The Renaissance

 

The Split of the Roman EmpireIn November of 284 A.D., Diocletian, a forceful Roman general, seized power and declared himself the new emperor. One of his earliest orders was to split the Roman Empire in two. He kept the eastern part and gave the western half to his colleague, Maximian. Diocletian's decision was bold but practical. He figured that the Roman Empire had simply grown too big over the years to be managed effectively by a single person.   Diocletian chose the city of Nicomedia (modern day's Izmit, Turkey) to be the capital of his Eastern Roman Empire, whereas Maximian picked Milan to be the capital of his Western Roman Empire. With the kingdom broken into two, Diocletian and Maximian were each responsible for fighting the enemies in their respective territory. As it was no longer necessary to stretch the troops across the entire empire, it was much easier to put down the rebels.  

The Roman Empire Before it Was Split

The Split of the Roman Empire

Diocletian was suceeded by Constantine (same ruler who made Catholicism the official religion of the Empire) and he moved the capital of the Eastern Empire to Byzantium which he changed to Constantinople.

By this time the eastern part of the empire was much richer than the west, because of the trade that came through the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.

After the Roman Empire is Split

The Fall of the Western Roman EmpireIn the 400s, the Huns entered Europe from the Russian steppes, and got as far as Chalons, near Paris. They spread terror everywhere they went.  Their empire collapsed in 476, but not before they set dozens of German tribes in motion towards the Roman Empire.

The Romans fought some off, paid some off, and let some in to protect the borders.  Most of the Roman legions were now composed of Germans, not Roman citizens.  One rather large tribe, the Visigoths (western Goths), began to move towards Italy from their settlements in the Balkans. In 410, they destroyed Rome.  The western half of the Roman Empire was for all intents and purposes dead and in the hands of the various invaders.

The Dark Ages

 The Dark Ages was a period in European history the period of time ushered in by the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasting until the Renaissance. Although this is by no means a fixed definition, the common thread throughout this period of history was the total dominance of Christianity and the repression of all art, science and progress that was not Christian in nature.

Religion was the dominant factor in all peoples' lives:• They awoke and prayed• They worked 12-16 hours• They came home and prayed• The ONLY reason to live was to attain "heaven"• Life was quite bleak for the people of Europe

ITALY:  BIRTHPLACE OF THE RENAISSANCE

The years 1300 to 1600 saw an explosion of creativity in Europe.Historians call this period the Renaissance.1.            The term “renaissance” means rebirth, in this case a rebirth of art and learning.2.      The Renaissance began in northern Italy around the year 13003.      Italy had three advantages that fostered the Renaissance: a.      thriving cities, b.     a wealthy merchant class, c.      the classical heritage of Greece and Rome.

Why Italy?

Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, had led to the growth of large city-states in northern Italy.1.      Northern Italy was urban while the rest of Europe was still mostly rural.

    Merchant trade in the North     Farming in the South

2.      Since cities are often places where people exchange new ideas, they were an ideal breeding ground for an intellectual revolution.

What were the Crusades?

The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Western Christian Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were launched in response to a call from the Christian Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia.

Painting of Cruaders

What were the Crusades?

The Holy Land is significant in Christianity because of the land's association as the place of nativity, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, whom Christians regard as the Saviour or Messiah. By the end of the 4th century, following the Roman Emperor Constantine's conversion to Christianity and later the founding of the Byzantine Empire after the partition of the Roman Empire, the Holy Land had become a predominantly Christian region.  Jerusalem in particular holds a significance in Islam as the site of the ascension into heaven of the prophet Muhammad whom Muslims believe to be the foremost prophet of Allah and Jerusalem is often regarded as the third most sacred site in Islam. Jerusalem also holds historical and religious importance for Jews as it is the site of the Western Wall the last remaining piece of the Second Temple. Jews consider Israel as their ancestral homeland, and had been visiting the city since its capture by the Romans. 

Route of the First Crusade

In Northern Italy...

Merchants were the wealthiest, most powerful class, and they dominated politics.1. Merchants did not inherit social rank - They earned it 2. Success in business depended mostly on their own wits.3. Many successful merchants believed they deserved power

and wealth because of their individual merit. 1. Individual achievement was to become an important

Renaissance theme.4. Humanism: Became a predominant thought process

1.Different from the predominantly religious  way of thinking

2.Humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God.

Humanism

Before Humanism: After Humanism:

Humanism in Italy

• humanism then was a way of thinking, or philosophy which focused on human potential and achievements.

