anti-Communists for, as Bundy says, tian attack on one is

an attack on all." The student must allow no one to slur

the FBI, HUAC, SSIS, the CIA, the ICCC, the ACCC, or any

other anti-Communist organization.

In proceeding with any of these steps, Bundy warns,

"above all" be sure you "know your facts." If there is any

doubt concerning the subversiveness of an individual or

organization, write "your Congressman and have him get the

information" from HUAC.85

The Church League is careful to deal only with what it

considers documented facts and, through its publications and

seminars, concentrates on revealing the Communism subversion

of churches and schools. In order to most effectively reveal

this subversion, Bundy has outlined a specific plan of action

for patriotic Americans who wish to "Join in this spiritual

warfare against the greatest enemy of mankind."8 6



CHAPTER IV

CARL McINTIRE AND THE AMERICAN COUNCIL

OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES

McIntire, in accord with Bundy, is primarily concerned

with America's spiritual warfare against Communism. Against

the attacks of godless Communism on capitalism, private

enterprise, and individualism, he has formed a fundamentalist

church council--the American Council of Christian Churches.1

Carl McIntire, dominant personality behind the ACCC,

was born of Presbyterian parents in Ypsilanti, Michigan in

1906, and raised in Durant, Oklahoma. After receiving his

B.A. degree at Park College, Parkville, Missouri in 1927,

McIntire attended Princeton Theological Seminary until the

Seminary faculty split in 1929 during the Fundamentalist-

Modernist controversy of the twenties. Several faculty

members, led by the eminent fundamentalist J. Gresham Machen,

left Princeton and formed Westminster Theological Seminary.

McIntire followed his former professor and graduated from

Westminster in 1931.2

1Christian Beacon, June 27, 1963, p. 1; May 23, 1963,p. 8. The Christian Beacon is published weekly at Collingswood,New Jersey.

2Sowing Dissension in the Churches, The National Council,Protestant Episcopalhurch~New York, /n.d.j), p. 7; Testi-mony to Christ and A Witness for Freedom (author not given)TCoTlingswood, N.1., 1962), p.~3.

97

98

After McIntire's graduation, he and Machen formed the

Independent Board of Presbyterian Foreign Missions in oppo-

sition to the mission program of the Presbyterian Church in

the tt.S.A. Of the latter McIntire said, "I could not support

a board which I knew was engaged in propaganda contrary to

the Gospel of Christ."3 In support of their action, McIntire

and Machen prepared briefs demonstrating that mission money

from the Presbyterian Church was being used in China to

support institutions and publications which were promoting

"Communist propaganda."

In 1933 McIntire became pastor of a large Presbyterian

Church in Collingswood, New Jersey, and the following year

his difficulties with the Presbyterian denomination came to

a climax when the Independent Board of Presbyterian Foreign

Missions was ordered by the Presbyterian General Assembly to

cease functioning. McIntire refused to obey this order and,

in 1936, was tried before the Presbyterian Synod and found

guilty on three counts.

Before the General Assembly voted to dismiss him from

the ministry, McIntire led his Collingswood congregation in

June, 1936 in renouncing jurisdiction of the Presbyterian

Church in the U.S.A., and, along with other fundamentalist

ministers, formed a new denomination: the Bible Presbyterian

Church. The General Synod of the newly-formed groups

promptly declared null and void the trial and verdict of the

3Christian Beacon, March 24, 1960, pp. 1, 8.

99

Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. McIntire was then re-

ordained in his Collingswood church, now renamed the Bible

Presbyterian Church. For this reason McIntire says those

who speak of him as a defrocked minister are in error.

In September, 1941, the Bible Presbyterian Church and

another small denomination, the Bible Protestant Church,

formed the American Council of Christian Churches. It was

designed to be a "haven to fundamental Protestants not at

home in the inclusive Federal Council" and continues as a

"Biblical alternative to the successor of the Federal Council

--the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the

U*S*Ao"

The purpose of the ACCC is to:

(1) unify those Protestants who believe in an inerrant

Bible, so as to provide a pure testimony for fundamental

churches;

(2) project a united stand against religious modernism,

notably the NCC;

(3) expose Communist and near-Communist infiltration

of the churches;

(4) oppose every system alien to the Bible;

(5) proclaim unashamedly the whole counsel of God.5

4Testimony to Christ, p. 3. See Appendix D for member-ship statistics of the ACCC.

5The Great Divide (author not given) (New York, Ln.d.J),p. 4; Constitution and By-Laws of the American Council ofChristian Churches ~(New Yoik,[nd~7j, ppI-4.

100

Concerning patriotism, the ACCC points out that their's

is "the AMERICAN Council of Christian Churches, and is on

record over and over again as in favor of our AMERICAN free

enterprise system, capitalistic system, as opposed to all

UN-AMERICAN planned economic, socialistic systems."6

Entering the religious conflict on the international

scene, McIntire established the International Council of

Christian Churches in 1948 in opposition to the World

Council of Churches. The fifty persons who attended the

ICCC's first meeting in Amsterdam elected McIntire president,

a position he has held since that time. Since 1948, the

ACCC and ICCC have followed the policy of holding their

meetings in the same locality and at the same time as the

larger ecumenical NCC and WCC.7

McIntire's own groups have experienced dissension in

the ranks, for shortly after formation of the Bible Presby-

terian Church the Orthodox Presbyterian Church withdrew from

the new denomination over doctrinal differences, and the

Evangelical Presbyterian Church withdrew because of disa-

greement on church policy toward modernism, apostasy, Commu-

nism, and the NCC. In 1956, McIntire's denomination, the

Bible Presbyterian Church, withdrew from the ACCC and the

ICCC, protesting "undemocratic leadership" and McIntire's

6Must Freedom Perish? (author not given) (New York,n. d.7,~p. y.

7Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles of Discord (Boston, 1953),p. 191.

101

claim to have far more ACCC and ICCC members than Bible

Presbyterian Church leaders said could be accounted forA

Despite this dissension, even McIntire's critics

recognize him as an intelligent man with considerable

talent.9 While remaining the driving force behind the ACCC

and ICCC, he heads several independent, or separated,

schools and missions--for McIntire is perhaps best described

as a "separatist." He insists on "separation from churches

or churchmen that do not hold to the purified faith," and

continually urges others to separate themselves from their

established churches, To this end, McIntire has written

eleven books and numerous pamphlets, all dealing with the

apostasy into which he believes most churches have fallen.

For example, in the book Servants of Apostasy he "thoroughly

and devastatingly" exposes the "confusion and disaster" of

the Christian church.1 0

Concerned not only with church apostasy, McIntire be-

lieves we are witnessing the "destruction of a great and free

Republic" and employs several methods in connection with

ACCC to awaken the American public to this danger.

8Sowing;Dissension, p. 9.

9 Louis Cassels, "The Rightist Crisis in Our Churches,"

Look, XXVI (April 24, 1962), p. 46; Roy, Apostles of Discord,pp,~186-187.

1 0 Testimony to Christ, pp. 4-5; Sowin Dissension, p. 8;

Carl McIntire, Servants of Apostasy (Collingswood, N.J.,1955), p. v.

