The Renewable Energy Reader

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The Renewable Energy Reader

K.K. DuVivierProfessor of LawUniversity of Denver Sturm College of Law

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

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Copyright © 2011K.K. DuVivierAll Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

DuVivier, K. K.The renewable energy reader / K. K. DuVivier.

p. cm.Includes index.ISBN 978-1-59460-873-5 (alk. paper)1. Renewable energy sources--Law and legislation--United States. 2. Renewable energysources. I. Title.KF2120.D88 2011346.7304'6794--dc23 2011034879

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent StreetDurham, NC 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

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To Marjorie and Ned for making everything possible;Lance for your love and support; and

Alice and Emmett who make me proud and inspire me to work for a better tomorrow.

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Summary of Contents

Chapter 1 · Introduction 3A. Catalysts for Change 3B. The Rise of Renewables 13

Chapter 2 · Solar 17A. History & Context 21B. Solar Access under the Common Law 24C. Government Involvement 41D. Trees and Distributed Solar Power 67

Chapter 3 · Wind 73A. History & Context 75B. Property Rights & Wind Severance 83C. Wind v. Wildlife 89D. Wind v. Humans 98E. Wind v. Other Resources 105F. Local Controls 119

Chapter 4 · Hydropower 125A. How Hydropower Works 127B. Early State Control and Property Issues 130C. Federal Control of Hydropower Dams 140D. Environmental Balance 153E. Future Development of Hydropower Resources 164

Chapter 5 · Biomass 171A. Sources of Biomass Energy 173B. Efficiency and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) 200C. Environmental Issues 205

Chapter 6 · Geothermal 219A. History 219B. Legal Definitions of Geothermal Resources 228

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C. Ownership Issues 237D. Acquisition Process 257E. Environmental Concerns 260F. Additional Considerations 265

Chapter 7 · Energy Efficiency 271A. History 272B. Efficiency Overview 278C. Specific Solutions 282

Chapter 8 · Renewables on Federal Lands 325A. Terrestrial Wind and Solar 325B. Offshore Wind and Wave Power 334C. Renewable Energy Development and NEPA 354D. Environmental Concerns 370

Chapter 9 · Native Nations and Energy Justice 387A. Alternative Energy Development on Tribal Lands 387B. Tribal Input on Development Outside of Reservation Lands 397C. Energy Justice 411

viii SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

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Contents

Summary of Contents viiTable of Figures xviiAcknowledgments xix

Chapter 1 · Introduction 3A. Catalysts for Change 3

1. Higher Prices as World Competition Increases Demand for Depleting Reserves 5

2. Geopolitics and Security 93. Environmental Concerns 10

(a) Petroleum 10(b) Coal 10(c) Natural Gas 12(d) Nuclear Power 12

B. The Rise of Renewables 13

Chapter 2 · Solar 17A. History & Context 21

Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights 21Notes and Questions 23

B. Solar Access under the Common Law 241. Contract Approaches 24

Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights 24Notes and Questions 27

2. Tort Approaches 28Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights 28Notes and Questions 32

3. Prah v. Maretti 32Prah v. Maretti, 321 N.W.2d 182 (Wis. 1982) 33Notes and Questions 40

C. Government Involvement 411. Reasons for Government Involvement and at Which Level 42

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Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in a Different Light 42

Notes and Questions 432. Current Systems 44

a. Permit-Based Systems 44Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights 44Notes and Questions 46

b. Zoning 46Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights 46Notes and Questions 48

c. Legislative Solar Easements 49Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights 49Notes and Questions 50

3. Deciding What to Protect 51Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in

a Different Light 52Notes and Questions 53

4. Spectrum of Strategies 54a. Legislative Cheerleading 55

Colleen McCann Kettles, A Comprehensive Review of Solar Access Law in the United States: Suggested Standards for a Model Statute and Ordinance 55