• Most people in Italy remained Catholic, but the basic spirit of Renaissance was secular- worldly and concerned with the here and now.

 This change of thinking for many people allowed them to go out and express themselves, or...Look for ways to enjoy and experience life - be a human What was available to them to experience and enjoy???The people asked; What did the Romans and Greeks do? The people of Italy then drew upon their "roots" and decided to enjoy life as the Romans did - works of art, theater, books, etc

Why the Classical Cultures?

Renaissance scholars looked down on the art and literature of the Middle Ages and wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans. Explore the Human side...as the Romans and Greeks did!1. One reason the Renaissance began in Italy is that artists and

scholars drew inspiration from the ruins of Rome.2. After the Moslem Turks took over the Byzantine Empire of the East.

1.Byzantine scholars fled to Rome with ancient Greek manuscripts, paintings, etc. further inspiring Italian artists to emulate the Romans

and Greek classical cultures As scholars studied these Greek works, they became

increasingly influenced by classical ideas.

Example of Medieval Art - not lifelike, very religious

Renaissance Painting - Difference?

Medici Family of Florence

Florence came to be ruled of one more powerful merchant families - the Medici. •    the Medici family, who made a fortune in banking and trade

dominated politics in Northern Italy •    Cosimo de’ Medici won control of Florence government

he stabilized the area and kept the peace•    After Cosimo died in 1464, his grandson Lorenzo de’

Medici, or Lorenzo the Magnificent, took the throne and was the most aggressive in helping the arts - and the Renaissance - flourish in Northern Italy

 The Medici Family became the first widely known Patrons of the Arts

Ponte Vecchio in Florence

Patrons of the Arts

The Medici family encouraged other Renaissance merchants to became patrons of the arts. They became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists.Renaissance popes became patrons and beautified Rome by spending huge amounts of money for art.               Patrons were people who financed artist’s careers1.      allowed them to live in their homes2.      paid them a salary etc3.      they would be the “personal artist” of the patron

The Renaissance Spirit

The basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular – worldly and concerned with the here and now. •   Moved away from the religious 

The Renaissance spirit demonstrated an interest in classical culture, a curiosity about the world, and a belief in human potential. ********* - Human spirit was being "re-born"

The Renaissance Man

A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a “universal man.”  The “Renaissance Man” was outlined in the book The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione

In this book, Castiglione listed the qualities that made the Renaissance man:

1.      A young man should be charming, witty and well-educated in the classics2.      He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry.  3.      He should be a skilled rider, wrestler and swordsman.  4.      Above all, he should have self-control.

The Renaissance Man

The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art

As the Renaissance advanced, artistic styles changed.  Renaissance artists also often portrayed religious subjects, but they used a realistic style copied from classical models.  Greek and Roman subjects also became popularPainters began to paint prominent citizens, in a style which revealed what was distinctive about each person.• Artists made sculpture more realistic by carving natural

postures and expressions that revealed personality. • Perspective which is a technique which indicates three

dimensions. This was used to give art a "real-life" appearance

 

Renaissance Artists & Their Accomplishments

Masaccio was an Italian painter who popularized the technique of perspective. Donatello made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality. • Many consider his greatest work was the sculpture of the

statue of David Raphael was another great Italian painter of the Renaissance1. One of Raphael’s favorite subjects was the Madonna (mother of

Jesus Christ) and child1.Raphael often portrayed their expressions as gentle and calm,

very life-like and human. 

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, inventor and scientist.  He was a  true “Renaissance Man.” 1. One of his greatest works was a painting that became one

of the best-known portraits in the world, the Mona Lisa.2. He also painted The Last Supper a work that captured the

personalities and expressions of Jesus Christ and his followers

3. He also left behind thousands of pages of drawings, and ideas in notebooks filled with engineering projects, inventions and other works.1.All of which were written in “mirror writing”

Leonardo Da Vinci - Self-Portrait

The Mona Lisa

Leonardo - The Inventor (from his sketchbook)

Michelangelo

An Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. • A "Renaissance Man"?

 Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, were sculpted before he turned thirty. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.   * - Fresco: mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings.

Pieta by Michelangelo

Two Sculptures of David

Michelangelo  (marble) Donatello   (bronze)

Four of the "Most Famous" Italian Renaissance Artists

            Donatello - Leonardo - Michelangelo - Raphael

Italian Renaissance Writers

Dante was one of the few medieval writers whose works were considered important enough to be mentioned• One reason his writings survived and were noticed was because he

wrote in the vernacular, his native language, instead of classical Latin.