101

He founded and edits the Christian Beacon, a weekly

eight-page tabloid-size religious newspaper with a subscrip-

tion price of two dollars a year. It has a weekly circulation

of 37,000, and is sent to many colleges and seminaries, every

state in the Union, and 87 foreign countries.11 Though not

the official paper of the ACCC, the Christian Beacon is its

"outstanding spokesman and defender," and its purpose is to

defend the faith, expose unbelief, challenge compromise, and

warn against "godless, atheistic Communismi12 The Beacon

is made up of articles on current events written by McIntire

or photographically reproduced from other sources, speeches,

letters, sermons by friend and foe alike, and a weekly Bible

lesson for Sunday Schools. The name "Christian Beacon" was

chosen, McIntire explains, because "beacon" suggests light,

and the Christian Beacon, in presenting light and truth,

"shines brighter today than ever before." 13 Beginning with

the February 14, 1963 Beacon, a new feature was added--

cartoons by Vic Lockman.l4

Carl McIntire reaches and awakens his largest audience

by radio, through his "20th Century Reformation Hour" daily

1 1 Christian Beacon, January 24, 1963, p. 1; McIntire,Servants of Apostasy, p. 362; Statement by Carl McIntire,Chicago7 Ilinois, December 28, 1962.

12Carl McIntire, Twentieth Century Reformation (Collings-wood, N.J., 1944), p. 181; McIntire, Servt Aostasy,p. 362; Christian Beacon, January 24, 1963, pp. 1, 8.

13Christian Beacon, January 24, 1963, p. 1

14Specimens of Lockman's work may be found in Appendix E.

102

broadcast heard on 495 stations in every state and on a short-

wave station reaching halfway around the world.

Under the sponsorship of the Christian Beacon Press, Inc.

the first broadcast was made over WVCH, Chester, Pennsylvania,

on March 7, 1955. A second station was added in 1958. Since

that date almost two stations a week have been added, and

McIntire's goal for 1963 is to have 600 stations.1 5

Besides giving the ACCC a "more frequent and louder

voice" than the Christian Beacon could provide, the half-

hour broadcast advertises books, pamphlets, and leaflets

which "document and supplement" the information delivered on

the broadcast. Also, on every broadcast "free" literature

is offered to combat the infiltration of Communism into the

churches and government.16

Shortly after McIntire acquired broadcast time on WINB,

a short-wave station located in Red Lion, Pennsylvania which

can be heard throughout most of the Western Hemisphere, the

Federal Communications Commission began an investigation of

the station. The investigation was initiated by the Voice

of America after a ham radio operator in Sweden reported to

the United States Information Agency, Voice of America's

parent agency, that President Kennedy and the United Nations

were being attacked on WINB. McIntire sees the investigation

15 Christian Beacon, August 25, 1960, p. 1; Letter fromCarl McIntire, July 1, 1963.

16Christian Beacon, August 25, 1960, p. 1.

103

as a violation of the First Amendment, which grants freedom

of speech. He feels that he should be allowed to let the

world know there are those in the United States who want

their country to withdraw from the United Nations.17

At its annual spring convention in Long Beach, California

in April, 1963, the ACCC issued a statement that it was in

complete agreement with the 20th Century Reformation Hour,

directed by Carl McIntire. Since the Christian Beacon is

edited by McIntire, the 20th Century Reformation Hour is

directed by McIntire, and the ACCC and ICCC were founded by

McIntire, it may be said that all these organizations are

merely different expressions of one man.l8

Alerting a smaller segment of the public are McIntire's

one-night "protest rallies." These are held throughout the

nation so that McIntire's followers may hear him, in person,

protest the apostasy of the community's churches and present

the "facts" about the Communist conspiracy. He also uses

these opportunities to raise money for new radio stations.

An example of such a rally was the one held in Warren,

Ohio on February 15, 1963. The local civic auditorium had a

17Christian Beacon, April 4, 1963, pp. 1, 2, 8.

18 Christian Beacon, May 2, 1963, p. 3; Ralph Lord Roy,Communism and the CFhurches, Communism in American Life,edited by Cliniton Rossiter (New York, 1960), p. 228: Roydescribes McIntire's association with these organizationsas follows: "He created the . . . groups, has held theirimportant offices, uses his personal periodical, theChristian Beacon, as their mouthpiece, coins their catchphrases, and writes most of their resolutions."

near-capacity crowd of over 2,000 persons. They were there

to hear "Protestants," No. 1 Anti-Communist Clergyman" speak

for two hours on the NCC, the federal government, and the

proposed visit to the United States of clergymen from the

Russian Orthodox Church. Before the "free-will offering"

was taken, $4,000 was pledged to buy radio time on several

new stations.19

When holding a protest rally, McIntire goes to the

people. Now, with the opening of a conference grounds, the

people can go to McIntire. This significant expansion of

McIntire's activities occurred in late 1963 when the

Christian Beacon Press, Inc. purchased for $300,000 the Admi-

ral Hotel, Cape May, New Jersey. The hotel, renamed the

"Christian Admiral," will serve as a "Center of Reformation

Testimony" for Bible conferences and patriotic meetings.

Besides the purchase price, the 532-room hotel required re-

pairs costing $200,000. Through the Beacon, McIntire called

for 5,000 individuals who would give $1,000 each, in order

to raise the entire $500,000. From the purchase date,

November 1, 1962, to May 9, 1963, $226,000 had been received.

Each of the eight floors has a theme, and each room has a

name appropriate to its particular theme. As an illustration,

on the "patriots' floor" can be found the "Patrick Henry

19Christian Beacon, February 21, 1963, pp. 1, 8;February 2b, l963, p. 4.

105

Room," the "General MacArthur Room," and the "John Birch

Room," among others. 2 0

In these various means of educating the public, McIntire

evaluates society and politics from the viewpoint of free

enterprise. Unlike Bundy and Hargis, he has written ex-

tensively on what he considers the biblical basis of the

free enterprise system. Starting with an assumption of the

divine inspiration of the Scriptures, he seeks to demonstrate

that the free enterprise system is the only Christian system

--all others are satanic.21 He believes that Socialism and

Communism have the same goal: "DESTRUCTION OF HUMAN FREEDOM,"

and therefore if political, economic, and religious freedom

is to be preserved the ACCC must reach millions of Ameri-

cans. 22

McIntire's case for the free enterprise system is

unique. Private enterprise is "presupposed and established

in the moral law; that is, in the Ten Commandments."23 In

particular, the command "Thou shalt not steal" demonstrates

man's God-given right to his own property. This law, he

affirms, is the foundation of the capitalistic system. To

20Christian Beacon, November 1, 1962, pp. 1, 8;February 21, 1963, pp. 1, 8; June 6, 1963, pp. 1, 8.

21Carl McIntire, The Rise of the Tyrant: ControlledEconomy vs. Private Enterprise( Collingswood, N.J., 1945),pp. 12-2E7

22Must Freedom Perish?, pp. 1, 3-4, 7.

23McIntire, The Rise of the Tyrant, pp. 13-14.

106

attack the concept of private ownership of property is "to

attack God's law." The right of property is a basic human

right, but in order to acquire property, the individual has

a responsibility to work. Returning to "the most individu-

alistic document that the world has ever seen," McIntire

quotes "the most outstanding capitalistic verse" in the

Bible: "Let him labor, working with his hands the thing

which is good, that he may have to give to him that needeth.,25

McIntire asserts that by God's standards man works for gain.

Thus, profit motivation and free enterprise emerge as basic

God-given rights.

Along with these rights God has placed upon man the

responsibility for his own food, clothing, housing, education,

and medical care. For this reason McIntire does not want

"government paternalism" with a "czar of American medicine"

to become a reality, and, in "An Open Letter to American

Doctors," has stated his opposition to medical plans

featuring government aid.