Notes and Questions 57b. Middle-Ground Protections 57

Application for Solar Access Easement, Iowa Code § 564A.4 (2010) 58

Notes and Questions 59California Solar Shade Control Act,

Cal. Pub. Res. Code §§ 25980-82 (2011) 60Notes and Questions 61

c. Strongest Protections 61Boulder Revised Code

Section 9-9-17 Solar Access 62Notes and Questions 64Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in

a Different Light 65Notes and Questions 66

D. Trees and Distributed Solar Power 67Ordinance — Gainesville, Florida

Ch. 30 — Land Development Code 68Ordinance — Ashland, Oregon

Ch. 18 — Land Use 69Notes and Questions 71

Chapter 3 · Wind 73A. History & Context 75

K.K. DuVivier, Animal, Vegetable, Mineral — Wind? The Severed Wind Power Rights Conundrum 75

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Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices 76Ronald H. Rosenberg, Diversifying America’s Energy Future:

The Future of Renewable Wind Power 77Notes and Questions 82

B. Property Rights & Wind Severance 83K.K. DuVivier, Animal, Vegetable, Mineral — Wind? The Severed

Wind Power Rights Conundrum 83South Dakota Codified Laws § 43-13-19, Severance of Wind Energy

Rights Limited 87Notes and Questions 87

C. Wind v. Wildlife 891. Background 89

Roger L. Freemen & Ben Kass, Siting Wind Energy Facilities on Private Land in Colorado: Common Legal Issues 89

2. Animal Welfare Institute v. Beech Ridge Energy LLC 91Animal Welfare Institute v. Beech Ridge Energy LLC,

675 F. Supp. 2d 540 (D. Md. 2009) 92Notes and Questions 97

D. Wind v. Humans 981. Background 98

Bent Ole Gram Mortensen, International Experiences of Wind Energy 99Notes and Questions 100

2. Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC 100Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC, 266 S.W.3d 506 (Tex. App. 2008), pet. denied 101Notes and Questions 104

E. Wind v. Other Resources 105K.K. DuVivier and Roderick E. Wetsel, Jousting at Windmills: When

Wind Power Development Collides with Oil, Gas, and Mineral Development 105

Notes and Questions 112K.K. DuVivier and Roderick E. Wetsel, Jousting at Windmills: When

Wind Power Development Collides with Oil, Gas, and Mineral Development 113

Notes and Questions 118F. Local Controls 119

Zimmerman v. Board of County Commissioners of Wabaunsee County, 218 P.3d 400 (Kan. 2009) 119

Notes and Questions 123

Chapter 4 · Hydropower 125A. How Hydropower Works 127

U.S. Dep’t. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Reclamation: Managing Water in the West — Hydroelectric Power 127

Notes and Questions 129B. Early State Control and Property Issues 130

1. History 130Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of

Hydropower Project Relicensing 1302. Bean v. Central Maine Power Co. 132

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Bean v. Central Maine Power Co., 173 A. 498 (Me. 1934) 132Notes and Questions 139

C. Federal Control of Hydropower Dams 1401. Rise of Federal Control 141

Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower Project Relicensing 141

Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. § 797 144Colorado River Basin Project Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1501 144Notes and Questions 144

2. Remaining State and Local Influence 145Lawrence Susskind, Alejandro E. Camacho & Todd Schenk,

Collaborative Planning and Adaptive Management in Glen Canyon: A Cautionary Tale 146

Notes and Questions 152D. Environmental Balance 153

1. Relicensing Procedures 153Rick Eichstaedt, Rebecca Sherman & Adell Amos, More Dam Process:

Relicensing of Dams and the 2005 Energy Policy Act 153Notes and Questions 156

2. Dam Decommissioning 157Michael C. Blumm, Erica J. Thorson, & Joshua D. Smith, Practiced at

the Art of Deception: The Failure of Columbia Basin Salmon Recovery Under the Endangered Species Act 157

Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower Project Relicensing 160

Notes and Questions 164E. Future Development of Hydropower Resources 164

U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind and Water Program—Technologies 167

Notes and Questions 169

Chapter 5 · Biomass 171A. Sources of Biomass Energy 173

1. Feedstocks 174Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., Biofuels — Snake Oil for the Twenty-First Century 176Notes and Questions 179

2. Waste to Energy 180Steven Ferrey, Symposium, Smart Brownfield Redevelopment for the

21st Century: Converting Brownfield Environmental Negatives into Energy Positives 180

Notes and Questions 1923. History & Future Focus of Biofuels Research 193

U.S. Dep’t of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Biomass: Multi-Year Program Plan 193

Notes and Questions 200B. Efficiency and Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) 200