• His most famous work was The Divine Comedy Francesco Petrarch was one of the earliest and most influential humanists.1.      He wrote sonnets – 14-line poems.a.      His sonnets were to “Laura” a mysterious womanb.      They were written in Italian

Dante's Inferno

Inferno (Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Dante Alighieri's fourteenth-century epic poem Divine Comedy. It is followed by Purgatorio and Paradiso. It is an allegory telling of the journey of Dante through what is largely the medieval concept of Hell, guided by the Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine circles of suffering located within the Earth. Allegorically, the Divine Comedy represents the journey of the soul towards God, with the Inferno describing the recognition and rejection of sin.

Dante's Inferno - 21st Century Version

Other Italian Writers of the Renaissance

• Boccaccio is an Italian writer best known for the Decameron, a series of realistic and sometimes off-color stories. o Boccaccio presents the follies of his characters –

and all humans – with some sarcasm. • The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli examines the imperfect

conduct of human beingso He began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle

and corrupt.     • Women who gained fame in the Renaissance usually wrote

about personal subjects, not politics. Some of them, such as Vittoria Colonna, had a great influence.

Review Italian Renaissance:fill in pertinent information about the people, places and things below: 1. Medici Family: ______________________________2. Humanism: _______________________________3. Patrons of the Arts: _____________________________4. Baldassare Castiglione: _______________________________5. Donatello: ____________________________6. Leonardo da Vinci: _____________________________7. Raphael: _________________________________8. Dante: ________________________________9. Petrarch: ____________________________________

Review (Cont'd)1. Boccaccio: ________________________________________2. Machiavelli: _______________________________________3. vernacular:_______________4. Michelangelo: __________________________5. sonnets: ___________________________________6. Masaccio: _________________________________7. Crusades: (3 effects on the Renaissance) _________________8. Urban / Rural: ___________________________9. Secular: ______________________________

19. Renaissance:________________________20. Decameron: ___________________________

 THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

By 1450 (about 100 years after the Renaissance had begun in Italy) the population of northern Europe, which had been shattered by the bubonic plague, was beginning to recover.  In addition, the destructive Hundred Years War between France and England ended in 1453.• Cities were beginning to sprout up along the trade routes through

Europeo Ideas spread by Italian merchants who carried them to other parts

of Europe • Urban merchants were becoming wealthy enough to sponsor artists.• England and France were countries that were led by strong

monarchso Safety for merchants to travel, peace in the countries

• Rulers often sponsored the arts, and royal courts played a major role in introducing Renaissance styles to northern Europe.

Northern Renaissance

In 1494, a French king claimed the throne of Naples in southern Italy and launched an invasion throughout northern Italy to try and capture the small kingdoms in that area.• Because of this, many artists and writers fled to northern

Europe for a safer lifeo brought the arts and the ideas

            out of Italy, along the trade             routes and into Germany,             France, Belgium, Flanders &            England.

Italian Merchant around 1500 as painted by Hans                                                                      Holbein

Northern Renaissance

• The Renaissance ideal of human dignity inspired some northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based of Christian values.

As Renaissance ideas spread out of Italy, they mingled with northern traditions.  As a result, the northern Renaissance developed its own character.• One of the themes more present in other parts of Europe

was still religiouso The Renaissance ideal of human dignity inspired some

northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Christian values.

o Later these same ideas inspired religious reforms

 Humanist Writers of the Northern Renaissance

Erasmus1. His most famous work is The Praise of Folly.

1.This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests.

2.The book is strongly Christian, but he showed he believed in “Christianity of the heart”, not one of ceremony or rules.

 

Northern Renaissance Writers

Thomas More tried to show a better model for society to followIn 1516, he wrote the book Utopiaa.      About an imaginary land inhabited by peace-loving people b.      In Utopia, greed, corruption, war and crime had been weeded out.  Because the Utopians weren’t greedy, they had little use for money.c.      “Utopia” has come to mean “an ideal place” because of More’s book.