His opposition stems from his belief that mants body,

being a creation of God, belongs to God and not to the govern-

ment. "The individual must look after his body," McIntire

declares, "and not permit the State to do it for him."

McIntire believes socialized medicine is part of the "leftist

24McIntire, The Rise of the Tyrant, pp. 13-15.

25Ephesians 4:28. Scripture references are from theKing James Version. Most ACCC members would use no otherversion.

107

dreamers" program for world Communism. He warns the doctors

who are struggling to protect their freedom that the NCC "has

gone on record in favor of proposals involving socialized

medicine." He then appeals to America's doctors to support

him and like-minded men in preserving America's freedoms

against a socialized society.26

Government has authority only to protect the individu-

al's liberty, not to destroy it. Only those restraints upon

society which allow the individual maximum freedom are

justified and any political or economic system which owns,

controls, or regulates the affairs of an individual is

tyrannical.

The income tax is one such system. On July 19, 1962

the Christian Beacon headline read, "Kennedy Administration

Cracks Down on Fundamental Churches." Kennedy, sometimes

referred to as "the czar in Washington," was accused of

harassing Bible-believing churches by having the Internal

Revenue Bureau withdraw tax exemption status from all inde-

pendent churches which are not affiliated with the NCC.2 7

By October 29, 1962 McIntire was ready to launch a

nation-wide Freedom Rally sponsored by the ACCC from Consti-

tution Hall, Washington, D.C. The rally was intended to

2 6Christian Beacon, June 14, 1962, p. 2.

27 Christian Beacon, July 19, 1962, p. 1. When thechurches mentioned by McIntire complied with Internal RevenueBureau regulations they were granted tax exemption status.

io8

mobilize public opinion behind a proposal to repeal the

Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution and thus abolish the

federal income tax.28 McIntire believes the personal income

tax is a threat to religious liberty, for if the federal

government can decide what is or is not a church, then the

individual is not free to gather others with him to form a

church. Two ACCC institutions were investigated by the

Internal Revenue Bureau: Faith Theological Seminary and the

Bible Presbyterian Church. Both lost their tax exempt

status. Although the Bureau later admitted it was in error,

McIntire was not satisfied. He began to look upon any tax

laws which make local churches conform to government

standards as a violation of the separation of church and

state.29

McIntire sees only one means of preserving religious

liberty: the "outright abolition of this entire octopus

which has put his long tenacles about our churches." While

the ACCC recognizes this is not an easily attained goal, it

urges each of its constituents to support the "Liberty

Amendment, " which reads:

Section 1. The Government of the United Statesshall not engage in any business, professional, com-mercial, financial or industrial enterprise except asspecified in the Constitution.

28Christian Beacon, September 27, 1962, pp. 1-8;November 8, 1962, p. 1.

29Christian Beacon, November 8, 1962, pp. 1-3, 8;November 29, 1962, P. .

109

Section 2. The constitution or laws of any State,or the laws of the United States shall not be subjectto the terms of any foreign or domestic agreement whichwould abrogate this amendment.

Section 3. The activities of the United StatesGovernment which violate the intent and purposes ofthis amendment shall, within a period of three yearsfrom the date of the ratification of this amendment, beliquidated and the properties and facilities affectedshall be sold.

Section 4. Three years after the ratification ofthis amendment the sixteenth article of amendment tothe Constitution of the United States shall standrepealed and thereafter Congress shall not levy taxeson personal incomes, estates, and/or gifts.3 0

The ACCC has been working with the National Committee

for Economic Freedom to attach this amendment to the Consti-

tution of the United States. Each ACCC member is to pass

out "Abolish the Income Tax" packets, write his Congressmen

to ask why President Kennedy and the Internal Revenue Bureau

harass fundamentalist churches, and be active on the local

level in getting support for the amendment. As of

July 19, 1962, the legislatures of Wyoming, Texas, Nevada,

Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina have approved the

"Liberty Amendment,*t31

The ACCC head explains that the abolition of the income

tax will not cause the government's collapse because the

money collected is not used to pay salaries of the armed

forces, to buy armaments, or to pay the salaries of any

government employee, but is used to finance 700 large

government-owned corporations which are split into 3,000

30Christian Beacon, November 8, 1962, pp. 1, 3.

31 Christian Beacon, July 19, 1962, pp. 1-3, 8;November 6, 1962, pp. 5-8.

110

companies and 19,000 businesses. Each of these businesses

competes with all phases of the American free enterprise

system tax free, rent free, and overhead free. In the event

of losses, taxes are raised. Since the value of these

government-owned corporations is between 60 and 100 billion

dollars, they could be sold to private enterprise which

would pay taxes on them, while the proceeds of the sale

could reduce the national debt. McIntire estimates these

companies cost the government 39 billion dollars a year and

since this is the amount raised by the personal income tax,

the personal tax then could be abolished.32

As an additional reason for abolishing the income tax,

McIntire maintains that "almost all of the Fabian, Keynesian,

Neo-Marxist, and Communist growth in our country can di-

rectly or indirectly be traced to the financial support"

from the personal income tax.33

One reason for Communist growth to which the personal

income tax is not traceable is the increased sale of Commu-

nist "slave labor" produced merchandise in American stores.

McIntire believes the American money used to purchase this

merchandise is enabling the Reds to finance their "conspiracy

to rule the world." Partners with the Communists in this

conspiracy are the businessman, more concerned with making

32Christian Beacon, November 8, 1962, pp. 1-8.

33Christian Beacon, November 8, 1962, p. 8. McIntireprovides no explanation for this statement.

111

money than with principles, and the State Department, whose

policy approves of trade with Communist countries, The

danger, as McIntire sees it, is that "if Americans continue

to prefer the labor of the Communist slaves, they will them-

selves become slaves." 4

The successful operation of this conspiracy was first

brought to his attention, McIntire writes, by Robert Hatch,

pastor of the Bible Presbyterian Church of Kansas City,

Missouri. McIntire promptly exposed it on the 20th Century

Reformation Hour and in the Christian Beacon. A chart,

compiled by the Florida Committee to Warn of the Arrival of

Communist Merchandise on the Local Scene, was printed and

distributed in the Beacon to help its readers identify

products commonly imported from Poland, Yugoslavia, Czecho-

slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Cuba, and East Germany.

McIntire suggests that the patriot not buy any "slave labor"

produced merchandise, for to do so would be to aid and abet

the cause of the "international conspiracy." A Phoenix,

Arizona seventh-grade teacher, in a letter to the Christian

Beacon, reported that as a gift to his students he started

to buy "nice big lollipops" but discovered they were "'Made

in Czechoslovakia' lollipops," so he purchased "bubble gum,

American style." Another reader reported that in the use of

Communist-made merchandise, "there is a possibility of

34 Christian Beacon, August 2, 1962, p. 1.

112

poisoning our people," with sedatives such as the fluorides

and bromides, 3 5

A second method employed by the patriot to stop the

sale of Communist merchandise is the distribution of cards

which announce, for example, "Always buy your COMMUNIST

FOODS at FOODFAIR," and on the other side, "Hams from Poland

. . inspected for your table by COMMUNISTS."36

Shifting from Poland to Cuba, McIntire warns that the

same leaders and strategy which successfully led Cuba into

Communism are conditioning the American people to accept

peaceful co-existence with godless Communism. This can only

lead to "surrender and slavery." In the hope that Americans

will profit from past experience, he wrote "Why the United

States was Deceived on Castro." 37 The American press,

typified in journalism by Herbert Matthews of the New York

Times, and in television by Robert Taber, a C.B.S. Cuba

correspondent, has played a major role in misleading the

American people as to the true nature of Fidel Castro.

