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The Rise of EnglandProtestant ReformationLed by Martin LutherExcommunicated by Catholic ChurchHeads of state determined state religion LutheransGermany, ScandinaviaCatholicsSpain, Portugal, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, PolandCalvinistsScotland, the Netherlands, GermanyAnglicansEngland

Protestant Reformation

Protestant ReformationCalvinismGod is absoluteHe directs mankind to His likingPeople are predestinedDiscipline was demandedLuxury and merriment prohibited

Protestant ReformationAnglicans (Church of England)Henry VIII broke with Church over divorceKing = head of state and church

What would happen if you practiced a religion contrary to the established religion of the monarch?What options did you have?Englands Voyages of DiscoveryJohn Cabot (Italian) paid by England to duplicate ColumbusSailed further north (1498-99(Discovered eastern Canada and New England

Issues in EnglandGOODBADBetter health Gentry increased wealth (short term land leases adding in inflation)Yeoman increased wealth (price increase of crops)Property owners gained power in Parliament (House of Commons)

Price inflationNobility lost money (land leases fixed)Nobility lost political influence (House of Lords)Peasants lost land to landlords and merchants for sheep production (enclosure)

MercantilismDefined:State supported manufacturing and trade as a way to increase national power and wealthIn practice:Merchants bought wool from landowners, landless peasants (cotters) spun the wool into cloth, merchants sold cloth in England and foreign countriesCrown provided charters for merchantsMerchants allowed to fix wages (keep costs down)Import taxes made crown wealthyDomestic investment made merchants wealthyBy mid to late 1500s England an economic powerColonizationColonies needed:Fundingships and suppliestrained soldiers Willing settlersFew wanted to colonize (English economy booming)The Crown offered charters to private investorsThe most likely groupsreligious dissenters the Church of England was not sufficiently reformedyeomen looking for new lands to farmPeasants looking for economic opportunityColonizationThree types of ColoniesRoyal (Provincial)Granted by CrownGoverned by commissions (working for King)Governor had powerVirginia, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, GeorgiaColonizationThree types of ColoniesCharterPolitical in natureGrantees controlled the landLegislative governmentMassachusetts, Rhode Island, ConnecticutColonizationThree types of ColoniesProprietaryGranted by the CrownProprietors of land chose governorProprietors had general government control (subject to the king)Pennsylvania and Delaware (William Penn), New Jersey (Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkley), Maryland (George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore)First ColoniesSir Walter Raleigh & Roanoke1585: fails scarce food hostile relations with nativesreturned to England1587: 110 people Return 3 years laterEveryone gone . . .

VirginiaJamestownCorporate colonyLondon Company 56 firms and 659 individuals investedGranted by King James INorth Carolina to New YorkNamed Virginia after Queen Elizabeth IJamestown settled 1607

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Growth (near death) of Jamestown 1607 104 menUnprepared gentlemen colonists Settlers wasted time (gold)Expected native support38 survived winterGov. John Smith saved colony

Difficult early years . . .By 1611 1,200 settlers arrivedHalf died, most due to famineRelations between Indians & settlers worsenedEnglish stole from Indians1610-1614 -- First Anglo-Powhatan WarGov. Thomas West (Lord De La Warr) had orders to make war.Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.John Rolfe helped save colony

John RolfeIntroduced tobaccothe leading export to England a cash cropPoor white workers sent to cultivate it1619, 20 Africans bought from Dutch first slaves1614 Rolfe married Pocahontas

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel

Culture Clash1614 to 1622 = peaceIndian Uprising of 1622Whites taking Indian lands1/3 whites killed (including Rolfe)Whites destroyed Indian food supplyEnd of coexistence1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan WarLast effort of natives Indians defeated againPeace Treaty of 1646Removed Powhatans from original landSeparation of Indians and English