French Humanist Writer

The French humanist Francois Rabelais 1.      believed that human beings were basically good.  2.      They should live by their instincts rather than religious rule.3.      His writings were satirical and humorous, but he still made many good points about education and government• wrote the comic adventure Gargantua and Pantagruel in

vernacular French.  The satirical story of two giants (the word "gargantuan"

comes from his book)

ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare wrote in Renaissance England.  1.      Many regard him as the greatest playwright of all time2.      His works display a masterful command of the English language and a deep understanding of human beings.3.      Many of his plays frankly examine human flaws.4.      Shakespeare revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots.  (his tragedy Julius Caesar)5.      He also wrote many sonnets • The Renaissance in England was also called the Elizabethan Age

Named for Queen Elizabeth I who ruled England for nearly 50 years (1558 – 1603)

• Queen Elizabeth actively encouraged the arts as a patron and she also wrote poetry and spoke several languages

 

Erasmus as painted by Hans Holbein

William Shakespeare

Queen Elizabeth I - (1533 - 1603)

Art of the Northern Renaissance

    Albrecht Durer (German) had traveled to Italy and when he returned to Germany he brought some of the techniques that were being used in the Italian Renaissance1.      he produced woodcuts, many of which portrayed religious subjects

woodcuts are artwork carved into a piece of wood 2.      he also painted and carved a number of realistic landscapes3.      he considered himself a “Renaissance Man”

A Durer Woodcut - religious theme

Northern Renaissance

Hans Holbein the Younger - Germany1.      he painted portraits with almost “photographic detail”2.      he traveled as far as England painting portraits of many famous people of the time   

Henry VIII - King of England by Hans Holbein

Northern Renaissance - Flemish Art

As in Italy, wealthy merchants helped make Flanders the artistic center of northern Europe by becoming patrons to a large number of artists. The art of Flanders was similar to that of northern Italy because of its realism.

Other Flemish Painters:

Jan van Eyck was the first great Flemish painter1.      he developed techniques with oil based paints that are still used today2.      his paintings show realistic details and reveal the personality of his subject Pieter Bruegel the Elder    produced paintings that illustrated proverbs or taught a moral

Jan Van Eyk's painting of "Singing Angels"

Gutenberg Printing Press

The Invention of the moveable type printing press greatly helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance.1.      borrowed from Chinese technology to make the switch from “block printing”a.      carving letters into a block of wood, then inking and pressing2.      Johann Gutenberg invented the idea of “moveable type”a.      Each letter was carved separately into separate blocks of wood, then changed when neededb.      It was set into words, then pressed onto paperc.      Letters could be moved and re-used3.      the first book Gutenberg printed was The Bible about 1455

Gutenberg Printing Press

The printing press had a revolutionary effect on Europe: a.      books were more easily obtainable                                                                          i.      more people began to readb.      books were cheaperc.      more books printed in the vernacular One huge reaction came from the availability of books –More people read the Bible, and therefore more people started to interpret what its message was. This led to the Reformation

Gutenberg's Printing Press

The Reformation

"Protesting" the Catholic Church

The Reformation1. The Catholic Church was based on the teachings of Jesus Christ2. Founded during the time of the Roman Empire3. Spread throughout the Empire because of the strength and

organization of the Roman Empire1.Existed in all parts of the Empire – Europe, Asia and North Africa

4. Became the official religion of the Empire by decree of the Emperor Constantine

5. The Germanic tribes that invaded and eventually destroyed the Roman Empire were:1.Polytheistic2. Overthrew the Roman governors in the provinces3.Established several smaller kingdoms throughout the area  that

had been part of the Roman Empire

The Reformation

1. The Catholic Church:1.Had the largest number of followers in Europe when the Roman

Empire fell2.Was one of the only institutions founded during the Roman

Empire to survive during the Dark Ages (Medieval)3.The Church even got stronger during the Dark Ages because of

the people’s sole focus on religion 1.The Catholic Church was a direct link to the Roman Empire

4. In spite of all these factors the Catholic Church and its practices had become corrupted by its immense power.  Its leaders especially had become too preoccupied by the

secular world

The Reformation

• By 1500, additional forces weakened the Church: The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and individual challenged Church authority; the printing press spread these secular ideas, but also with more people reading the New Testament they saw that this is not what Christ's teachings were about.

• The Church leaders were accused of being corrupt; they patronized the arts, spent much money on personal pleasure, and fought wars.

• The lower clergy had a tough time because many priests and monks were poorly educated and could barely read, let alone teach.