Even more misleading, to McIntire's regret, was the use

of the church in perpetrating this deception. He offers as

evidence for his assertion public statements of Oscar

35Christian Beacon, August 2, 1962, pp. 1, 2, 4,36Christian Beacon, August 2, 1962, p. 2. Such "card

parties" have become a favorite of the ultra-conservativesacross the country. "TCTWOTAOCMOTIBS," Newsweek, LXI(December 3, 1962), 3-4.

37 Christian Beacon, December 6, 1962, pp. 2, 8.

113

Rodriquez and Duke McCall. Rodriquez, president of the

Cuban Theological Seminary, said in an address to the Ameri-

can Baptist Convention in June, 1960 that the Protestant

leaders in Cuba were behind Castro and the socialistic re-

forms of the revolutionary leader must be given a chance.

McCall, president of the Southern Baptist Theological Semi-

nary, Louisville, Kentucky, stated his sympathy with Cuba's

"expropriation" of the United Fruit Company's 1,482,600 acre

farm in a report of his Cuban visit to the Baptist World

Alliance meeting in Rio de Janeiro in the summer of 1960.

When American church leaders are sympathetic to this kind of

expropriation, McIntire notes, it only "indicates how far

church leaders" are committed to a Communist revolution.38

Other ecumenical "dreamers" who were "duped and de-

ceived" about Castro include John A. Mackay, former presi-

dent of Princeton Theological Seminary, and Arthur L. Miller,

moderator of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian

Church. These men followed what McIntire considers the

usual pattern: a trip to Cuba, an address upon return before

a large denominational gathering with its resultant pub-

licity, and a spate of pro-Castro articles. Most of these

men are leaders in the NCC, men who agree "basically with

the socialistic philosophy of the Communist world." 39

38 Christian Beacon, December 6, 1962, p. 2.

39 Christian Beacon, December 6, 1962, p. 8.

114

Another organization which McIntire feels is in sympa-

thy with Communist philosophy is the United Nations. He is

greatly alarmed that the United Nations is replacing its

"spirit of patriotism and allegiance" to the United States

with allegiance to a "diabolical internationalism and one-

world government." This transfer of allegiance is being

accomplished through Secretary General U Thant and the

United Nation's many agencies. In particular, the ACCC is

convinced the United Nations International Children's

Emergency Fund is Communist-controlled.40

McIntire's evidence of UNICEF's Communist control is

its aid to Communist countries. From 1947 to 1950 UNICEF

aided fourteen countries, of which seven were Eastern

European Communist countries. Then too, the Fund has Commu-

nists on its executive board and staff.4 1

Potentially the "most powerful man in the world" is

U Thant. Potential will become reality when the United

Nations becomes a world government. Because of U Thant's

importance, the ACCC scrutinized his philosophy and activi-

ties. Inspection revealed the United Nations leader to be

"doing more to help the Communist cause than anyone else."

McIntire based this statement on U Thant's acceptance of

democratic Socialism, his desire that the United Nations

4OChristian Beacon, October 4, 1962, pp. 3, 6.

4lChristian Beacon, October 4, 1962, pp. 3, 6;May 2, 1963, p. 4.

115

become a sovereign state, his hope for peaceful co-existence

between the Communist East and the democratic West, his en-

dorsement of recognition of Red China, and his approval of

Pope John XIII's Peace on Earth encyclical. McIntire feels

these are reason enough for the United States to withdraw

from the United Nations, and "all Americans should work

immediately" to bring this about. As long as Communism is

being furthered through United Nations agencies and by

U Thant, all efforts to give the "corrupt flag" of the

United Nations equality or "even a position above" Old Glory

should be opposed and rejected.42

McIntire finds it "most significant" that the anti-

Communist organizations are attacked and "smeared" while

America allows herself to be controlled by the United

Nations. It is significant because those who attack are

aiding Communism and those who are attacked are successfully

fighting Communism in direct proportion to the severity of

the attack.

When Senator Kuchel, Republican from California, at-

tacked McIntire from the Senate floor on May 2, 1963, ac-

cusing him of being a "fright peddler," a "crackpot for

paranoia and profit," and a "hillbilly huckster of hate,"

McIntire was moved to make an extensive defense of his activi-

ties.43 In a public letter to the Senator the Presbyterian

42Christian Beacon, April 18, 1963, pp. 1, 8;May 2, 3,PP.5, 8;7may 16, 1963, p. 5.

43Christian Beacon, May 23, 1963, pp. 1-9; June 13, 1963,p. 1.

116

churchman said he was proud to be a leader of the fundamen-

talist right wing, and considers himself a "watchman on the

wall warning the nation against the destruction and disaster"

awaiting the American people if her government continues a

"no-win policy, a muzzling of the military, and helping to

finance the kingdom of the Reds." 4

McIntire asked Kuchel why the American people should

not be fearful, in light of Communist progress here. More-

over, McIntire added, "the U.N. scares many," because the

United States is disarming and allowing a world army to be

built under the control of the United Nations military secre-

tariat, which is controlled by the "international Communist

conspiracy.,,45 Kuchel's accusation, as McIntire sees it,

arises from his lack of knowledge concerning America's dis-

armament and suggests his ignorance of the Second Annual

Report to Congress of the United States Arms Control and

Disarmament Agency.46

McIntire specifically chides Kuchel for dismissing the

John Birch Society's exposure of former President Eisenhower

as a Communist. He says the charge made by Robert Welch in

The Politician, John Birch Society publication "documented

to the limit," that "he--Eisenhower--is a mere stooge, or

44Christian Beacon, May 23, 1963, p. 3: The letter, aspublished in the Beacon, was entitled "A Preacher Replies toa United States Senator: Kuchel versus McIntire."

45Christian Beacon, May 23, 1963, pp. 3, 6.

46Christian Beacon, May 23, 1963, p. 6.

117

that he is a Communist assigned the specific job of being a

political front man" has substance.4 7 McIntire himself,

however, does "not believe that Eisenhower is a Communist;

that is, a member of the Communist Partyl" but does believe

Eisenhower aided the cause of Communism when he invited

Khrushchev to visit America in 1959. Furthermore, when

"Khrushchev spit in his face, repudiated his agreement to

have him [Eisenhower] come to Moscow," he "deserved" it.48

In his attack on McIntire, Kuchel says the churchman

is an anti-Communist for profit. McIntire emphatically

states he is not a patriot for profit. Indeed, he says it

would be impossible to make a profit, for the Internal Rev-

enue Bureau is continually investigating, harassing, and

intimidating all rightist organizations. The only money he

receives from this work is his salary from his Collingswood

church, plus traveling expenses.4 9 Financial support for

the ACCC comes largely from "free will" offerings. Money is

raised at protest rallies for new radio stations, which

usually sustain themselves by gifts from listeners in the

47Christian Beacon, May 23, 1963, p. 5: McIntire doesnot tell his readers this quote is a revised version ofWelch's original statement, which was, "My firm belief thatDwight Eisenhower is a dedicated, conscious agent of theCommunist conspiracy is based on an accumulation of detailedevidence so extensive and so palpable that it seems to me toput this conviction beyond any reasonable doubt." Cited inChester Morrison, "The Man Behind the John Birch Society,"Look, XXV (September 26, 1961), 27.


