THE RENAISSANCE

Unit Review

INTRODUCTIONWorldview

WORLDVIEW A collection of beliefs about life and the

universe held by an individual or group The overall perspective from which one

sees/interprets the world Worldview is not a point of view or

perspective

7 WORLDVIEW ELEMENTS Values Society Beliefs Time Geography Knowledge Economy

CHAPTER 1Times of Change

FEUDALISM Social Structure: People were born into a

level of society and were expected to stay in that role for the rest of their lives

European society was organized by feudalism

A hierarchy In a hierarchy people are ranked

according to their societal importance Feudalism was based on land, loyalty and

duty

FEUDALISMCrown

Barons, Abbots and

Bishops

Knights

Commoners(Peasants)

FEUDALISM The Crown (monarch) was in charge. Bishops had as much power as Barons. Nobles/Knights swore oaths of allegiance.

They promised to fight for the king in exchange for manors or fiefs

Bishops received their land from the King (Crown), and the Church became a large land owner in time.

The Church was very important to medieval people

PEASANTS Most people in the Middle Ages were

peasants who lived in rural villages on a manor

Assigned strips of land to plant/harvest In exchange for use of the manor,

peasants gave the lord a portion of their crops

Were illiterate and uneducated Some were freemen, who rented land

from the lord or worked for pay Most were serfs, who couldn’t leave the

manor without the lord’s permission

HIERARCHY OF THE CHURCH

The Pope

Archbishops

Bishops

Priests

Parishioners

THE CHURCH Religious men became monks; joined

monasteries Religious women became nuns and

joined convents Many members of religious orders died

as a result of caring for victims of the Black Death

Were well educated Some monasteries became learning

centers

THE BLACK DEATH #1 Made some people reconsider their faith They believed that they had failed God People began having a more critical

attitude towards the church. Critics said that it cared more about

luxur-ious living than spiritual values

THREATS TO FEUDALISM Peasants Revolts 1337: War started between England and

France (The Hundred Years’ War) Peasants revolted cuz of high

rents/taxes they had to pay to finance the war

The revolts were put down by the authorities but the cause of their revolt was unresolved

THREATS TO FEUDALISM The Black Death #2 Millions of Europeans died Regular outbreaks continued for the

next several hundred years Severe labour shortages on manors,

feudal estates, and became bankrupt Nobles began to sell their land to serfs Renaissance: a “rebirth” of classical

knowledge and writing; started in Italy

IMPORTANT PEOPLE Christine de Pisan: French poet,

philosopher, historian. Wrote that women should be allowed to participate more in society

Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer. Was the first person to sail directly from Europe to India.

Francois 1: King of France. Supported the construction of buildings using Renaissance architecture

Martin Luther: German religious thinker. Translated the Bible into German.

IMPORTANT PEOPLE Nicolaus Copernicus: Polish astronomer

and mathematician (Sun center of universe)

Leonardo da Vinci: architect, inventor, engineer, painter, musician

CHAPTER 2The Expansion of Trade

THE CRUSADES Palestine was under Christian control for

many years In the 7th Century, it was taken over by the

Turks (later, Muslims) 1095: Pope Urban 2 launched a Christian

crusade to drive out the Muslims. Thousands walked across Europe to the Holy Land, but were taken out.

Groups of knights set to do battle with the Turks

The 1st Crusade created a Christian kingdom in the Middle East for 100 years

The Muslims regained their land

CITY-STATES Most countries in Europe were kingdoms

ruled by monarchs Italy was a collection of City-States

City-State: a city that is politically independent, and the rural area around it

ITALIAN CITY-STATE SUCCESS 1. Geography: Italy was the closest to the

port cities of Northern Africa/Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Trading was easier)

2. Climate: Italy’s climate was warmer than Northern European countries, so trade/travel could continue throughout the year, and had a long growing season.

3. Leadership: In pre-modern Europe, most countries were monarchies. Northern Italy was a collection of independent city-states.(Had their own government, armies, and controlled their own affairs).

ITALIAN CITY-STATE SUCCESS 4. Social Organization: Feudalism did not

have a strong hold in Italy – Nobles tended to move into towns, and took their place in urban society

Merchants: purchased goods in one place

and sold them for a profit in another.

