THE RETURN OF H2 –CHALLENGES OF MODELLING H2

IN TIMESETSAP WORKSHOP, Zurich, 13.12.2017

Sofia Simoes, Juliana Barbosa, Luís Fazendeiro

CO2ENERGY &

CLIMATE

New

Technologies

& Low

Carbon

Practices

Climate

Mitigation/

Adaptation

Consumers

Profiles &

Energy

Efficiency

Policy

Support

Energy

Transitions

Integrative

Energy City

Planning

ASSESSING THE H2 POTENTIAL IN THE PT ENERGY SYSTEM

[2]

(a) Analysis of current and emerging H2 chains (focus on mobility and storage of variable intermittent

RES power)

(b) Review and update H2 tehnologies in TIMES

(c) Simulation, using the TIMES_PT model on the cost-effectiveness of H2 deployment in Portugal in

several scenarios, including very high share and variable CO2 mitigation targets

(d) Develop a Road map for the development of H2 technologies in the Portuguese energy system till

2050

18 months - first results April 2018

H2 HOLISTIC ANALYSIS

[3]

ERP (2016) | http://erpuk.org/wp-

content/uploads/2016/10/ERP-

Hydrogen-report-Oct-2016.pdf

“Hydrogen has often been criticised for being an inefficient way of using

energy, but a system approach should be taken, when comparing it with

other options, that takes into account the flexibility of hydrogen and how it

can supply multiple markets. Hydrogen should therefore be evaluated on

the cost effectiveness of the overall system and its potential

environmental impacts, primarily carbon reduction“

H2 IN TIMES_PT

Older version of TIMES_PT includes approx. 90 H2 technologies (last update 2010)

› 15 options for H2 production (gaseification, electrolysis, partial oxidation, thermochemical cycles);› 15 options for H2 conversion and distribution;› 60 options for end-use consumption of H2 for power generation and heat production in buildings,

industry and for transport (bus, cars and heavy duty trucks)

• Cascade-Mints D1.1 Fuel cell technologies and Hydrogen production/Distribution options, DLR, September 2005; E3 Spain

Electrolysis

Large

Electricity SmallGaseificationwith CCS

Coal

w/o CCSSteam

Steam reforming

Solar

Biomass

Gaseification

Natural GasPyrolisis

Large

Small

with CCS

Process Kvaerner

Partial oxidationHeavy fuel oil

SMR CH4

Thermochemical cycles

H2 END-USES IN TIMES_PT

Residential

Space Heating

Space cooling

Water heating

Lighting

Cooking

Refrigeration

Dishwashers

Washing machines

Clothes dryers

Other electric uses

Other energy uses

Rural houses

Urban houses

Appartments

Services

Space Heating

Space cooling

Water heating

Cooking

Other electric uses

Other energy uses

Lighting

Refrigeration

Public lighting

Large services buildings

Small services buildings

Agriculture

Generic use

Blending with natural gas

H2 END-USES IN TIMES_PT (II)

TransportIron & Steel

Outros metais não ferrosos

Ammonia

Chlorine

Other chemical

Cement

Lime

Glass

Other non-metallic minerals

Pulp and paper

Nitric Acid

Other industry

Graphic

Packaging

Hollow

Flat

Industry

Passengers

Freight

BUS urban

BUS interurban

Cars

Motos

Road

Rail

Metro

Trains

Passenger

Freight

Heavy duty

Light duty

Generic Aviation

Generic navigation

Aluminium

Copper

Other non-ferrous metals

Blending with natural gas

UPDATE H2 IN TIMES_PT

Older version of TIMES_PT included approx. 90 H2 technologies

› 15 options for H2 production (gaseification, electrolysis, parcial oxidation, thermochemical cycles);› 15 options for H2 conversion and distribution;› 60 options for end-use consumption of H2 for power generation and heat production in buildings,

industry and for transport (bus, cars and heavy duty trucks)

• Cascade-Mints D1.1 Fuel cell technologies and Hydrogen production/Distribution options, DLR, September 2005• E3 Spain

2016 paper using JRC-EU-TIMES model which includes:

› 23 options for generation of H2 (…+PEM);› 24 options for conversion and distribution of H2 / 3 storage and 21 distribution (3 liquid H2);› ?? options for end-use consumption for electricity generation, heat production in buildings, for

industry and transport (freight heavy and light duty, buses) + blending with natural gas

• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 1: Developing pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8881-8897. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914008684

• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 2: Techno-economic inputs for hydrogen production pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8898-8925.

