THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMTHE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

The exchange of gases between The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood, the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissuesand tissues

RespirationRespiration Pulmonary ventilation: Pulmonary ventilation: “breathing”“breathing”

External respiration: External respiration: occurs within the occurs within the lungslungs

Transport of respiratory gases: Transport of respiratory gases: via the via the bloodblood

Internal respiration: Internal respiration: occurs within the occurs within the tissuestissues

REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

Gas exchange surfaces must be thin.Gas exchange surfaces must be thin.

Gas exchange surfaces must remain Gas exchange surfaces must remain moist.moist.

Gas exchange surfaces must be large Gas exchange surfaces must be large in relation to the size of the organism.in relation to the size of the organism.

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMYFUNCTIONAL ANATOMY- Upper respiratory- Upper respiratory NoseNose PharynxPharynx

- Lower respiratory- Lower respiratory LarynxLarynx TracheaTrachea Bronchial treeBronchial tree LungsLungs DiaphragmDiaphragm

NoseNose

Features of the NoseFeatures of the Nose

External Nares:External Nares: The nostrils where air enters the nasal The nostrils where air enters the nasal

cavitycavity Nasal Septum:Nasal Septum:

Divides the nasal cavity into two Divides the nasal cavity into two symmetrical halvessymmetrical halves

Olfactory/Respiratory Mucosa:Olfactory/Respiratory Mucosa: Contain smell receptors and goblet cells Contain smell receptors and goblet cells

for mucus secretionfor mucus secretion

NoseNose

Features of the PharynxFeatures of the Pharynx

Nasopharynx:Nasopharynx: Acts only as an air passageway; when Acts only as an air passageway; when

swallowing, uvula and soft palate close it offswallowing, uvula and soft palate close it off Location of pharyngeal tonsilLocation of pharyngeal tonsil Eustachian tubesEustachian tubes

Oropharynx: (fauces)Oropharynx: (fauces) Common passageway for food and airCommon passageway for food and air Location of palatine and lingual tonsilsLocation of palatine and lingual tonsils

Laryngopharynx: (hypopharynx)Laryngopharynx: (hypopharynx) Common passageway for food and airCommon passageway for food and air Intersects with trachea; location of epiglottisIntersects with trachea; location of epiglottis

PharynxPharynx

Features of the LarynxFeatures of the Larynx Three functionsThree functions

Provides an open airwayProvides an open airway Routes food and air into proper tubes (epiglottis)Routes food and air into proper tubes (epiglottis) Voice production (vocal folds)Voice production (vocal folds)

Several cartilages located here (thyroid, cricoid, and Several cartilages located here (thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid)arytenoid)

Epiglottis:Epiglottis: Flap of elastic cartilage that shuts off larynx and Flap of elastic cartilage that shuts off larynx and

trachea from incoming food (only works in conscious trachea from incoming food (only works in conscious people)people)

Vocal FoldsVocal Folds:: True vocal cords that vibrate with air coming up True vocal cords that vibrate with air coming up

from the lungs. Space between is called the rima from the lungs. Space between is called the rima glottidisglottidis

Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

LarynxLarynx

LarynxLarynx

Vocal Folds and LigamentsVocal Folds and Ligaments

Features of the TracheaFeatures of the Trachea

Contains mucosaContains mucosa Goblet cells produce mucusGoblet cells produce mucus Cilia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium Cilia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

propel debris-laden mucus to pharynxpropel debris-laden mucus to pharynx Contains C-shaped cartilageContains C-shaped cartilage

Helps the trachea to expand and recoilHelps the trachea to expand and recoil Prevents trachea from collapsing despite Prevents trachea from collapsing despite

pressure changes that occur during pressure changes that occur during breathingbreathing

TracheaTrachea

Tracheal AnatomyTracheal Anatomy

Features of the Bronchial Features of the Bronchial TreeTree

Primary Bronchi:Primary Bronchi: Runs obliquely into mediastinum and enters lung at Runs obliquely into mediastinum and enters lung at

lung hilus; two primary bronchi emerge from trachea. lung hilus; two primary bronchi emerge from trachea. Right bronchi is larger, shorter and oblique. Right bronchi is larger, shorter and oblique. Aspiration. Bifurcation is called the carina.Aspiration. Bifurcation is called the carina.

Secondary Bronchi:Secondary Bronchi: Each primary divides into secondary (3 on right and 2 Each primary divides into secondary (3 on right and 2

on left) bronchi that service each lungon left) bronchi that service each lung Tertiary Bronchi:Tertiary Bronchi:

Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary which branch Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary which branch into smaller and smaller tubesinto smaller and smaller tubes

Bronchioles:Bronchioles: Tiniest of tertiary bronchi, less than 0.5 mm in Tiniest of tertiary bronchi, less than 0.5 mm in

diameter; smallest are terminal bronchidiameter; smallest are terminal bronchi

Bronchial TreeBronchial Tree

Bronchoscope: illuminated, tubular Bronchoscope: illuminated, tubular instrument to view bronchi and trachea.instrument to view bronchi and trachea.

Bronchography: technique used to Bronchography: technique used to examine the bronchial tree. A catheter examine the bronchial tree. A catheter (intratracheal) is passed through the (intratracheal) is passed through the nose or mouth and through the rima nose or mouth and through the rima glottidis into the trachea. A contrast, glottidis into the trachea. A contrast, usually containing iodine, is inhaled and usually containing iodine, is inhaled and an x-ray is taken called a bronchogram.an x-ray is taken called a bronchogram.

Features of the Lower Features of the Lower Bronchial TreeBronchial Tree

Terminal Bronchioles:Terminal Bronchioles: The smallest bronchioles that feed directly into:The smallest bronchioles that feed directly into:

Respiratory Bronchioles:Respiratory Bronchioles: Feed into each lung which lead into:Feed into each lung which lead into:

Alveolar ducts:Alveolar ducts: Contain rings of smooth muscle and alveoli Contain rings of smooth muscle and alveoli

which is the structure gases are exchanged in.which is the structure gases are exchanged in. Contain a chemical called surfactant which Contain a chemical called surfactant which

reduces surface tensionreduces surface tension

Lower Bronchial TreeLower Bronchial Tree

Alveoli and Respiratory Alveoli and Respiratory MembraneMembrane

The Lungs and Pleural The Lungs and Pleural CoveringsCoverings

The Lungs and Pleural The Lungs and Pleural CoveringsCoverings

LungsLungs- right and left- right and left- Lungs have lobes and fissures- Lungs have lobes and fissures

- 3 lobes in the rt. lung- 3 lobes in the rt. lung- superior- superior- middle- middle- inferior- inferior

- 2 fissures: horizontal and oblique- 2 fissures: horizontal and oblique- 2 in the left lung- 2 in the left lung

- superior- superior- inferior- inferior- cardiac notch for heart to rest - cardiac notch for heart to rest

in.in.- 1 fissure: oblique- 1 fissure: oblique

- Lung has broad inferior surface called - Lung has broad inferior surface called thethe

base.base.

- Lung has a pointed superior surface - Lung has a pointed superior surface called the apex or the cupolacalled the apex or the cupola