VENICE AND GENOA Were important because: Venice was easily defended by invasion Became a good trading center as a result of its

dealings with the East Had thousands of ships travelling through the

Mediterranean Sea The Venice Arsenal was the largest ship building

center in Europe Genoa controlled a share of the trade in the East

Mediterranean and the Black Sea Controlled trade with Barcelona and Valencia Genoa and Venice were on equal terms for centuries The Genoese fleet was destroyed in a battle in

Venice, 1380 Genoa never regained its former power

CHAPTER 3The Humanist Approach

HUMANISM An era in the Renaissance where people

began to look at ancient works in a different way.

A result of intercultural contact with earlier civilizations.

David!

HUMANISM AND THE INDIVIDUAL Belief in dignity/potential of the individual People could shape their lives through

efforts/talents Beings can use power of reason to find

truth Important to be curious/open/questioning Can achieve things through learning One should be skilled in many different

areas (Develop mind/body/spirit) Christian worldview: to develop one’s

talents was to serve God, because He gave you those talents.

CIVIC HUMANISTS Believed that being a responsible citizen

meant educating yourself about history/politics and working to improve society.

Uffizi!

HUMANIST EDUCATION “Never wasted time by loitering, but

returned home after business and spent his time studying Greek or Latin” –Leonardo Bruni (in the eyes of a wealthy merchant)

It was important to train children’s bodies/characters/minds (educating the whole child)

Encouraged a curious/questioning attitude towards students

Humanists were sometimes tutors for students

HUMANISM AND RELIGION Thinkers emphasized ideas/values like

individual achievement/the importance of history and the arts

Religion played an important role in their lives

Duomo!

5 ELEMENTS OF RENAISSANCE ART1. Natural World2. Light/Shadow3. Texture/Pattern4. Realistic Details5. Elegance

Sistine Chapel

CHAPTER 4The Exchange of Ideas

SCIENTIFIC METHOD Process of making observations,

experimenting and drawing conclusions based on evidence

IMPORTANT PEOPLE Johannes Kepler: concluded that planets

travelled in an elliptical orbit, not circles as Copernicus believed

Galileo Galilei: confirmed Copernicus’ idea of a Sun-centered universe

MEDICINE Doctors had little knowledge of

anatomy/disease Remedies based on astrology,

superstition, etc, were common During the Renaissance medical

knowledge grew Doctors/scientists began applying the

scientific method Andreas Vesalius: dissected bodies while

his students watched

MARTIN LUTHER A German monk Concluded that the Bible should be a

Christian’s guide, not the Church 1575: Luther nailed the 95 Theses,

criticizing the selling of indulgences on the Church door in Wittenberg

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Luther’s Protestant translation of the

Bible reached an unprecedented number of Germans

A new Church was created (Lutheran Church)

Luther’s ideas spread across Europe People who agreed with Luther were

called Protestants – became known and the Protestant Reformation

Protestants “protested” against the Church’s refusal to allow “reform”, and achieved a Reformation

INFORMATION WAS SPREAD THROUGH: Universities: Early humanists taught at Italian

universities Shared their ideas through discussions

and through their writings Some humanists attracted students

from all over Europe, and they went back to their home cities and shared their knowledge

INFORMATION WAS SPREAD THROUGH: Travelling Celebrities: Famous Humanists were the celebrities

of their time They were in demand all over Europe Trained younger people Engaged in discussions with scholars all

over Europe

INFORMATION WAS SPREAD THROUGH: Royal Courts: Kings/Queens wanted scholars in their

courts Francois 1’s court became a center of

learning He collected manuscripts, paintings and

sculptures

THE PRINTING PRESS 1450: Johannes Gutenberg made the

printing press Printers produced thousands of books in

the time it had once taken to make one Cheaper because they were printed on

paper instead of parchment

CHAPTER 5The Age of Exploration

DEFINITIONS Islam: The religious faith of Muslims Christianity: Religion (Protestant,

Orthodox, etc.) Circumnavigate: travel completely

around something (circumnavigating the Earth)

Expansionism: the actions and attitudes of a state/country whose goal is to expand its power and territory

THE THREE M’S OF EXPLORATION 1. Mindset- Definition: a way of thinking that

determines somebody’s behaviour/outlook

- E.g.: personal accomplishment of finishing a race

2. Motivation- Definition: the act that drives or gives

incentive to do something- E.g.: A medal (race)- 3. Means- Definition: the equipment and resources

that enable an action to be possible

MINDSET The ocean was still a frightening place to

some Renaissance people. So why were explorers determined to venture off into the unknown and possibly dangerous territory?