• Gaseification• Steam reforming• Electrolysis

GENERATION

• Centralized -underground

• Centralized - tank• Decentralized

STORAGE • Road: short/long distance; liquified or compressed; refueling stations: LL, LG, GG

• Ships (liquified)• Final delivery: road, pipelines or

blended with natural gas (6-15%)

DISTRIBUTION

• Transport: road for cars and passengers and freight (light/heavy) and rail (?)

• Industry: 1st gen biofuels • Buildings (services and residential)• Electricity generation• Agriculture (in gas)

END-USE

H2 IN TIMES_PT: 1ST APPROACH

Slide [8]

Main area to improve

Main area to improve

Ga

seifi

caçã

od

e b

iom

ass

aP

roce

sso

Kva

ener

Stea

m r

efor

min

gEl

etró

lise

Ga

seifi

caçã

od

o ca

rvã

o

SCOAH2G101

G

A

S

BF

G

C

O

A

LI

G

G

A

S

CO

G

C

O

A

HA

R

C

O

A

CO

K

C

O

A

BR

O

SUP

COA

00

S

U

P

CO

A SCOAH2G110

BBLQH2G110

BWOOH2G101

BWOOH2G130

SELCH2G

120

SELCH2G

L201

SELCH2G

S101

I

N

D

BL

Q

IPPPUPC

HE00IPPPUPC

HE01IPPPUPC

HE05IPPPUPC

HE99

I

N

D

EL

C

I

P

P

HT

H

I

P

P

PR

C

S

Y

N

H2

G

S

U

P

HT

H

SELCH2G

TRA01

T

R

A

GH

2

TCARG

H2FCEL

C110TCARG

H2IC110TFHGH2

FC110

TFLGH2

FC110TFLGH2

FCELC1

10TFLGH2

IC110

TBISGH

2FC110TBUSG

H2FC11

0TCARG

H2FC11

0

T

B

IT

B

U

T

C

LT

C

S

T

F

H

T

F

L

RSDHH2R0

1

RSDHH2U0

1

SH2GH2L10

1

SH2GH2L13

0

SH2GH2L20

1

TRAGH230

1

COMHH201

ELCHH20

1

INDHH20

1

TRAGH240

1

SYNH2L

TRAGH2101

TRAGH2201

TRALH2101

TRALH2201

SGASCH2

CCS110

SGASH2G

101

SGASH2G

2101

Óle

oC

omb

ust

íve

l

SGASH2G

301

SHFOH2G

101

SSOLH2G

130

SSOLH2G

20120

Ener

gia

sola

r

S

U

P

GA

S

S

U

P

EL

C

S

U

P

HF

O

R

E

N

SO

L

T

R

A

LH

2

TCARLH

2IC110

TFLLH2I

C110

COMHH

2

CHLEFCHH2610

CHLEFCHH2510

CHLEFCHH2310

CHLEFCHH2410

CSLEFCHH2510

CSLEFCHH2410

CHPCOMFCHH2

110

CHSEFCHH2310

CSLEFCHH2610

C

O

M

HL

E

CHLEFC

110

C

H

L

E

C

O

M

LT

H

CHSELT

H100

CHLELT

H199

CHLELT

H100

CHLELT

H101

CWLELT

H199

CWLELT

H100

CHSELT

H101CHSELT

H199

CWSEL

TH100CWSEL

TH199

DUMAF

SCOM

C

W

L

E

C

H

S

E

C

W

S

E

ELCHH2

EUFCHH201

PUFCHH210

H

E

T

HT

H

INDHH2

CHPICHFCHH21

10

CHPIGHFCHH21

10

CHPIISFCHH211

0

CHPILMFCHH21

