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The Revolutions of 1830
Nationalism
• Nationalism: belief that the political boundaries of countries should coincide with the ethnicity of their inhabitants
• Ethnicity defined by– Common language
– Common history
– Common culture
• Six key problem areas:– Italy
– Germany
– Austrian Empire
– Balkan peninsula
– Ireland
– Poland
Greek rebel soldier
Liberalism
• Liberalism: belief in enacting middle-class Enlightenment reforms, including constitutions, free press, toleration, increased franchise
• Abhorred mass rule and feared rule by lower class
• Opposed by landed aristocracy and gentry
• J.S. Mill’s “harm principle:” people can do what they please so long as they don’t harm others
• Pressured every European government to change
John Stuart Mill, author of On Liberty
Conservatism
• Conservatism: stability should be maintained through alliance of hereditary monarchy, landed aristocracy, established church
• Chief governments espousing conservatism:
• Austria (Metternich)
• Russia (Alexander I)
• France (briefly under Charles X)
• Concert of Europe favored conservative order Metternich
Restoration Monarchy in France
• 1814: Bourbon Louis XVIII installed by Congress of Vienna
• Agreed to become constitutional monarch, under his own constitution
• French “Charter” (constitution)– Bicameral legislature of
narrow, propertied franchise
– Affirmed post-revolution property rights
– Affirmed rights of Declaration of Man
• 1820: Assassination of royalist Duke of Berri led to conservative crackdown
California gold miner
Greek Revolution
• 1821: Greeks rose up against Ottoman occupation
• Conservative anti-Liberal oppression in UK, France, Spain led to Liberal support of Greek movement
• Liberals saw revival of ancient Greek ideals in rebellion
• England, France, Russia demanded Greek independence: weaken Turkey
• 1830: Greek independence – forced by Great Powers
– Autocratic Catholic Bavarian, Otto I made king; came to love Greece, his adopted country
– Constitution granted in 1843
– Otto overthrown in 1862
Otto I
Russian Decembrist Revolt
• French Revolution ideals spread to Russian officers during Napoleonic wars
• Russian secret societies sought to spread ideas
• Nov 1825: Nicholas I succeeded Alex I in controversy, as Constantine refused position of tsar
• Moscow regiment refused to accept Nicholas: demanded Constantine and a constitution
• Crushed, but established idea of demanding political change in Russia
Other Revolutions• Spain: 1820
– Ferdinand VII promised to accept constitution when he assumed power in 1814, but reneged
– 1820 officers rebelled to force use of a constitution; Ferdinand agreed
• Two Sicilies: 1820– King in Naples accepted constitution
• Conservative Response– 1823-7 France occupied Spain to support
non-constitutional monarchy– Austria invaded Sicilies to restore non-
constitutional rule– Powers invaded to maintain conservative
order, not to conquer– Latin America became independent
during crisis
• Belgium– Congress of Vienna made Belgium part
of Netherlands– 1830 Belgians revolted– Independence grudgingly accepted by
distracted powers
French Revolution of 1830
• 1824: ultraroyalist Charles X reigned, following death of Louis XVIII
• Dissolved legislature, reimbursed émigrés for lost lands, punished sacrilege with death, restored primogeniture
• 1830: French victory in Algeria created patriotism
• Charles issued “Four Ordinances”: restricted press, dissolved new Chamber, restricted franchise to the wealthiest
• Parisians rioted, 1800 died, and Charles abdicated
• Liberals created middle-class constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe
Delacroix, commonly called 'Liberty Leading the People‘ Delacroix painted himself as the man wearing the top hat. Lady Liberty is portrayed in a mythical state, showing that she is more than a mortal woman.
English Great Reform Bill of 1832
• England avoided revolution largely through cycle of resistance to change followed by gradual reform
• Catholic Emancipation Act allowed Catholic representation, avoiding conflict over Irish delegates
• Great Reform Bill (Whigs)– Eliminate rotten boroughs
– New urban boroughs
– Increased franchise by 50%, but property still required
– Established precedent for future orderly reforms
Earl Grey, Whig prime minister, responsible for Great Reform Bill
Conclusions
• Ideas of the French Revolution did affect Europe, even after Congress of Vienna
• Significant change only took place in UK, France, Greece, Serbia, Latin America, Belgium
• Nationalism, unleashed after Napoleon’s occupations, dramatically affected European politics and Europeans’ definition of themselves
• Conservative forces did not capitulate: oppression for the sake of stability and control of power continued through 1848