L. Leon Geyer, Phillip Chong, & Bill Hxue, Ethanol, Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profile and Overview 202

Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., Biofuels — Snake Oil for the Twenty-First Century 203

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Notes and Questions 204Regulation of Fuels, 42 U.S.C. § 7545 (2010) 205

C. Environmental Issues 2051. Air Emissions 206

Andrew P. Morriss, William T. Bogart, Andrew Dorchak, Roger E. Meiners, Green Jobs Myths 206

Notes and Questions 2072. Invasive Species 207

Karen Ray, Are Biofuel Crops the Next Kudzu? 208Notes and Questions 211

3. Quantifying Environmental Problems 211Jody M. Endres, Clearing the Air: The Meta-Standard Approach to

Ensuring Biofuels Environmental and Social Stability 211Notes and Questions 217S. 636 217

Chapter 6 · Geothermal 219A. History 219

1. Geology & Geothermal Systems 219Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power

from the Earth’s Heat 220Notes and Questions 224

2. The Geysers 224Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass Geothermal Energy: Clean Power

from the Earth’s Heat 226Notes and Questions 228

B. Legal Definitions of Geothermal Resources 2281. Hydrothermal & Direct-Use 228

Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity 229

Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat 232

Notes and Questions 2342. Geothermal Heat Pumps 235

Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat 235

Notes and Questions 237C. Ownership Issues 237

1. Background 238Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development 238Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power

from the Earth’s Heat 242Notes and Questions 242

2. Geothermal Ownership Cases 243United States v. Union Oil Co., 549 F.2d 1271 (9th Cir. 1977) 243Notes and Questions 251

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Geothermal Kinetics v. Union Oil Co., 75 Cal. App. 3d 56 (Cal. Ct. App. 1977) 252

Notes and Questions 256D. Acquisition Process 257

Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity 257Notes and Questions 260

E. Environmental Concerns 260Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not

Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity 261

Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development 263Notes and Questions 263Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not

Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity 264

Notes and Questions 265F. Additional Considerations 265

1. Induced Seismicity 265Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not

Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity 265

Notes and Questions 2662. Conflict with Cultural Resources or Native American Sacred Sites 267

Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development 267Notes and Questions 268

3. Competing Interests 268Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not

Just Steam: Geothermal Resources and the Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity 268

Notes and Questions 270

Chapter 7 · Energy Efficiency 271A. History 272

Sidney A. Shapiro & Joseph P. Tomain, Rethinking Reform of Electricity Markets 272

James W. Moeller, Electric Demand-Side Management Under Federal Law 276Notes and Questions 277

B. Efficiency Overview 278Edward H. Comer, Transforming the Role of Energy Efficiency 278Notes and Questions 282

C. Specific Solutions 2821. Virtual Power Plants 283

Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices 283

Notes and Questions 2842. Green Building Codes 285

a. In General — Buildings in the Energy Efficiency Equation 285

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Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity Choices 285

Notes and Questions 289b. Federalism and Other Legal Concerns 290

Shari Shapiro, Who Should Regulate? Federalism and Conflict in Regulation of Green Buildings 291

Notes and Questions 2973. Smart Grid 299

a. Smart Grid & Distributed Generation 299Carol Sue Tombari, Power of the People: America’s New Electricity

Choices 299Sidney A. Shapiro & Joseph P. Tomain, Rethinking Reform of

Electricity Markets 302The Smart Grid: An Introduction 303Notes and Questions 306

b. Smart Grid & Privacy 307Kevin L. Doran, Privacy and Smart Grid: When Progress and

Privacy Collide 307Elias L. Quinn, Smart Metering & Privacy: Existing Law and

Competing Policies 310Notes and Questions 313

4. Energy Efficient Technologies 313William A. Tanenbaum, Practical Steps to Contract for Energy-Efficient

Data Centers and IT Operations 315Notes and Questions 320

5. Behavioral Changes 320Hope M. Babcock, Responsible Environmental Behavior, Energy

Conservation, and Compact Fluorescent Bulbs: You Can Lead a Horse to Water but Can You Make it Drink? 321

Notes and Questions 322

Chapter 8 · Renewables on Federal Lands 325A. Terrestrial Wind and Solar 325

David J. Lazerwitz, Renewable Energy Development on the Federal Public Lands: Catching Up with the New Land Rush 326Notes and Questions 334