49Christian Beacon, Mkay 23, 1963, p. 8.

118

area. Campaigns for money are conducted only when a specific

project is in sight, such as the purchase of the Christian

Admiral Hotel. The Christian Beacon's subscription price

covers its production costs; books and pamphlets are either

sold at a low cost or given away. Neither the Christian

Beacon nor the 20th Century Reformation Hour sell tapes or

films.

Primarily a churchman, McIntire comments on daily

events as he believes they relate to his separatist ministry.

With his rather exclusive definition of free enterprise and

and concept of individualism, he views most events as caused

by Socialists or Communists. He considers the middle of the

road anti-Communism advocated by his detractors to be actu-

ally anti-anti-Communism. He seeks to undermine the NCC,

creating in its stead a pure Presbyterian Church, and desires

a government which allows complete freedom for each person.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

The re-emergence of the far right after World War II is

a phenomenon within American conservatism which has been

greatly strengthened by the activities of Hargis, Bundy, and

McIntire. Though there are more than two thousand ultra-

conservative organizations, these three men and tneir organi-

zations are among the largest and most active. They are

leaders of the Religious Right.

The three were raised and educated through high school

in the South. Only Hargis chose to stay there, and located

his Christian Crusade headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Bundy and McIntire established themselves in the region

where they received their advanced education: Bundy in

Wheaton, Illinois; McIntire in Collingswood, New Jersey.

All three, however, gear their programs for national recog-

nition and reception. By securing radio stations, Hargis

and McIntire attempt more than regional appeal and seek to

blanket the nation with stations in each state and community.

McIntire alone has listeners outside the United States,

through the short-wave station WINB. They all hold confer-

ences and fill speaking engagements in every section of the

country.

119

120

Hargis is an ordained Disciples of Christ minister,

Bundy is an ordained Southern Baptist minister, and McIntire

is an ordained Presbyterian minister with a congregation of

over one thousand members, Though they claim to be pure

representatives of American religious fundamentalism, they

are repudiated by fundamentalist leaders and, in fact, be-

lieve other fundamentalists, notably Billy Graham, are

aiding and abetting Communism.

These men and their organizations have five character-

istics in common. Each assumes there are solutions which,

if applied to the problems of the day, would produce imme-

diate peace. When these solutions cannot be found or are

not used, the failure is attributed to. the international

Communist conspiracy led by Satan, the arch foe of all time.

Therefore, to these men the real issue is truth versus

error, God versus Satan. Hargis sees this conspiracy in all

phases of American society, even kindergarten. Bundy is

particularly concerned about the schools and churches,

warning that if these major institutions are subverted Amer-

ica's fall will be swift. To McIntire, the principal dangers

are the Communist conspiracy operating through the National

Council of Churches and the federal government's program to

harass fundamentalist churches by means of the income tax.

All three leaders are convinced the conspiracy's network

does not depend for its strength solely on the dedicated

Communists. They believe that for every one Communist there

121

are at least ten dupes doing the Communist's work, The

dupes introduce liberal ideas and thus set the stage for

Socialism, to be followed inevitably by Communism.

In describing this fatal process, leaders of the Reli-

gious Right seem to contradict themselves. On the one hand,

the federal government is so weak due to Communist infiltra-

tion that socialization as a Russian Republic is imminent.

On the other hand, the government is so powerful that if it

would only abandon its "no-win" policy and stand up to

Russia, Communist subversion would immediately collapse.

In the federal government only the military and the con-

gressional investigating agencies are not suspect, but even

these are endangered. The military is being muzzled and

smeared, and the congressional agencies are threatened with

extinction.

Hargis, Bundy, and McIntire all see America's major

institutions as infiltrated to such an extent that they have

become or are about to become part of the conspiracy, unless

Americans heed the warnings of the CC, the CLA, and the ACCC.

The churches, as symbolized by the National Council of

Churches, are a major tool of the Communist. G. Bromley

Oxnam, whom McIntire describes as "the Prophet of Marx," is

pictured as representative of the seven or eight thousand

Protestant clergyman who are aiding and abetting the inter-

national conspiracy. The three continually challenge the

integrity and patriotism of community leaders, for Bundy

122

warns of the librarian stocking her shelves with Communist

works, Hargis alerts us to the menace of the public school

teacher inculcating Socialism, and McIntire exposes the

unprincipled businessman leading America into slavery by

selling Communist goods.

Each of the three views the government as a growing

monster seeking to enslave and devour its people. They

consider the Supreme Court subversive and the executive

branch a dictatorship. America's hope lies in a return to

the principles set down by her founding fathers in the

Constitution and legislative branch.

Hargis, Bundy, and McIntire reject the basic programs

which conservatives and liberals alike have agreed on as

necessary in dealing with social, economic, and international

problems. Instead they propose to turn the clock back, as

evidenced by McIntire's support of the Liberty Amendment and

income tax repeal, Bundy's opposition to integration, and

Hargis' desire to cease all foreign aid and teach only free

enterprise and individualism in the schools.

Each believes the only way to save America from the

international Communist conspiracy is to mobilize every

patriotic American into direct action at the grass-roots

level. In local communities pressure groups are formed to

place rightist literature in the libraries and ban material

which they regard as objectionable. Direct action is advo-

cated for parents. Hargis suggests they investigate their

public school teachers, textbooks, and curriculum. Bundy

123

advocates asking each university president if Communists are

on his faculty, and if fifty per cent of the faculty are

conservatives favoring the free enterprise system. All

three urge the individual to compile voting records of

congressmen, contact friends to vote on particular anti-

Communist issues, and put pressure on members of Congress

by sending letters, telegrams, and petitions calling for an

end to foreign aid to Yugoslavia, Poland, and neutral coun-

tries and for a law against the importation of slave-made

products from these countries. Other common goals are

restriction of the Supreme Court's power, repeal of the

income tax and Social Security, withdrawal of the United

States from the United Nations and the United Nations from

the United States, and refusal to recognize Red China.

By portraying the Pilgrims and Puritans as the Founding

Fathers, and claiming they established a Christian nation

with a Christian Constitution, these far-right leaders have

distorted America's heritage. They construe the Constitution

to support free enterprise, capitalism, individualism, iso-

lationism, national sovereignty, uninhibited segregation,

and the use of private property in any manner one pleases.

To depart from this interpretation is to depart from the

Constitution, and it is more, it is to depart from God.

These organizations are influencing millions of Ameri-

cans to view man's failures in dealing with domestic and

international problems, not as a result of human weakness,

124

but as a part of the Communist conspiracy. Hargis, Bundy,

and McIntire have been working for years to document what

they consider to be the infiltration and subversion of the

government, schools, churches, press, and social organiza-

tions. In so doing they have been feeding on the unrest of

a complex society caught up in a cold war.

Through radio, television, motion pictures, filmstrips,

books, pamphlets, newspapers, special reports, conferences,

and just recently their own schools, colleges, and univer-

sities, the three are able to sway public opinion. The

Christian Crusade Anti-Communist Youth University and the

Christian Admiral, both opened in 1963, will increase their

impact,

The Religious Right has yet to reach its high water

mark; the tide is still rising.