10

CHPINDFCHH21

10

CHPINMFCHH21

10

CHPIOIFCHH211

0

CHPIPPFCHH21

10

CHPREFFCHH21

10

I

A

L

HT

H

I

A

M

HT

H

I

C

U

HT

H

I

C

H

HT

H

I

C

L

HT

HI

G

F

HT

H

I

G

H

HT

H

I

I

S

HT

H

I

N

F

HT

H

I

L

M

HT

H

I

C

M

HT

H

I

N

M

HT

HI

O

I

HT

H

I

P

P

HT

H

I

N

D

HT

H

IALFINP

R00

I

A

L

il

m

IALFINP

R01ICHSTM

HTH00

ICHSTM

HTH01

ICHSTM

HTH99ICHOTH

TH01

I

C

H

ST

M

ICHDEM

AND00 I

C

HI

C

H

OT

HICUORE

PRD00

ICUREC

PRD00ICUREC

PRD01

ICUSCD

PRD01

M

C

U

SC

U

ICUFINP

R00

I

C

U

IISFINP

RO01

IISFECR

FR00

IISFECR

FR01 I

I

SG

A

S

BF

G

INFSTM

HTH01

I

N

F

ST

M

INFDEM

AND00

I

N

F

ILMQLM

PRO00

ILMQLM

PRO01

I

L

M

ICMDRY

PRD00

ICMDRY

PRD01

ICMDRY

PRD02

ICMDRY

PRD99

ICMDRY

PRD10

M

C

M

CL

K

ICMFINP

RO00

ICMFINP

RO01

ICMFINP

RO05

ICMFINP

RO99

I

C

M

INMSTM

HTH00

INMSTM

HTH01

INMOTH

HTH01

INMSTM

HTH99

I

N

M

ST

M

INMDEM

AND00

I

N

M

I

N

M

OT

H

IOIOTH

HTH01I

O

I

OT

H

IOIDEM

AND00

I

O

I

IPPHIG

QUA00

IPPHIG

QUA01

IPPHIG

QUA05

IPPHIG

QUA99

IPPLOW

QUA00

IPPLOW

QUA01

IPPLOW

QUA05

IPPLOW

QUA99

IPPPUP

CHE00

IPPPUP

CHE01

IPPPUP

CHE05

IPPPUP

CHE99

IPPPUP

RYC00

IPPPUP

RYC01

IPPPUP

RYC99

I

P

H

I

P

LI

N

D

BI

OI

N

D

BL

QM

P

P

PU

P

IOIOTH

HTH00

INMOTH

HTH00

ICHOTH

TH00

INFSTM

HTH00

RSDHH

2R

CHPRSDFCHH2

310

CHPRSDFCHH2

410

CHPRSDFCHH2

510CHPRSDFCHH2

610

RHMEFCHH2310

RHMEFCHH2410

RHMEFCHH2510

RHMEFCHH2610

RHMNFCHH2310

RHMNFCHH2410

RHMNFCHH2510

RHMNFCHH2610

RHREFCHH2310

RHREFCHH2410

RHREFCHH2510

RHREFCHH2610

RHRNFCHH2310

RHRNFCHH2410

RHRNFCHH2510

RHRNFCHH2610

RHUEFCHH2310

RHUEFCHH2410

RHUEFCHH2510

RHUEFCHH2610

RHUNFCHH2310

RHUNFCHH2410

RHUNFCHH2510

RHUNFCHH2610

E

L

C

LO

W

R

S

D

HR

E

RHREF

C110

R

H

R

E

R

S

D

HR

NR

S

D

HU

ER

S

D

HU

NR

S

D

HM

E

R

S

D

HM

N

RHMNF

C110

R

H

M

N

RHRNF

C110

R

H

R

N

RHUEF

C110

R

H

U

E

RHUNF

C110

R

H

U

N

RHMEF

C110

R

H

M

E

RHMEFCHH2710

RHMEFCHH2810

RHMEFCHH2910

RHMNFCHH2710

RHMNFCHH2810

RHMNFCHH2910

RSDHH

2U

TRANSPORTS

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSTRY

ServicesSYNH2

CU

SYNH2

CT

THE RETURN OF H2?

• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 1: Developing pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8881-8897. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914008684

• Bolat, P., Thiel, C. (2014). Hydrogen supply chain architecture for bottom-up energy systems models. Part 2: Techno-economic inputs for hydrogen production pathways. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (39) 17, pp. 8898-8925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.170

• Sgobbi, A. et al (2016). How far away is hydrogen? Its role in the medium and long-term decarbonisation of the European energy system. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy (41) 1, pp 19-35. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319915301889

• IEA (2015) Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. Paris.• Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. (2015) Study on H2 from RES in the EU (Final Report)• Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Fuel Cell Electric Buses (2015) Potential for Sustainable Public

Transport in Europe • Hydrogenics. (2016) Power to Gas Roadmap for Flanders• Hydrogen Council (2017) How hydrogen empowers the energy transition. http://hydrogeneurope.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2017/01/20170109-HYDROGEN-COUNCIL-Vision-document-FINAL-HR.pdf • The Energy Research Partnership. (2016) Potential Role of Hydrogen in the UK Energy System • DOE/NREL (2017) Comparison of conventional vs. modular hydrogen refueling stations, and on-site

production vs. delivery.

H2FIRST: HYDROGEN FUELING INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH AND STATION TECHNOLOGY

[11]

Fuel stations built on site

Modular pre-fabricated fuel stations (1-1.5 M USD)

H2 delivered as compressed gas from centralised production plant

H2 produced locally via SMR

H2 produced locally via eletrolysis

100 kg/day (12 GJ/day*)

200 kg/day(24 GJ/day*)

300 kg/day(36 GJ/day*)

H2 produced locally via eletrolysis

H2 produced locally via eletrolysis

* Condered NCV 120 MJ/kg of http://www.h2data.de/

DOE USA

Exclude liquid H2 and underground storage

UPDATE SUBRES H2 IN TIMES_PT

Electrolysis

Alkaline (6)

Electricity PEMGaseification

with CCS

Coal

w/o CCS

Offgrid (2)

Steam reforming

Solar

Biomass

Gaseification

Natural Gas

Pyrolisis

Central CCS

Central

Decentral.

Process Kvaerner

Partial oxidationHeavy fuel oil

SMR Natural gas

Thermochemical cycles

Central CCS

Central

Decentral.

electricity

SR

electricity

Natural gas

Steam reformingBioethanol

electricity

BLENDING H2 IN NATURAL GAS?

[13]

Reference Model/Organisation Year Blending?

Sgobbi et al., Int. J. Hydrogen E., 41, 19-35, 2016

JRC-EU-TIMES 2016 Yes, 15%

Bolat and Thiel, Part I, Int. J. Hydrogen E., 39, 8898-8925, 2014

JRC, literature review 2014 Yes, 10% (pathway 16)

NRC- The Hydrogen EconomyUS National Research

Council – review2004

No - discussion dedicated gas H2 pipelines

IEA – Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

IEA 2016 Yes, 5-10%

Hydrogen Council - How hydrogen empowers the energy transition

H2 Council 2017 Yes, but no value given

Klaus Altfeld and Dave Pinchbeck -Admissible hydrogen concentrations in natural gas systems, ISSN 2192-158X

DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH

2013

Looks at this issue in great detail, suggests a likely upper limit of 10% for

most cases

Potential Role of Hydrogen in the UK Energy System

Energy Research Partnership

2016Up to 20% appears possible without

modifications

LIQUID H2?

[14]

Reference Model/Team Year Consider liquid H2?