B. Offshore Wind and Wave Power 3341. Offshore Wind 335

a. The Offshore Wind Leasing Process 336Joseph J. Kalo & Lisa C. Schiavinato, Wind Over North Carolina

Waters: The State’s Preparedness to Address Offshore and Coastal Water-Based Wind Energy Projects 336

Notes and Questions 342b. Cape Wind 343

Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 398 F.3d 105 (1st Cir. 2005) 344

Notes and Questions 3472. Ocean Hydrokinetics 349

Notes and Questions 352

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C. Renewable Energy Development and NEPA 3541. Programmatic Environmental Impact Statements for Terrestrial

Wind and Solar 354David J. Lazerwitz, Renewable Energy Development on the

Federal Public Lands: Catching Up with the New Land Rush 354Notes and Questions 357

2. Leveling the Playing Field 358Irma S. Russell, Streamlining NEPA to Combat Global Climate Change:

Heresy or Necessity? 358Notes and Questions 363

3. Balancing of Equities 364Western Watersheds Project v. Bureau of Land Management,

No. 3:11–cv–00053–HDM–VPC, 2011 WL 1195803 (D. Nev. Mar. 28, 2011), aff ’d, No. 11–15799, 2011 WL 2784155 (9th Cir. July 15, 2011) 364

Notes and Questions 370D. Environmental Concerns 370

Robert Glennon & Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy’s Cloudy Future 370Notes and Questions 383

Chapter 9 · Native Nations and Energy Justice 387A. Alternative Energy Development on Tribal Lands 387

Elizabeth Ann Kronk, Alternative Energy Development in Indian Country: Lighting the Way for the Seventh Generation 387

Robert Glennon & Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy’s Cloudy Future 395Notes and Questions 396

B. Tribal Input on Development Outside of Reservation Lands 3971. Mechanisms for Protecting Native Values on Public Lands 397

Martin Nie, The Use of Co-Management and Protected Land-Use Designations to Protect Tribal Cultural Resources and Reserved Treaty Rights on Federal Lands 397

Notes and Questions 4032. Quechan Tribe v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior 404

Quechan Tribe of Fort Yuma Indian Reservation v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 755 F. Supp. 2d 1104 (S.D. Cal. 2010) 404

Notes and Questions 410C. Energy Justice 411

Randall S. Abate, Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time 412

Alice Kaswan, Greening the Grid and Climate Justice 413Lakshman Guruswamy, Energy Justice and Sustainable Development 414

Notes and Questions 417

Index 419

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Table of Figures

Figure 1.1 Energy Basics 4Figure 1.2 World primary energy consumption 5Figure 1.3 Growth in world energy demand and consumption 7Figure 1.4 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of renewable electricity by technology 8Figure 1.5 U.S. energy production and consumption 13Figure 1.6 U.S. renewable electricity capacity and generation 14Figure 1.7 Top states for renewable electricity installed nameplate capacity 15Figure 1.8 New electricity capacity added worldwide 15Figure 2.1: A fundamental look at energy reserves of the planet 17Figure 2.2: Common solar technologies 18Figure 2.3: Growth of solar PV in the U.S. 20Figure 2.4: Depiction of solar skyspace 25Figure 2.5: Impact of setbacks and rooflines on solar access 49Figure 2.6: Solar Skyspace B 51Figure 2.7: Spectrum of legal strategies for promoting solar power 54Figure 2.8: Depiction of tree heights for solar access 69Figure 3.1: U.S. total installed wind energy nameplate capacity and generation 74Figure 3.2: Wind power types 75Figure 3.3: Horns Rev 1 Windfarm 88Figure 3.4: Turbines in the San Gorgonio region of California 91Figure 3.5: U.S. wind resource potential 106Figure 3.6: Subsurface imprint of wind farms 108Figure 4.1: U.S. electricity generation by source (%) 2000–2009 125Figure 4.2: Dams by primary purpose from NID report 126Figure 4.3: Traditional dam and turbine 129Figure 4.4: History of hydropower 131Figure 4.5: Dams by completion date 141Figure 4.6: Dams by owner type 146Figure 4.7: Fish ladder at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River 162Figure 4.8: Major components of a small hydro system 165Figure 4.9: Pumped-storage hydro 167Figure 5.1: Renewable electricity as a percentage of total generation 172Figure 5.2: U.S. renewable generation by technology 172