APPENDIX

A. Christian Crusade National Advisory Committee.

B. Christian Crusade Film List.

C. Church League of America Film List.

D. American Council of Christian Churches MembershipStatistics.

E. Christian Beacon Cartoons.

125

CHRISTIAN CRUSADE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Founder-PresidentBilly James Hargis, D.D., Founder-President

TrusteesJ. E. HargisCharles PileC. R. BlissEdwin Hill

Board of Advisors and EndorsersThomas J. Anderson, Publisher, "Farm and Ranch Magazine,"

Nashville, TennesseeWilliam C. Birely, Investment Securities, State Chairman,

Young Republicans, Washington, D.C.Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton, U, S. Air Force,

Retired, Winter Park, FloridaDonald E. Bruce, Manufacturer's Representative,

St. Paul, MinnesotaColonel Laurence E. Bunker, Former aide-de-camp to

General Douglas MacArthur, Wellesley, MassachusettsMiss Taylor Caldwell, Noted Author of "The Devil's

Advocate," and many other books, Buffalo, New YorkF. Gano Chance, Distinguished Libertarian Industrialist,

Centralia, MissouriHonorable James H. R. Cromwell, Industrialist, Former

Ambassador to Canada, New York, New YorkMrs. Mary D. Cain, Publisher, "Summit Sun"; (Missis-

sippi) Chairman, "Congress of Freedom," Summit, MississippiBrigadier General William P. Campbell, Vice President,

"National Education Program," Searcy, ArkansasMatt Cvetic, Former Undercover Agent for the FBI,

Author, "Big Decision," Los Angeles, CaliforniaHonorable James C. Davis, Congressman from GeorgiaMrs. Mary Barclay Erb, Editor, "Report to America;"

Former National Defense Chairman, D.A.R., New York, New YorkBrigadier General Bonner Fellers, National Director of

"For America," U. S. Army, retired, Washington, D.C.Honorable E. L. Forrester, Congressman from GeorgiaHonorable Hamilton Fish, Former Congressman from New

York, First Chairman of the Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities, New York, New York

J. H. Gipson, Sr., Distinguished Publisher of Liber-tarian Books, Caldwell, Idaho

Dr. Alfred P. Haake, Noted Libertarian Economist,Chairman, "Laymants National Committee," Largo, Florida

Dr. Bob Jones, Jr., President, Bob Jones University,Greenville, South Carolina

126

127

Otis Beall Kent, Celebrated Rightist Attorney,Rockville, Maryland

Walter Knott, Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, CaliforniaFred C. Koch, President, Rock Island Oil Company,

Wichita, KansasHonorable J. Bracken Lee, Mayor, Salt Lake City, UtahBrigadier General William L. Lee, U. S. Air Force,

Retired, Amarillo, TexasD. B. Lewis, President, Dr. Ross Pet Food Company,

TV. Sponsor of Dan Smoot, Los Angeles, CaliforniaMilton M. Lory, President, American Coalition of Patri-

otic Societies, Past President General, S.AR., Sioux City,Iowa

Lieutenant General Sumter L. Lowry, U.S.N.G., Retired,Tampa, Florida

Clarence E. Manion, Former Dean, Notre Dame Law School,Moderator, "The Manion Forum," South Bend, Indiana

Miss Betty McConkey, Director, Anti-Communist Crusades,Des Moines, Iowa

Thurman H. McCoy, Patriotic Retail Merchant, Atlanta,Georgia

Robert E. Nesmith, Patriotic Industrialist, Houston,Texas

Dr. Revilo P. Oliver, Professor, University of Illinois,Urbana, Illinois

Mrs. Jessica Wyatt Payne, West Virginia AmericanismChairman, American Legion Auxiliary, Huntington, West Virginia

Honorable M. T. Phelps, Former Chief Justice of Arizona,Phoenix, Arizona

Hugh S. Ramsey, M.D., Conservative Crusader, Bloomington,Indiana

Honorable John H. Rousselot, Congressman from CaliforniaR. B. Snowden, Distinguished Arkansas Planter, Memphis,

TennesseeHonorable Wint Smith, Former Congressman from Kansas,

Manhattan, KansasLieutenant General George E. Stratemeyer, U. S. Army,

Retired, Winter Park, FloridaDr. Charles C. Tansill, Noted Historian, Author "Back

Door to War," etc., Washington, D.C.Dr. Joseph F. Thorning, Associate Editor of "World

Affairs," Frederick, MarylandJohn B. Trevor, Jr., Outstanding Patriot, New York, New

YorkHarold Lord Varney, President, Committee on Pan-American

Policy, New York, New YorkColonel William E. Warner, Chairman, Ohio Coalition of

Patriotic Societies, Columbus, OhioWheeler Williams, Famous Sculptor (of the Robert Taft

Memorial, etc.), New York, New York

128

Major General C. A. Willoughby, Chief of Intelligencefor General MacArthur during World War II and the KoreanWar, Washington, D.C.1

1Billy James Hargis, Facts about Christian Crusade(Tulsa, [n.d.]), pp. 11-13.

CHRISTIAN CRUSADE FILM LIST

Anti-Communist Speeches

Speaker and Subject

Dr. Billy James Hargis"This I Believe"

Dr. Billy James Hargis"The Red Peril of the 60's"

Congressman John Rousselot"How to Influence Legislation"

General William Campbell"Individual Political Responsi-bility"

Congressman Gordon Scherer"You Are the Target"

Mr. Edward Hunter"Brainwashing"

Miss Barbara Hartle"My Rebirth in Freedom"

Captain Eddie Rickenbacker"My Life Story As An American"

Mrs. H. A. Alexander"Red Stains on the Pages ofAmerican Textbooks"

Mr. Myers Lowman"Red Front Associations ofClergymen"

Dr. R. P. Oliver"Toward A Positive Program ofVictory over Communism"

Mr. C. Carter Pittman"The Fifth Amendment"

Mr. Benjamin Gitlow"I Defied Stalin"

Time of Film Price

25 minutes $ 75.00

1 hr. 19 min. 200.00

35 minutes

50 minutes

100.00

175.00

1 hr. 15 min. 200.00

1 hr. 22 min. 200.00

37 minutes

56 minutes

100.00

175.00

1 hr. 7 min. 200.00

1 hr. 22 min. 200.00

1 hr. 2 min.

53 minutes

1 hr. 27 min.

200.00

175.00

200.00

Interviews between Dr. Hargis and Guests

Guest

Miss Barbara HartleMr. Benjamin GitlowGovernor J. Bracken LeeMr. Carter PittmanDr. R. P. OliverMr. Myers Lowman

151515151515

minutesminutesminutesminutesminutesminutes

65.0065.0065.0065.0065.0065.00

129

General William P. CampbellCongressman John RousselotMr. Edward Hunter

15 minutes15 minutes15 minutes

130

2 Christian Crusade (October, 1962), p. 2.

65.0065.0065.002

CHURCH LEAGUE OF AMERICA FILM LIST

Title and Description Time

"It's A Grand Old Flag"History of the flag

"Lincoln Speaks for Himself"Life of Abraham Lincoln

"Communist Imperalism sic "Countries subjugated~by SovietUnion since 1917

"Communism on the Map"Communism's advance, nation bynation

"Communist Encirclement 196111Growth of Red conspiracy

"Communist Accent on Youth"Explores how philosophies ofCommunism contrast with freedom

"Operation Abolition"Covers Communist-led riotsagainst HUAC in San Francisco

"Our American Heritage"Great events of early Americanhistory

"Red China Outlaw"Communist atrocities againsthelpless Chinese

"Revolt in Hungary"Hungarians disproved Communisttheories

"The Two Berlins"Comparison between freedom andenslavement in Berlin today

"The Ultimate Weapon"Chinese Communist brainwashingtechniques

20 minutes

40 minutes

30 minutes

1 hr. 45 min.

