The Indian National Congress
1885 The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay.
swaraj “independence.” * the goal of the movement.
Rammohun Roy 1773- 1833”Father of Modern India”
Scholar of Islam, Hindu and Western Culture
Monotheist
Admired teachings of Jesus
Brahmo Samaj – Society of the Divine
No image worshipNo casteUniversal church open to allEquality and charity toward othersElimination of prejudices!
The Arya Samaj(Aryan Society)
• Inspired by Brahmo Samaj.
• He did not accept idea that Christianity offered anything for India!
• Looked back at Vedas
• Military glory good, Jainism corrupt – why say that?
• No caste - charity
1824 – 1883
Arya Samaj = Aryan Society, the true foundation of Indian society
Men of superior principles
Ramakrishna and the Soul of India
• Late 19th C was an exciting time in India
• Intellectual activity in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras
• Universities and news papers; they spoke English, dressed in Western style
• Traveled in Europe
• Ramakrishna (1836-1886) was different (why?)
• Tireless quest for spiritual knowledge
• Yogic discipline• found all religions valid and
true in their essence• Don’t argue over religion• Idols help believers visualize
the shore less ocean of God• Service to mankind• Found Vivekananda to carry
this message to rest of the world!
Vivekananda 1863- 1902
• Chosen by Ramakrishna as Hindu saint
• Neither West nor India had fully realized itself: must learn from each other
• Toured the West – need spirituality as well as technology
• “Spirituality must conquer the West”
• “They are waiting for it, they are eager for it”
Jawaharlal Nehru
1889 - 1964
the Muslim League 1905 partition of Bengal based on religions and languages.
1906 creation of the Muslim League.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
1876 - 1948
Young Mohandas K. Gandhi,
1876
1869 - 1948
Gandhi with the london
vegetarian society, 1890
Gandhi as a Young Barrister in Natal
Gandhi as a Lawyer in
Johannesburg, So. Africa
Gandhi and His Wife, Kasturba,
1915
Amritsar Massacre, 1919
379 dead; over 1200 wounded!
Salt March, 1930
MakingSalt
Gandhi spinning cloth
Indian weaving was ruined by the competition of British machine-made
textiles!
Gandhi and His Grandaughters,
1947
Last Viceroy of India
Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten
Partition!