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Figure 5.3: U.S. corn ethanol production and price trends 173Figure 5.4: Range of biofuels research 174Figure 5.5: Biofuels conversion processes 175Figure 5.6: Renewable Portfolio Standards map 187Figure 5.7: Ethanol is the most mature biofuel technology 193Figure 5.8: Conventional v. combined heat and power (CHP) generation 202Figure 5.9: Biomass One plant in Oregon 205Figure 6.1: Geothermal resource of the United States 220Figure 6.2: Map of tectonic plate boundaries 223Figure 6.3: Geothermal systems 225Figure 6.4: Three different hydrothermal systems 231Figure 6.5: Hot dry rock system 232Figure 6.6: The Springs Resort and Spa, Pagosa Springs, Colorado 234Figure 6.7: Geothermal heat pumps 236Figure 7.1: Efficiency flow charts 273Figure 7.2: Electricity demand profile for a typical U.S. service area on a

hot summer day 276Figure 7.3: Annual per capita energy use worldwide 279Figure 7.4: EnergySmart home scale 290Figure 7.5: Residential state energy codes status map 296Figure 7.6: Building Codes Assistance Project—code universe 298Figure 7.7: Smart grid 302Figure 7.8: Household electricity demand profile recorded on a one-minute

time base 311Figure 7.9: U.S. residential electricity use 314Figure 8.1: CSP solar resources on public lands 333Figure 8.2: U.S. offshore wind resources 335Figure 8.3: Proposed U.S. offshore wind projects and capacity showing

projects with significant progress 344Figure 8.4: Key statutes and agencies involved in offshore wind permitting 348Figure 8.5: Four primary types of wave energy conversion 349Figure 8.6: Marine and hydrokinetic technologies 351Figure 8.6: Marine and hydrokinetic technologies continued 352Figure 8.7: Issued hydrokinetic preliminary permits 353Figure 8.8: The four primary CSP technologies 373Figure 8.9: Concentrating solar thermal technologies 374Figure 8.10: Summary of water and land use for energy production 384

xviii TABLE OF FIGURES

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xix

Acknowledgments

This book is truly a collaborative work, and I am deeply grateful to the following peoplefor their input. This book would not be nearly as rich without their help.

Bob Noun, Carol Tombari, John Ashworth, Robin Newmark, James Bosch, MicheleKubik, Donna Heimiller, Sarah Barba, Nancy Prosser-Stovall, etc. from the NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory for all of their help with content and graphics. Also to thefollowing for their special assistance: Mark Safty and Elizabeth A. Mitchell from Holland& Hart; Connie Rogers from Davis Graham & Stubbs; Rebecca W. Watson from Welborn,Sullivan, Meck & Tooley, P.C.; Randy Stearnes from Tacoma Public Utilities; Matt Futchfrom IBM (formerly from the Colorado Governor’s Energy Office); Catherine M. H. Keskefrom Colorado State University; and Andrew B. Reid from Springer and Steinberg.

My research assistants Dustin Charapata, Chelsea Huffman, Megan Moriarty, SarahStout, and Thomas Scott for your countless hours of work.

To Nicole Lyells, Stacy Bowers, Diane Burkhardt, Joan Policastri, Caryl Shipley, for for-matting, copyright permissions, and research assistance.

An additional thank you is due to each of the following as well for their help along theway: Don C. Smith, Jacqueline Weaver, Jim and Jean Buck, Chuck and Kate DuVivier, JoeDuVivier and Ken White, Laurent Meillon, Becky English, Don Tressler, Gerry Todd,Robert Youngberg, Steve Stevens, John A. Herrick, Sarah Quinn, Alan Gilbert, Becky Bye,Susan Osborne, Alan Boles, Theresa I. Corless, Gale Norton, Jack Sinclair, Ron Binz,Suedeen Kelly, Greg Ching, Nancy Laplaca, Ron Lehr, Carol E. Lyons, Mike Zimmer, RogerFeldman, Henry A. Signore, Jerry Sherk, Luke Danielson, Matt Larson, Rod Wetsel, GordonDraper, Bruce Finley, Matt Baker, Jim Tarpey, Rich Heinemeyer, Mark T. Gran, AshlandCity planners, Tim Colton, and Linda Lacy.