40 minutes

45 minutes

45 minutes

15 minutes

30 minutes

26 minutes

20 minutes

27 minutes

131

Rental

$ 5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

15.00

10.00

10.00

5.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

3 Price List for Publications of the Church LgAmerica-(Wheaton,~Tlinois, [n.d.,~ PP. 36-37.

of

AMERICAN COUNCIL OF CHRISTIAN CHURCHES

MEMBERSHIP STATISTICS

The American Council of Christian Churches, meeting inBoston, Mass., released an official statement on membershipstatistics as of October 28, 1954. The full statementfollows:

CONSTITUENT MEMBERS

Associated Gospel ChurchesBible Presbyterian ChurchBible Protestant ChurchConference of Fundamental ChurchesEvangelical Methodist ChurchGeneral Association of Regular Baptist ChurchesMethodist Protestant ChurchSouthern Methodist ChurchTioga River Christian ConferenceFundamental Conference of AmericaUnited Christian ChurchMilitant Fundamental Bible ChurchesConservative Baptist Association, CanadaNational Fellowship of Brethren Churches (Radio)World Baptist FellowshipCongregational Methodist ChurchIndependent Churches, Affiliated

Total Constituent Membership (17 bodies)

Local Constituent Membership

Individual Constituent Membership

TOTAL CONSTITUENT MEMBERSHIP

INDIVIDUAL AUXILIARY MEMBERSHIP(This figure represents individuals who are stillin the National Council of Churches but who, overtheir own signature, repudiated the NationalCouncil's representation and asked the American

3,00015,6622,310

No report10,84493,9835,1717,0003,793

No report5,1501,8146,000

40,00049,9105,77412,900

263,311

305,505

175,000

743,816

440,161

132

133

Council to represent and count them in mattersof radio, etc. They are not voting members.)

TOTAL ALL CLASSIFICATIONS 1,183,9774

Carl McIntire, Servants of Apostasy (Collingswood,N.J., 1955), p. 380. The ACCC~~eclines to provide statisticsto the Yearbook of American Churches. Benson Y. Landis,editor, Yearbook of American Churches: Information on AllFaiths in the.S~., Edition for 1962 (New York,,9277p. 8. Ralph Lord Roy considers McIntire's membership claimsto be "highly exaggerated." Ralph Lord Roy, Apostles ofDiscord (Boston, 1953), pp. 196-198, 393-398.

CHRISTIAN BEACON CARTOONS

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9


BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Agar, Herbert, The Price of Power: America since 1945, TheChicago History of American Civilization, edited byDaniel J. Boorstin, Chicago, The University of ChicagoPress, 1957.

Bell, Daniel, editor, The New American Right, New York,Criterion Books, 1955.

Bundy, Edgar C., Collectivism in the Churches, Wheaton,Illinois, The Church League of~America, 1961.

Burlingame, Roger, The Sixth Column, Philadelphia, J. B.Lippincott Co., 1962,

Carnell, Edward J., The Case for Orthodox Theology, Phila-delphia, The Westminster Press, 1959.

Carr, Robert K., The House Committee on Un-American Activi-ties, 1945-1950, Cornell Studies~Tn~sivil Liberty,edited by Robert E. Cushman, Ithaca, New York, CornellUniversity Press, 1952.

Cole, Stewart G., History of Fundamentalism, New York,Richard R. Smith, Inc., 1931.

Donner, Frank J., The Un-Americans, New York, BallantineBooks, 1961.

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139

140

Ebenstein, William, Today's ISMS: Communism, Fascism, Capi-talism, Socialism, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall,Inc., 19b1.

Feinberg, Charles L., editor, The Fundamentals for Today(2 volumes), Grand Rapids, Kregel Publications, 1958.

Flynn, John T., The Road Ahead: America's Creepin Revolu-tion, New York, The Devin-Adair Company, 1961.

Furniss, Norman E., The Fundamentalist Controvers 1918-1931, New Haven,7Yale University Press,195.

Goldman, Eric F., The Crucial Decade--and After: America,1945-1960, NewYork, Vintage Books, 1961.

Goldwater, Barry, The Conscience of a Conservative, New York,Millman Books,~196.

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Hordern, William, A Layman's Guide to Protestant ThsFNew York, The~Macmillan Gompany, 9

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141

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Janson, Donald and Bernard Eismann, The Far Right, New York,McGraw Hill Company, Inc., 19637

Kaub, Verne P., Communist-Socialist Propaganda in AmericanSchools, Boston, Meador Publishing Company,~19 3

Landis, Benson Y., editor, Yearbook of American Churches:Information on All Faiths inth~U. Edition for1961,New York, National Council of te Churches ofChrist in the U.S.A., 1960.

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Latourette, Kenneth Scott, A History of Christianity, NewYork, Harper & Brothers, 1953.

Leuchtenburg, William E., The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-32,The Chicago History of~American Civilization, edited byDaniel J. Boorstin, Chicago, The University of ChicagoPress, 1958.

A Manual for Survival, Wheaton, Illinois, The Church Leagueof America, 1961.

McIntire, Carl, Author of Libert , Collingswood, New Jersey,Christian Beacon Press, 94.

_, Modern Tower of Babel, Collingswood, NewJersey, Christian Beacon~Press, 1949.

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142

Packer, J. I., "Fundamentalism" and the Word of God, GrandRapids, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1957

Root, E. Merrill, Brainwashing in the High Schools, New York,The Devin-Adair Company, 1958

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Rossiter, Clinton, Conservatism in America: The ThanklessPersuasion, New York, Vintage Books, 19=72

Roy, Ralph Lord, Apostles of Discord, Boston, The BeaconPress, 1953.

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Rudd, Augustin G., Bending the Twig, New York, Sons of theAmerican Revolution, 195E.

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., The Politics of Hope, Boston,Houghton Mifflin Company,T19E2,

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Adams, J. K., "Saving America, Inc.," Nation, CXCIII(September 30, 1961), 191-195.

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Cook, Fred J., "The Ultras," Nation, CXCIV (June 30, 1962),565-596,

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"The Far Right: Crusade and Collect," Newsweek, LXI (April 1,1963), 21-22.

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,9 "A Christian Ambassador Surveys theDivided World," American Mercury, LXXXV (October, 1957),141-145.

"The History of American CommunistFronts," American Mercury, LXXXVII (December, 1958), 26-33.

, "Patriotism--Once Revered, Now Smeared,"American Mercury, XCI (October, 1960), 137-147.

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144

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145

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., "Remarks to National Council of UnitedPresbyterian Men," March 19, 1960.

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146

Bring the Truth to Your Friends with Christian Crusade Maga-zine, Tulsa,7Christian Crusade, [n.d.7J.

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Cvetic, Matt, Extremists!, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, En.d.

Finger, John W., Introduction of J. B. Matthews at HunterCollege Auditorium, March~,~1955, WheatonIllinois,Church League of America, [n.d.I7T

Fourth Annual National Convention of Christian Crusade,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, 1962~

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The Great Divide, New York, The American Council of ChristianChurches.,Tn.d.J.

Hargis, Billy James, A Call to Action to Ever Real American,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n.d.T.

_, American Socialism...Moving AmericaDownhill, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n7.d.~T.

, Brotherhood of Man...A Smoke Screen,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n~d.J.

, The Communist Program for the AmericanFarmer, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n.d..

