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THE REPUBLICAN VISION
Jeffersonian Ascendancy
Essential QuestionsWhat are the key issues of
Jefferson’s administration? Why the exceptions to “limited and
negative” government? What’s the significance of Marbury
v Madison? What are the factors that led to the
War of 1812? What is the significance of the war? What are examples of states rights?
Characteristics of the Period
Social leveling – egalitarian ideas Economics
Carrying trade & early textiles –NE Agriculture – S and W
Expansion west – opportunity Indians – more clashes; choices – move,
assimilate, fight for land
Increased regionalism
Jefferson’s Goals – “negative and limited government”
Limited government – cut size of bureaucracy
Frugal government – cut spending & deficits; decrease size of army & navy
Strict construction
Jefferson
President and party leader – co-opts the Federalist and increases DR
Development of one party – National Republicans – problems with factions
Accomplished most goals Problem = neutral rights
Election of 1808
Exceptions to “negative and Limited” government –WHY?
BUS – Gallatin Federally funded internal improvements
(FFII) – National Road Barbary Pirates – undeclared war; goes
around Congress (argh!)Louisiana Purchase 1803 Trade Embargo
National Road
Barbary Pirates
Decatur & the Barbary Pirates
Louisiana Purchase 1803 Mississippi River & New Orleans
critical to western expansion French threat - US options purchase
NO or treaty w/BR Napoleon offers for $15 million –
purchase – but issue = constitutionality
Federalist concerns TJ justification Lewis and Clark – scientific, cultural
and CIA mission
Louisiana Purchase 1803
War on the Judiciary
Judiciary Act of 1801 Expands # of judges – appoints Federalists “midnight judges” – keep control of J Marshall = chief
Impeachment – Chase & Pickering Failure sg for independent judiciary
John Marshall 1801-1835
Marshall’s goals
Increase the power of the judiciary – check and balance
Increase/maintain the power of the federal government
Create climate for economic stability and growth (market economy; Hamiltonian ideas)
Marbury v Madison 1803
Issue – commissions not given Writ of Mandamus Marshall court rules this part of
Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional Established the principle of judicial
review of Supreme Court over acts of Congress
Protects the power of the court
Internal Divisions
Tertium Quids – faction with in National Republican – old values Yazoo Land Claims Fletcher v Peck
Slave trade issues Who gets confiscated slaves Outlawed 1808 ----but
States Rights and Separation - Burr
Essex Junto 1804Northern
Confederacy –NE/NY
Hamilton foilsThe Duel
Western Conspiracy Empire in west,
take out of union and conquer Mexico
Treason trial –overt actions
The Duel
Foreign Policy: Western Expansion Goal
Increased pressure on Ohio – white and Indian –competition Harrison –Jeffersonian policies Tecumseh, The Prophet (Tenskwatawa) --
choicesEnvironmental/ecological impactBr roleFrontier culture – Second Great
Awakening
Second Great Awakening
Tecumseh & the Prophet
Foreign Policy Goal: National Security and Neutral Rights
Issue – BOP Europe -Napoleonic WarsBR -------USA--------FR US caught between conflicting policies
–no respect of neutral rights - impressment
Orders in Council v Continental System Essex decision-----Milan/Berlin
Decrees
Napoleonic Wars and Neutral Rights
Q1806 1806 Berlin Decrees-“Continental Berlin Decrees-“Continental System”System”
Q1806 1806 Britain issued the “Order in Britain issued the “Order in Council.”Council.”
Q1807 1807 Milan Decrees Milan Decrees
Q1808-1811 1808-1811 Britain impressed over Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors. 6,000 American sailors.
Chesapeake and Leopard
June 21, 1807.June 21, 1807. Br. Captain fired on the USS Br. Captain fired on the USS
Chesapeake.Chesapeake. 3 dead, 18 wounded.3 dead, 18 wounded. Br. Foreign Office said it was a Br. Foreign Office said it was a
mistake.mistake. Jefferson’s Response:Jefferson’s Response:
Forbade Br. ships to dock in American Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.ports.
Ordered state governors to call up as Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.much as 100,000 militiamen.
Chesapeake and Leopard
Jefferson’s Response: Exception to limited government--WHY
Embargo Act 1807 –”peaceful coercion” ALL TRADE prevented Impact –huge economic losses
Non-Intercourse Act 1809 – lasts to 1812 all but BR and FR NE pushed toward manufacturing and self
sufficiencyMacon’s Bill #2 1810
Open ---but plays off rivals War declaration – June 1812 ---why
Political Cartoon
War of 1812: Causes
Neutral Rights – free trade/free seasIndians – Tecumseh and the Prophet Pan
Indian Confederacy War hawks –
Canada – lust for land/opportunity
Brock & Tecumseh
War HawksClay Calhoun
James & Dolly Madison
Two Wars: Indians ---BritishIndians – western
expansion – OPP.Tippecanoe 1809 Thames 1813 Horseshoe Bend
1814Harrison &
Jackson
British – neutral rights and respect
1812-13 – Offense Lake Erie Can’t take Canada
1814 – Defense Washington/
McHenry
Key Battles
War 1813
Battle of the Thames
Washington 1814
Dolly Madison and the Burning
Fort McHenry
Patriot’s View
Jackson’s Campaigns
Jackson at Horseshoe Bend
Battle of New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans
Opposition: New England
Most hurt by embargo – didn’t obey Mr. Madison’s War – trade w/ enemyHartford Convention – Dec 1814
(states rights) Demands One term pres –not from same state 2/3 vote for embargo, war, new states End 3/5 rule No naturalized citizen in high office
Treaty of Ghent: Dec 1814
“status quo ante bellum” Napoleon loose –changes concernsEnds demands of Hartford
ConventionJanuary 1815 – Battle of New Orleans
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent
Anglo-American Relations
Significance of the War of 1812
Maintains independence Creates war heroes –
Harrison/Jackson Stimulates patriotism and
nationalism Stimulates domestic manufacturing Indian confederacy is shattered –
western expansion Leads to American System – support
for more active national government - increased role
Anglo- American Relations stable
New Nationalism: Era of Good Feelings 1812-1820
High period of prosperity and nationalism - unity
American System – Clay Protective tariff Second BUS FFII
Internal Expansion – economically & west Land and cotton trade = major expansion
force
Economic Nationalism
Transportation infrastructureDevelopment in commercial
agriculture, business/manufacturing & trade
Creativity and innovation Unity Jeffersonian and Hamiltonian goals
and methods
Role ofGovt.
Role ofGovt.
Foreign Policy
BullyAdams-Onis Treaty
(Transcontinental) Florida –US $5 million – SP Boundary clarified US – gives up TX
claims; SP - Oregon
SG – Pacific/Asia
CompromiseRush Bagot Treaty
Demilitarized Great Lakes
Commission of 1818 49th parallel 30 yrs joint
occupation OregonTreaty w/ Russia
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Issue – re-colonizing by Europe/BrPrinciples
Non-colonization Non-interference
SG American unilateralism – autonomy in
foreign policy Eventual sphere of influence in LAmerica
Missouri Compromise 1820
Issue – extension of slaveryTallmadge Amendment – post natal
emancipationSectional tensions – issues are
highlightedCompromise – Clay ---”sacred”
Maine free/Missouri slave (pattern balances Senate)
No slavery north of 36 30 in Louisiana Purchase territory --
Missouri Compromise
End of the Era of Good Feelings 1820
Panic of 1819 – first major depressionDefeat of the Bonus Bill Missouri CompromiseSectionalism increasing