The author also gratefully acknowledges the permissions granted by all of the authors,artists, and publishers of the following works reproduced in this book. Unless otherwiseindicated, all footnotes from the originals have been excluded for space reasons.

Randall S. Abate, Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thingand the Right Time, 85 Washington Law Review 197 (2010).

Hope M. Babcock, Responsible Environmental Behavior, Energy Conservation, and CompactFluorescent Bulbs: You Can Lead a Horse to Water but Can You Make it Drink?, 37 HofstraLaw Review 943 (2009).

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xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Roger Bedard, D.O.E. Hydrokinetic Workshop, slide 10, 4 Primary Types of Wave EnergyConversion (Oct. 26, 2005). © 2011 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rightsreserved. Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI, and TOGETHER. . . . SHAPING THEFUTURE OF ELECTRICITY are registered service marks of the Electric Power ResearchInstitute. (Reprinted with permission from EPRI).

Michael C. Blumm, Erica J. Thorson, & Joshua D. Smith, Practiced at the Art of Deception:The Failure of Columbia Basin Salmon Recovery under the Endangered Species Act, 36 Envtl.L. 709 (2006).

Sara C. Bronin, Solar Rights, 89 Boston University Law Review 1217 (2009).

N. Carlisle, J. Elling, and T. Penney, Proposed U.S. offshore wind projects and capacityshowing projects with significant progress. Image provided courtesy of The Alliance for Sus-tainable Energy, LLC. Table 3-5 of NREL TP-500-40475, Walter Musial & Bonnie Ram,Large Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States: Assessment of Opportunities andBarriers 29 (2010), available at http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/40745.pdf.

Edward H. Comer, Transforming the Role of Energy Efficiency, 23 Natural Resources & En-vironment 34 (2008-2009).

Kevin L. Doran, Privacy and Smart Grid: When Progress and Privacy Collide, 41 Universityof Toledo Law Review 909 (2010).

Wendell A. Duffield & John H. Sass, Geothermal Energy: Clean Power from the Earth’s Heat,excerpts reformatted from public domain U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 1249.

Rick Eichstaedt, Rebecca Sherman & Adell Amos, More Dam Process: Relicensing of Damsand the 2005 Energy Policy Act, 50 Advocate (Idaho) 33 (June/July 2007).

Jody M. Endres, Clearing the Air: The Meta-Standard Approach to Ensuring Biofuels Envi-ronmental and Social Stability, 28 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 73 (2010).

Steven Ferrey, Symposium, Smart Brownfield Redevelopment for the 21st Century: ConvertingBrownfield Environmental Negatives into Energy Positives, 34 Boston College EnvironmentalAffairs Law Review 417 (2007).

Roger L. Freemen & Ben Kass, Siting Wind Energy Facilities on Private Land in Colorado:Common Legal Issues, 39 Colorado Lawyer 43 (May 2010).

Brian Andrew Fuentes, Impact of setbacks and rooflines on solar access. Image providedcourtesy of Fuentesdesign.com.

L. Leon Geyer, Phillip Chong, & Bill Hxue, Ethanol, Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profileand Overview, 12 Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 61 (2007).

Robert Glennon & Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy’s Cloudy Future, 1 Arizona Journal ofEnvironmental Law and Policy 92 (2010).

Lakshman Guruswamy, Energy Justice and Sustainable Development, 21 Colorado Journalof International Environmental Law and Policy 231 (2010).

Joseph J. Kalo & Lisa C. Schiavinato, Wind Over North Carolina Waters: The State’sPreparedness to Address Offshore and Coastal Water-Based Wind Energy Projects, 87 NorthCarolina Law Review 1819 (2009).

Alice Kaswan, Greening the Grid and Climate Justice, 39 Environmental Law 1143 (2009).

Elizabeth Ann Kronk, Alternative Energy Development in Indian Country: Lighting the Wayfor the Seventh Generation, 49 Idaho Law Review 449 (2010).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi

Colleen McCann Kettles, A Comprehensive Review of Solar Access Law in the United States:Suggested Standards for a Model Statute Ordinance, Report for Solar American Board ForCodes and Standards (Oct. 2008).