Because of:- Curiosity/adventure- Role of the individual- Faith in the potential of human beings- European monarchs supported the voyages

even though they might not succeed.- Increase in wealth, territory and power of

acount

MOTIVATION Economic factors that motivated

exploration:- Demand – luxury goods and spices- Expand Gold Supply- Expand Christianity - Expanding the Known World- Expanding Navigational Technology

MOTIVATION Europeans believed that a sea route to

the East was the solution to their trade problem. A sea route would give them control over their supply of goods. And they hoped to get rice by bringing in spices and other trade goods on the European market.

The trading economy depended on the exchange of goods and resources for money

European mines were running out of gold and silver, and needed new sources of precious metals.

RELIGIOUS FACTORS THAT MOTIVATED EXPLORATION “Go into all the world, and proclaim the good

news to the whole creator” – Mark, 16:15 Renaissance explorers believed they were

doing to work of the Lord Muslims who follow the Qur’an have five

religious duties to uphold the “Five Pillars of Faith”. One of these pillars include: If possible, make a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca during one’s lifetime.

Europeans wanted to ensure the spread of Christianity and prevent the spread of Islam.

MEANS Despite European worldview to be open

and curious of outside influences, their knowledge beyond their borders was very limited.

Navigation: the science of determining the course, position and distance travelled by a ship

It comes from the Latin words:- Navis: ship- Agere: to drive

WHAT FACTOR MIGHT MOTIVATE A SOCIETY TO VENTURE INTO UNKNOWN REGIONS BEYOND ITS BORDERS? Power: explorers and the government of

the country sponsoring the explorer would have more power if the quest resulted in a newly discovered country, ocean, etc, they would receive more power

E.g.: Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

sponsored Columbus, but stated that any possible unknown oceans would be theirs

WHAT ELEMENTS OF THE WORLDVIEW OR RENAISSANCE EUROPEANS LED TO EXPLORATION AND EXPANSIONISM? The Renaissance belief of the

potential of the individual lead people to explore (role of the individual, faith in the potential of human beings)

Increase in wealth, territory and power of a country.

WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXPANDING CHRISTIANITY AND THE FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH?

Similarities: Both of them believed in some way that they were doing the work of their Lord, and each act was somewhat based on their religion.

Differences: Christian explorers/monarchs were set on expanding Christianity, and preventing the spread of Islam, whereas the Islam's where more so set on defending their religion.

WHAT INSTRUMENTS WERE IMPORTANT FOR SUCCESSFUL NAVIGATION OF THE EARTH?

Compass: used for finding the direction a ship is travelling; developed in China about1700 years ago, used by Muslim travelers in navigation.

Astrolabe: used the North Star or Sun to calculate latitude, the distance north or south of the Equator; probably invented by ancient Greeks, further developed by Arab mathematicians and astronomers.

Cross-staff: used to measure the altitude of the Pole star above the horizon to determine latitude; invented around 1342 for astronomy and first used around 1514 for navigation

Back-staff: used to measure the altitude of the Sun to determine latitude; developed in 1594 as an improvement over the cross-staff.

WHICH COUNTRY WAS THE FIRST EUROPEAN COUNTRY TO BECOME INVOLVED IN ORGANIZED EXPLORATION AND HOW DID THIS AFFECT OTHER COUNTRIES?

Portugal was the first European country to become involved in organized exploration.

They focused on travelling East to reach Asia by travelling around Africa

Bartholomeu Dias lead the first Portuguese expedition around the Cape of Good Hope. His crew mutinied and prevented the exhibition from reaching India.

When Columbus crossed the Atlantic, it put pressure on the Portuguese to explore and expand

They needed to reach the East before the Spanish.

CONTINUED 5 years after Columbus’ voyage, Vasco

da Gama sailed around Africa, across the Indian Ocean to Calicut

He returned with precious spices and established a sea route to the East.

THE BATTLE OF DIU After Vasco da Gama achieved the sea

route to the East, Portuguese fleets made yearly trips to the East to trade.

Arab merchants believed that the Portuguese were intruding

Large Arab fleet and a small Portuguese fleet

The Portuguese had an advantage because of cannons

1500s: Portugal became the most powerful trading country in Europe.

EXPLAIN HOW SLAVERY WAS PRESENT BEFORE AND AFTER THE EUROPEANS VENTURED OUT TO EXPLORE THE WORLD

Slavery: a system under which people are treated as property (forced to work)

Slavery has been a part of many country’s worldview.