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147

Hargis, Billy James, Fourth of July Radio Broadcast, Tulsa,Christian Crusade, 1961.

, Good Reasons for Fighting Communism,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, tn.d.I.

, Lest We Forget, Tulsa, ChristianCrusade, [n.d.).

, The Muzzli of General Walker, Tulsa,Christian Crusade, L7~d'7

, The National Council of Churches In-dicts Itself, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n.d.~7.

, Paul Revere's Ride, Tulsa, ChristianCrusade, Ln.d.'].

, The Postal Propaganda Problem, Tulsa,Christian Crusade, fn.d.).

, Radicalism of the Left--Americans forDemocratic Action, Tulsa, Christian Crusade,Tnd.JT

, The Strange Death of Povl Bn-Jensen,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n~d

, The Summit: Anti-Communist Youth Uni-versity, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, Ln.d.~}.

_, Threats to Christian Education, Tulsa,Christian Crusade, 'n.dJ.

CuThe Truth About UNESCO, Tulsa, Christian

, The Ugly Truth About Drew Pearson,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n.d.J.

Uncle Sam M.D.?, Tulsa, Christian Crusade,[.d.J.

, The United Nations: Destroying America7y Degrees, Tulsas,~Christian Crusde, U1.d .3.

, Unmasking the Deceiver: Martin LutherKing, Jr., Tulsa, Christian Crusade, En.TdT

, Unto God's Glory, Tulsa, ChristianCrusade, En.d.).

148

Hargis, Billy James, What Can You Do To Save Our Country?,Tulsa, Christian Crusade,7Li7.d.J .

, What's Wrong with America?, Tulsa,Christian Crusade,[n. d.J.

, What's Wrong with Jesus?, Tulsa,Christian Crusade7n.d.J .

, Will the Real Nikita Khrushchev PleaseStand U Tulsa, Chr iisian Crusade, d

Highlights of the Anti-Communist Leadership School, Tulsa,Christian Crusade, 19b2.

How Do You Stand?: Questionnaire to Candidates forCongress,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [h.d.J .

How Long to Live?, New York, The American Council ofChristian Churches, [n.d..

If You Don't Know What Communism is All About..Read the BIGDecision, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n.d.J.

Important Pro-American Literature EVERY American SHOULDREAD!, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, En.d.,.

Know Your Bible Better!, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, 5n.d.J.

Leatherbury, John R., I Am Out of the Council of Churches!,Tulsa, Christian Crusade, T 6T.

MacRae, Allan A., Why I Cannot Accept the Revised StandardVersion, New York, The American Council of ChristianChurches, fn.d.J .

Mass Circulation Campaign, Tulsa, Christian Crusade, [n.d.J.

McIntire, Carl, The Ecclesiastical and Political Alliance on"the Left" ind the Use of "Hatemongering" As An Ecclesi-astical andPoliticalWea pon, Wheaton, Illinois, ChurchLeague of~~merica, jn.d. .

. The New Bible, Revised Standard Version: WhyChristians Should NotAccep t It, Collingswood, NewJersey, Christian Bec7on, Inc., 1953.

Must Freedom Perish?, New York, The American Council ofChristian Churches, [n.d.J.

National Council of Churches: What It Is; What It Does, NewYork, Nationl Council of Churches, Fn~.d.j.

149

Pamphlets and Books Available on the R.S.V., Wheaton, Illinois,Church League of America, n.d.j.

Price List for Publications of the Church League of America,Wheaton, Illinois, Church League of America,7WJ7d..

Public Records on Affiliations of Edwin T. Dahl , Wheaton,Illinois, Church League of~America,~~n.d..

Suggested Literature and Organizations, Tulsa, ChristianCrusade, [n.d.7.

Ten Directors of the NAACP, Atlanta, Georgia Commission onEducation, 1957.

Testimony to Christ and A Witness for Freedom, Collingswood,New Jersey, 20th Century Reformation Hour, 1962.

What Is the Church League of America?, Wheaton, Illinois,Church League of Amirica, ~ndj..

Which for America?, New York, The American Council ofChristian Churches, [n.d.i1.

Why You Cantt Build Your Church, New York, The American. Council of ChristianChurches, fn.d.J.

Willoughby, C. A., The Summit and the Pit, Tulsa, ChristianCrusade, En.d.-

Encyclopedia Articles

Kuhn, Harold B., "Fundamentalism," Baker's Dictionary ofTheology, edited by Everett F. Harri Rn, Grand RapTds,Baker Book House, 1960.

Woolley, Paul, "American Council of Christian Churches,"Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,edited by Lffertts scher, Grand Rapids, BakerBook House, 1955.

Public Documents

Hoover, J. Edgar, One Nation's Response to Communism, Wash-ington, United States Information Agency, 1960.

House of Representatives, "Beliefs and Principles of theJohn Birch Society," Congressional Record, June 12, 1960.

150

House of Representatives, Guide to Subversive Oranizat sand Publications, Washington, Government PrintingOTice, 1961.

, H. Concurrent Resolution 145,Washington, Government Printing Office, April "0~~ 1959.

, Hearings before the Committee on

Appropriations, Washington, Government Printing Office,1961.

, Investigation of Communist Activi-

ties in the New York C Area, Partis 1-8, Wahington,Government Printing Office, 1953.

, Issues Presented bly Air ReserveCenter Training Manual, Washington, Government PrintingOffice, 1960.

, Testimony of Bishop G. BromleyOxnam, Washington,Government Printing Office, 1954.

, "The Voice of the People AgainstFederal Aid to Education," Congressional Record,May 8, 1957.

, "Yellow Journalism," CongressionalRecord, January 9, 1961.

A Primer on Communism: 200 Questions and Answers, Washington,United States Inforimation Agency,~95T

U. S. Senate, Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations,Washington, Government Printing Office, 1949.

, Expose of Soviet Espionage, May 1960, Washing-ton, Government Printing Office, 1960.

Magazines

Christian Crusade, Tulsa, 1945 to 1963.

Oklahoma-Arkansas Synod Presbyterian Review, Oklahoma City,

April,962.

Newspapers

Atlanta Constitution, August 2, 1958.

151

Atlanta Journal, August 3, 1958.

Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 10, 1958.

Austin Texas Observer, June 29, 1962.

Boston Sunday Globe, January 6, 1963.

Christian Beacon, Collingswood, New Jersey, 1945 to 1963.

New York Times, 1945 to 1963.

News & Views, Wheaton, Illinois, 1945 to 1963.

The We Crusader, Tulsa, 1960 to 1963.

Interviews

Hargis, Billy James, President, Christian Crusade, at Dallas,Texas, December 8, 1962.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., President, Southern ChristianLeadership Conference, at Dallas, Texas, January 4, 1963.

McIntire, Carl, Editor, Christian Beacon, at Chicago,Illinois, December 28, 192

McIntire, Carl Thomas, son of Carl McIntire, at Chicago,Illinois, December 28, 1962.

Walker, Edwin A., former Major General, United States Army,at Dallas, Texas, June 5, 1963.

Correspondence

Block, Herbert, cartoonist for The Washington Post, July 12,1963.

Bundy, Edgar C., Executive Secretary, Church League of Amer-ica, May 5, 1962 and December 19, 1962.

Cooley, Martin I., official, Devin-Adair Company, February 28,1963.

Freedman, Theodore, Executive Director, Southwest Region,Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, February 6, 1963

Hargis, Billy James, President, Christian Crusade,February 7, 1963

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