Battle For LandPowhatan ConfederacyJamestown Settlement

High Mortality RatesStarving Time:1607: 104 colonistsBy spring, 1608: 38 survived1609: 300 more immigrantsBy spring, 1610: 60 survived1610 1624: 10,000 immigrants1624 population: 1,200Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsDeath of children before age 5: 80%Government

The House of BurgessesEstablished 1619 Could make laws and levy taxesStill subject to the governor and company, (not King)Made up of landowning men1624 King James dissolved London Co. and made Virginia a royal colonyJames opposed to tobaccoDistrusted House of Burgess as independent bodyThis meant . . . House of Burgesses had to get laws approved by Kings CouncilChurch of England became official religion in Virginia

What was the focus of the Virginia Colony?MarylandThe Settlement of Marylandroyal charter granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1632)A proprietary colony (1634)Tobacco main cropAbsentee proprietor (feudal relationship)Appointed brother Leonard governor

A Haven for CatholicsCatholic relatives received landOther colonists wanted landModest farms around ChesapeakeCatholic land barons and Protestant small farmersGov. Calvert tried to prevent representative democracy1638 Lord Baltimore allowed for legislative body

A Haven for CatholicsBaltimore allowed freedom of worshipProtestants felt threatened by CatholicsLed to uprising Toleration Act of 1649Supported by CatholicsGuaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANSDecreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (Jews, atheists, etc.)

Political OutcomeBy 1650 a bicameral legislature in placeUpper HouseAppointedWho would this be?Lower HouseElected by freemenWho would this be?

What was the focus of the Maryland Colony?Tobacco and Rebellion

Tobacco Trade1618 Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

1622 Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

1627 Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

1629 Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

TobaccoAllowed Chesapeake region to flourishNeeded labor sourceMosquito infestedMany men died from malariaLeft women in unusual position of wealth

Indentured ServitudePoor left England seeking fortuneBetween 1640-170080,000 came to Virginia20,000 came to Maryland

Indentured ServitudeIndenture Contract:5-7 years (up to age 21 for youth)Promised freedom dues [land, money]Forbidden to marryFed, clothed, sheltered

Headright System:Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paidMore indentured servants = more landIndentured ServitudeBad for Servants:Masters had total controlCould beat servantsCould extend contractsSometimes sexually abused womenOnly about 25% benefitted by end of contract

Good for Masters:High profit margin for tobaccoCould gain more landDue to lack of women in colonies, men sometimes married female servantFrustrated FreemenBy 1660 economy droppedTobacco no longer profitableKing raised taxesFarmers grew more (supply and demand)Farmers lost landIndentured servants had no hope of buying land

Small group of large landowners survivedMany smaller farmers became landless1670 Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless menSocial impact?

Navigation Acts1651 Act of Trade and NavigationOnly English ships allowed in American portsAmerican merchants only allowed to trade with EnglishLost trade with more profitable countriesBegan drop in colonial economy

Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion: 1676Governor William BerkeleyGovernor 1642-1652Ended Indian Wars in 1644 (guaranteed Indian lands)Governor again in 1660Corrupt!Gave land and offices to friends and relatives

Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion: 1676Poorer whites were forced farther west (Indian land)Berkeley monopolized fur trade with IndiansBerkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.Led to war in 1675 Susquehannock chiefs murderedBerkeley raised taxes to pay for western forts

Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion: 1676Nathaniel BaconWealthy English settler in western VirginiaAttacked Indians (against Berkeley)Supporters gained power in House of Burgesses Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against BerkeleyBerkeley driven from Jamestown

Nathaniel Bacons Rebellion: 1676Bacon ManifestoDeath or removal of all IndiansEnd of rule of wealthy parasitesWhat type of war is Bacon waging?Bacons men burned capitalRebels went on a rampageBacon suddenly died (dysentery)Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion; hanged 20 rebels

Results of Bacons RebellionExposed internal clashesInland frontiersmen/ landless former servants vs. gentry on coastal plantations.rural vs. urban Led the upper class planters (elite) toShare power Enslave Africans (less likely to rebel)Why would the planter class do this?