NRC- The Hydrogen EconomyUS National Research

Council – review2004

yes, but mainly storage and distribution

Bolat and Thiel, Part I, Int. J. Hydrogen E., 39, 8898-8925, 2014

JRC, literature review 2014 yes

Sgobbi et al., Int. J. Hydrogen E., 41, 19-35, 2016

JRC-EU-TIMES 2016 yes

IEA – Technology Roadmap, Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

IEA 2016yes, but mainly storage and

distributionHydrogen Council - How hydrogen

empowers the energy transitionH2 Council 2017 yes, briefly

Potential Role of Hydrogen in the UK Energy System

Energy Research Partnership

2016 yes, for distribution

Ethan S. Hecht, Joseph Pratt, Comparison of conventional vs. modular hydrogen refueling stations, and on-site production vs. delivery

Sandia National Laboratories, study for

DOE, USA2017 yes, for distribution

Dodd-Ekins, powertrains for the UK, Int. J. Hydr. E. , 39, 13941-13952, 2014

UK-MARKAL/ UCL 2014 no

Ballard – Hydro rail presentation Ballard 2017 no

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP – H2 AND FUEL CELLS

[15]

IEA

> Ortions for Generation (8): alkaline electrolysis , PEM electrolysis, gas SMR, gas SRM with CCS, coal gaseification, biomass gaseification, FC alkaline, FC PEM

> Options for Storage (13): PEM alkaline, PEM fixed, PEM FC mobile, FC solid oxides, FC phosporic acid, molten carbonates, compressor at 18 MPa, compressor at 70 Mpa, Liquidifier, FCEV on-board storage tank at 70 Mpa, pressurized tank, liquid storage, pipeline

Power to gas

Electrolysis PEM

Methanation

Natural gas grid

OCGT

Power to power

Electrolysis PEM Storag. Und. PEMFC

Electrolysis Alkaline

Electrolysis PEM OCGTStorag. Und.

Storage in pumped hydro CAES

H2 IN TIMES_PT: 2ND APPROACH

Slide [16]

Storage

Distribution

ConversionEnd-use

Generation

End-use

Generation

ConversionEnd-use

Generation

MODELLING H2 IN TIMES_PT

We have been modelling H2 as separate puzzle pieces and may

the most cost-effective win

It should instead be modelledas pathways

PATHWAYS - CENTRALIZED

Centralized generation

Compression (gas)

Dedicated pipelines

Dedicated distribution

Fuel stations

Residential sector with FC for electricity generation

Services sector with FC for electricity generation

Transport in trucks

Fuel stations

Underground storage

Storage in tanks

Conversion

Synthetic fuels

Electricity generation (VRES)

Methanation & blending in natural gas grid

Blending

1

234

PATHWAYS - DECENTRALIZED

.Decentralized production

In fuel stations

Storage in

tanks

Storage in

trucks

At the fuel

station

Industry Electricity generation

Storage in

tanks

Ammonia

production

Diesel

desulfurizationOther industry

uses

4

SOME TOUGHTS

› communicating with the H2 world› e.g. costs units in ton H2 or m3 H2 not €/kW; lifetime in operation hours not years

› H2 feedstocks are very varied and fundamental to explain why some feedstock are in and some are not

› simplify your model – update SubRES based on scenarios to explore› less effort on fossil based generation options

› modular H2 supply for transport instead of very detailed representation of all possibledistribution options

› ignore liquid H2 possibilities for transport

› specify format of operation for some technologies considering the specificpathway: lifetime of PEM might not be 3 years depending how it is operated

[20]

Sofia Simões

sgcs@fct.unl.pt

Juliana Barbosa

jpa.barbosa@campus.fct.unl.pt

Luís Fazendeiro

l.fazendeiro@campus.fct.unl.pt

Júlia Seixas

mjs@fct.unl.pt

CO2ENERGY &

CLIMATE

New

Technologies

& Low

Carbon

Practices

Climate

Mitigation/

Adaptation

Consumers

Profiles &

Energy

Efficiency

Policy

Support

Energy

Transitions

Integrative

Energy City

Planning