the respiratory the respiratory systemsystem

Humans breathe air into paired lungs through the nose and mouth during inspiration.

Whilst air is in the lungs gaseous exchange takes place; in this process oxygen enters the blood in exchange for carbon dioxide.

During expiration, air containing less oxygen and more carbon dioxide leaves the body.

The oxygen obtained through gaseous exchange is required by body cells for cellular respiration, a process that releases energy from food.

-ptysis to spit

-ectasis expansion

-plasty Reconstruction

Dyspnea Difficult/painful

Apnea Cessation of breathing

Pradypnea Decrease breathing rate

Tachypnea Increase breathing rate Dysphonia Difficulty in speaking Rhinoplasty surgical reconstruction of

nose

Find the meaning of: rhino/scopy ……………… rhino/pathy ……………… rhin/algia ……………….. rhin/itis ………………. rhino/rrhoea ……………… rhino/plasty …………….

Find the meaning of: naso/gastr/ic tube ……………….. naso-oesophag/eal tube ……………..

Write the meaning of: pharyng/algia ………………. pharyngo/rrhoea ……………..

Build words that mean: surgical repair of the pharynx

……………… inflammation of the nose and pharynx

(use rhin/o) ……………………

Build words that mean: Discharge/excessive flow of mucus from bronchi

……………… An X-ray of the bronchus ……………… Technique of making an X-ray of the bronchi

………………………… An instrument for the visual examination of the

bronchi ……………………………..

Find the meaning of: bronch/us ………… broncho/plegia ………………. broncho/rrhaphy ………………… bronchi/ectasis ……………………. broncho/myc/osis ………………. broncho/spasm ……………………. tracheo/bronchi/al ……………………..

Clinical Aspects of Respiration

Pneumonia is caused by several different microorganisms, most commonly bacteria and viruses.

Pneumonia is also applied to inflammation of the lungs caused by noninfectious causes, such as asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants.

Tuberculosis Infection disease caused by bacili causing small lesions in the lungs or other ogans

Attacks of asthma result from narrowing of the bronchial tubes. This constriction, along with edema (swelling) of the bronchial linings and accumulation of mucus, results in wheezing, extreme dyspnea (difficulty in breathing), and cyanosis.

Chronic irritation and inflammation caused by inhalation of dust particles

This is an occupational hazard seen mainly in people involved in the mining and stoneworking industries.

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, also called hyaline membrane disease, occurs in premature infants and is the most common cause of death in this group. It results from a lack of surfactant in the lungs, which reduces compliance.

Pleurisy, also called pleuritisIs an inflammation of the pleura, usually associated with

infection. Pain is the common symptom of pleurisy. Because this pain is intensified by breathing or coughing, as the inflamed membranes move, breathing becomes rapid and shallow

Pneumothorax As a result of injury, infection, or weakness in the pleural

membrane, substances may accumulate between the layers of the pleura. When air or gas collects in this space, the condition is termed Pneumothorax

Hemothorax Presence of blood in the pleural space

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal hereditary disease among white children.

The defective gene that causes CF affects glandular secretions by altering chloride transport across cell membranes.

Thickening of bronchial secretions leads to infection and other respiratory disorders.

Other mucus-secreting glands, sweat glands, and glands of the pancreas are also involved, causing electrolyte imbalance and digestive disturbances.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating

respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis.

AtelectasisIncomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung

collapse. May be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/omeans “imperfect”)

EmphysemaA chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and

destruction of the alveoli

Acidosis Abnormal acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is caused

by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body.

AlkalosisAbnormal alkalinity of body fluids. Respiratory alkalosis is

caused by abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body.

Mr C is 56 years of age and has a long history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

He began smoking at the age of 14 and until 6 years ago smoked approximately 25-30 cigarettes per day but now only smokes 2 or 3 per week.

Five years ago he developed a squamous cell carcinoma and had a right upper lobectomy.

Mr C has had two acute exacerbations of bronchitis in the past year.

His wife says that over the last few days he has become increasingly out of breath and has difficulty in walking, speaking and eating.

He was seen in casualty with increasing dyspnoea , cyanosis and a productive purulent sputum.

• On examination he had a degree of bronchospasm and was showing signs of hypoxia and hypercapnia.

• His serious condition required his immediate transfer to the intensive therapy unit (ITU) for mechanical ventilatory support.

• An arterial catheter for blood gas sampling was inserted via the left radial artery, and he was asleep.

• He was given a muscle relaxant intravenously to enable tracheal intubation and commencement of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV).

• acute symptoms/signs of short duration• carcinoma malignant growth from epidermal cells/a cancer• catheter a tube inserted into the body• chronic lasting/lingering for a long time• exacerbations acute increased severity of symptoms• intravenous pertaining to within a vein• intubation insertion of a tube into a hollow organ in this case

the trachea• productive producing e.g. producing mucus/sputum• purulent resembling pus/infected• sedated state of reduced activity usually as a result of

medication• sputum material expelled from the respiratory passages by

coughing or clearing the throat• squamous pertaining to scale-like/from squamous epithelium