THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Moving Towards German Unification

The German Confederation was a weak alliance formed at the Congress of Vienna.

Otto von Bismarck -Chancellor of Prussia -United Germany under Prussian

rule -“Blood and iron” -Used the system of Realpolitik -Created a strong military

A German NationWilliam I becomes kaiserBirth of the Second ReichBismark drafts a constitution and sets up a 2-house

legislatureEmperor and Chancellor had the most power

After unification, Germany became an industrial giant

Bismarck had campaigns that opposed Catholics and Socialists in Germany

Both campaigns backfired

William II-Became kaiser after his grandfather -Created programs for social

welfare (programs to help out the people)

-Removed Bismarck from office-Ruler when WWI began

Unifying ItalyItaly had not been unified since the

Roman EmpireItaly was left divided after the

Congress of Vienna

Giuseppe Mazzini- Founded the secret nationalist society called Young Italy. Spent much of life in exile.

Camillo Cavour- Became prime minister of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi- United Sicily and Naples with his group of 1,000 “Red Shirts”. He is called the Sword of Italian Unification.

Emmanuel IIBecame King of ItalyConstitutional MonarchySome anarchists in ItalyAnarchists- People who want no gov.

Problems in RussiaBy 1815, Russia was the largest nation in Europe in

size and people

Most people in Russia were peasant serfs.

Alexander II

Tsar of RussiaWas the ruler during the Crimean

WarCrimean War-Russia vs. England and France-Invasion of Crimean Peninsula-Russia was defeated-Showed how primitive Russia was

In 1861, Alexander II passed a reform of emancipation, which freed the serfs.

Many former serfs worked in factories or tried to run their own farms

Alexander II also set up zemstvos, which were elected assemblies that were responsible for things like roads, schools, and farms.

Alexander II was assassinated by terrorists.

Persecution!In Russia, the Tsar tried to keep unity by insisting

that the only language would be Russian and that the only church would be the Russian Orthodox Church

Pogroms-Violent mob attacks on Jews

Many Jews left Russia and became refugees

Bloody SundayHundreds of protesters marched to the

Tsar’s Winter Palace in St. PetersburgTroops were called outAlmost 1,000 were killed