Some priests even had married, or mistresses and had fathered children

The PopeThe Pope had become the single most powerful man in the entire Christian world• Because his word transcended national boundaries and

nationalist ideas   Pope: Head of the Catholic Church   Nationalism: Pride in one’s country and culture

• Had at his disposal thousands of soldiers willing to fight for their religion - The Crusades are an example

1. The Catholic Church was one of the wealthiest organizations in the world1.Wealthier than many countries and owned huge tracts of

land throughout the world in many different kingdoms

Pope Leo X - Pope at the beginning of the Reformation

Early attempts at reforming the Church

• In the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and John Huss of Bohemia had advocated church reform; they taught the Bible had more authority than Church leaders.

Encouraged people to read the Bible and act as the Bible instructed rather than listen to the Pope or other clergy

• In the 1490s, an Italian friar named Girolamo Savonarola came to Florence and preached fiery sermons calling for reform within the Roman Catholic Church. 

A year later he was executed for heresy. Heresy: teaching beliefs that were contrary to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and its leaders.

Luther Challenges the Church

Martin Luther was a monk (priest) in the German state of SaxonyHe decided to made a public statement about various church financial practices, especially the selling of indulgences by a priest named Johann TetzelLuther’s statements or 95 Theses were posted by him on the door of the church in Wittenberg. 

His theses attacked various church abuses and eventually led to him being excommunicated from the Catholic Church.

The "Re-Forming" of the Church Begins

Luther’s theses called for “reforming” the Church. And with his ideas the Reformation begins.His teachings rested on three main ideas: 1. People could gain heaven by faith and God’s forgiveness

Not by buying indulgences, or making financial contributions

2. All church teachings should be based solely on the Bible Especially the New Testament

3. All people with faith were equal and they did not need priests, or clergy to interpret the Bible for them

. The pope and church traditions were false authorities   Many people in Germany, and the small kingdoms surrounding Germany agreed with Luther and his followers. They became known as Lutherans.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther KING - Not a Lutheran

The Response to Luther

• At first, the Church officials did not take Luther seriously, but after his ideas spread rapidly, they realized he was a serious threat to the Church.

• Luther was declared an outlaw and a heretic when he refused to take back his statements about the Church.

 Many people in Germany, and the small kingdoms surrounding Germany agreed with Luther and his followers. They "protested" the wrongs of the Church and became known as ProtestantsA split between the catholic princes and those that became Lutherans developed into a civil war within the Holy Roman Empire (much of the area of northern Europe, including Germany and Poland) and ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor (who had very close ties to the Pope) I

Peace of Augsburg

This agreement signed by all of the leaders of the Holy Roman Empire (at the time 39 different small states or countries) was a famous religious settlement, signed in 1555, in which the princes agreed that the  religion in each of 39 states was to be determined by the leader of that state.

o It then became legal for the leader of a country to dictate what religion the people of that state followed This becomes very important later on in Germany

Henry VIII and the Church of England

Henry VIII was the King of England who asked the pope for an annulment of his marriage because his wife (Catherine of Aragon) could not bear him a son.• The Pope refused, because he was afraid to anger the King

of Spain who happened to be Catherine's older brother • And, her nephew was Charles V the Holy Roman Emperor

and protector of the Pope •    • Things came to a head in 1533 when Anne Boleyn, one of Henry's

several mistresses' sister, became pregnant. o Henry had to act, and his solution was to reject the power of the

Pope in England and to have Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury grant the annulment.

Catherine of Aragon: Was originally married to Henry VIII's older brother Arthur who died.

Henry VIII King of England

Anne Boleyn - the younger sister of one of Henry's mistresses. She married him and became Queen of England for three years

More on Henry VIII

Henry then had Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy a.      This act made the king the official head of the church in Englandb.     Also allowed him to take all of the Catholic Church’s property in England• Anne Boleyn gave birth to a girl and this angered Henry

He divorced her, put her in prison and eventually had her beheaded

• Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour gave him a son – Edward•   Henry married three more times after her (6 wives total)

o Fathered three children - ALL of whom ruled England at some time (the only King to make this happen) Mary - mother was Catherine ( raised as a Catholic) Elizabeth - mother was Anne Boleyn (raised a Protestant) Edward - mother was Jane Seymour (raised Protestant)

Heirs to Henry

After Henry’s death each of his three children ruled England 1.      Edward VI  became king at nine and died at age 15a.      He was Protestant so the protestants gained power2.      Mary then ruled (daughter of Catherine of Aragon)a.      Called was Bloody Maryb.      She was a Catholic, so she tried to eliminate the Protestants3.      Finally, Anne Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth I became queena.      She set up the national church of England (Anglican Church)

Formation of the Church of England

Act of Supremacy:

• This made Henry VII the head of the Catholic Church in England

• Still followed Catholic rules except:o Did not recognize the

Pope's authority over the Catholic Church in England

Act of Uniformity:

• Established the official Church of England with the monarch of England as its political head (Elizabeth I)

• Archbishop of Canterbury as the spiritual head of the Church of Englando Also called the

Anglican Church

Edward, then Mary and finally, Elizabeth I

Finally, Anne Boleyn’s daughter, Elizabeth I became queen, she ruled England for  nearly 50 yearsa.      She set up the national church of England (Anglican Church)b.      The monarch was declared head of the church of England (Act of Uniformity)c.      Did away with many of the catholic ceremonies etc.d.      Adopted some of the ideas of Luthere.      Restored religious peace in England 

Elizabeth I - The Elizabethan Age

During her reign the Renaissance ideas flourished throughout her kingdom...Shakespeare, and the English theatre

Exploration of the "New World" had begun and she commissioned sea captains to  explore this new land for England• John Cabot• Martin Frobisher• Sir Francis Drake - who also was the cause of her greatest

nightmare - war with Spain  

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada - 1588

Philip II of Spain was a Catholic and the husband of “Bloody Mary” (Henry's daughter Mary I) who was imprisoned by her half-sister Elizabeth I 2.      Philip assembled a huge fleet of ships – The Spanish Armada - and sent them to attack Englanda.      Spain at this time was the greatest naval power in the world & the wealthiest nation in the worldb.      Bad weather, then the English fleet under the command of Sir Francis Drake managed to defeat the Armada The defeat of the Spanish Armada helped bolster England as one of the most powerful nations of Europe, and also started the decline of Spain

Other Protestant Leaders

John Calvin - a native of France• Calvin published a book called Institutes of the Christian

Religion that talked about God, salvation, and human nature.

• Calvin taught that men and women are sinful by nature.• Calvin taught that God knows from the beginning who will be

saved.Your destiny and punishment or reward has been determined before your life is livedo This is called Predestination

• Calvinism is the religion based on Calvin’s teachings.• Calvin believed the ideal government was a theocracy, a

government controlled by religious leaders.• French Calvinists became to be called Huguenots

John Calvin

Originally trained as a lawyer in France, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland. He later was asked to lead a church congrgation in Geneva, Switzerland• Since Calvin's ideas advocated a theocracy, he was met

with much opposition in Geneva• He managed to overcome the opposition and established

his church there despite the opposition of several powerful families in the city who tried to curb his authority

• Calvin spent his final years promoting the Reformation both in Geneva and throughout Europe.

  

John Calvin

John Knox and the Presbyterians

• John Knox was an admiring visitor to Geneva and when he returned home, he put Calvin’s ideas to work in Scottish towns.o Scotland was receptive to Knox's ideas because they

were involved in disagreements with Englando They saw this as a "rebellious act" in defying the Church

of England• As Knox, based on the ideas of John Calvin, set it up...

o Each community and its church was governed by a small group of laymen called elders or presbyters.

o the followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians • Presbyterianism became the official religion of Scotland

Misc. Facts about Protestantism...

• Protestants taught that the Bible is the source of all truth about religion and that all people should read it to discover these truths.

• People who were baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults, according to Anabaptists. They also taught that church and state should be separate and refuse to fight in wars.o Many women played prominent roles in the Reformation:

Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs; 

o Katherina Zell scolded a minister for speaking harshly of another.

The Catholic Reaction

The Catholic ReformationWhile Protestantism had won many followers, many people in Europe still remained loyal to the Catholic Church. One reason for this loyalty was a movement from within the Church to change                   Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola

One of the greatest Catholic reformers was Ignatius of Loyola 1. he wrote a book of spiritual exercises to enable people to

pray and meditate about Jesus Christ and the Catholic religion

2. he had a group of followers which the pope called the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits1.the Jesuits concentrated on three areas

they founded schools to teach Catholic beliefs they converted non-Catholics to Catholicism stop Protestantism from spreading

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Pope Paul III took several steps to try and reform the Church. One of his most important and longest lasting step was to call together all Catholic leaders for a meeting in Italy. This meeting was called the Council of Trent. • at the council the members unified Catholic teachings• issued a list of "forbidden books"

mostly the teachings of Protestant leaders

A Thought to Ponder:

Because of the Reformation, religion no longer united Europe. As the Church’s power declined, individual monarchs and

national states gained ground.  

WHY?