By the 1440s, the Portuguese were involved in the slave trade in Africa.

They brought the African slaves to work on sugar plantations that they had established on islands in the Atlantic ocean.

Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of the Europeans

CONTINUED During the next 3 centuries, Europeans

captured and transported millions of Africans to the Americas as slaves

Millions of them died on route from their terrible conditions on the slave ships or from overwork when they arrived

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES TO SLAVERY? Advantages: Europeans had people to

work for them on their businesses; always had something to do

Disadvantages: Slaves died from overwork and terrible conditions, lack of freedom, etc.

WHY WAS THE “ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE LORDS OF CATHOLIC SOVEREIGNS AND CRISTOBAL COLON” IMPORTANT?

It is important because it states the rules of Christopher Columbus’ exploration(s). Also, Spain wouldn’t have been able to claim territory, etc.

How would this affect the New World inhabitants?

It stated that Columbus had control over lands and goods, etc.

WHO ARE THEY?

Christopher Columbus Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand Arab and Italian merchants Mansa Moussa Prester John Prince Henry Bartholomeu Dias Giovanni Caboto Jacques Cartier

Where are they from? What were their goals? What did they accomplish?

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451 – 1506)

His goal was to find a quicker route to the East, because spices and other goods were becoming too expensive because they were handled so much on the way to the countries in Europe, and a quicker route would lower the price immensely.

Was sponsored by Spain, although he was Italian. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand (Spain) declared their sovereignty over unknown oceans, that any industry discovered or acquired would be claimed or bought. Columbus was given power to the places he visited. (pg. 125)

COLUMBUS BRIEFING His goal was to go to Asia through the

Atlantic Ocean Took 3 voyages to the Caribbean. He

died after his 4th voyage in 1506 Was convinced until he died that he had

reached Asia

FERDINAND MAGELLAN He found the Philippines but was killed

after getting involved in a local war. His voyage was the first recorded voyage to circumnavigate the world.

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR Prince Henry of Portugal (1394 – 1460)

Interest in ships and navigation

Sponsored many voyages of exploration

Established a center at Sagnes to improve navigational equipment and create new maps.

PRESTER JOHN The legends of Prester John were popular

in Europe from the 12th century through the 17th centuries.

The legend tells of a Christian patriarch and king said to rule over a Christian nation lost amidst the Muslims and Pagans in the Orient

Prince Henry and many others wanted to locate Prester John. Prince Henry hoped that Prester John would help the Portuguese explorers to convert people in Africa and to join the Christian nations of Europe in a crusade against the Muslims.

MANSA MOUSSA Was the Muslim ruler of the powerful

and wealthy empire of Mali in Africa. Mali was situated on important trade

routes that dealt in gold, salt, ivory and slaves.

In 1324, he set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city of Islam.

He distributed wealthy goods to the poor on his way

Italian merchants trading in Cairo spread stories around Europe about Moussa’s gold and rich empire.

OTHERS Giovanni Caboto: Travelled for England

in 1497, and discovered the northern part of Newfoundland.

Jacques Cartier: Travelled for France in 1534, and also rediscovered the northern part of Newfoundland.

CHAPTER 6O Brave New World

IMPERIALISM The extension of power over a territory

and its resources and people.

THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Portugal wanted to make sure that the got

their share of Asian trade after everyone thought that Columbus had reached Asia

Portugal and Spain couldn’t agree, so they asked the pope to settle it

1494: the pope proposed a secret treaty, that divided the world between the Spanish (West) and Portuguese (East)

Other European rulers were angry when they heard about this. England and France ignored its terms and sent out explorers across the North Atlantic to find new territories. King Henry VI (England) sent Giovanni Caboto, and France, Jacques Cartier.

EUROPEAN IMPERIALIST ATTITUDES Territories Columbus discovered were

named New Spain Spanish government granted land to

people who wanted to settle in New Spain to mine and set up plantations

Indigenous people were enslaved Bartolome de Las Casas: wrote about

the atrocities committed against Indigenous people in New Spain

COST OF IMPERIALISM Europeans learned that there weren’t any

monsters in the ocean That people everywhere looked similar to

themselves The world was very different from how

they had imagined it.

Europeans saw themselves as superior to Indigenous civilizations because they were close to nature, did not live in a crowded civilization, and they focused on equality/sharing