Donald J. Kochan & Tiffany Grant, In the Heat of the Law, It’s Not Just Steam: GeothermalResources and The Impacts on Thermophile Biodiversity, 13 Hastings West-NorthwestJournal of Environmental Law and Policy 35 (Winter 2007).

David J. Lazerwitz, Renewable Energy Development on the Federal Public Lands: CatchingUp with the New Land Rush, 55 Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute 13-1 (2009).

James W. Moeller, Electric Demand-Side Management Under Federal Law, 13 Virginia En-vironmental Law Journal 57 (Fall 1993).

Andrew P. Morriss, William T. Bogart, Andrew Dorchak, Roger E. Meiners, Green JobsMyths, 16 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 326 (2009).

Bent Ole Gram Mortensen, International Experiences of Wind Energy, 2 Environmentaland Energy Law and Policy Journal 179 (2008).

Mike New, Major Components of a Hydro System. Image provided courtesy of CanyonHydro.

Martin Nie, The Use of Co-Management and Protected Land-Use Designations to ProtectTribal Cultural Resources and Reserved Treaty Rights on Federal Lands, 48 Natural ResourcesJournal 585 (2008). Reprinted with permission of the Natural Resources Journal, Universityof New Mexico School of Law. Copyright © 2008. (Issue: Volume 48, No. 3, Summer.)

Richard Perez, A fundamental look at the energy reserves of the planet. SHC Solar UpdateVolume 50, pp. 2-3. Image provided courtesy of International Energy Agency.

Eric Plunkett, Residential State Energy Code Status; The Future of Energy Codes. Imagesprovided courtesy of the Building Codes Assistance Project.

Elias L. Quinn, Smart Metering and Privacy: Existing Law and Competing Policies, FramingDocument for Colo. PUC High Profile Dkt. No. 091-593EG (Order C09-0878). Mr. Quinnis currently a Trial Attorney for the United States Department of Justice, EnvironmentalEnforcement Division. The views expressed in the excerpt here are the personal views ofMr. Quinn and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice.

Karen Ray, Are Biofuel Crops the Next Kudzu?, 17 San Joaquin Agricultural Law Review247 (2007/2008).

Arnold W. Reitze, Jr., Biofuels— Snake Oil for the Twenty-First Century, 87 Oregon LawReview 1183 (2008).

Sarah C. Richardson, Note, The Changing Political Landscape of Hydropower ProjectRelicensing, 25 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 499 (2000).

Ronald H. Rosenberg, Diversifying America’s Energy Future: The Future of Renewable WindPower, 26 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 505 (2008).

Troy A. Rule, Shadows on the Cathedral: Solar Access Laws in a Different Light, 2010 Universityof Illinois Law Review 851 (2010).

Irma S. Russell, Streamlining NEPA to Combat Global Climate Change: Heresay or Necessity?,39 Environmental Law 1049 (2009).

Kurt E. Seel, Legal Barriers to Geothermal Development, 2008 American Bar AssociationSection of Environment, Energy and Resources 16 (2008).

Shari Shapiro, Who Should Regulate? Federalism and Conflict in Regulation of Green Buildings,34 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 257 (2009).

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xxii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Sidney A. Shapiro & Joseph P. Tomain, Rethinking Reform of Electricity Markets, 40 WakeForest Law Review 499 (2005).

Christian Steiness, Horns Rev 1 Wind Farm. Image provided courtesy of Vattenfall.

Lawrence Susskind, Alejandro E. Camacho & Todd Schenk, Collaborative Planning andAdaptive Management in Glen Canyon: A Cautionary Tale, 35 Columbia Journal of Envi-ronmental Law 1 (2010).

William A. Tanenbaum, Practical Steps to Contract for Energy-Efficient Data Centers andIT Operations, 981 PLI/Pat 247 (PLI Order No. 19120) (2009).

Carol Sue Tombari, POWER OF THE PEOPLE: AMERICA’S NEW ELECTRICITYCHOICES, (Fulcrum Group 2008).

Chris Van Essen, Subsurface imprint of windfarms.

Rod Wetsel, Wetsel & Carmichael, LLP Attorneys at Law, (coauthor with K.K. DuVivier)of Jousting at Windmills: When Wind Power Development Collides with Oil, Gas, and MineralDevelopment, 55 Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Institute Chapter 9 (2009).

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