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The Road to the RevolutionThe Road to the Revolution
Why did the colonists rebel?Why did the colonists rebel?
French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War
Two sides Britain and the colonies vs. France and many Indian tribes including the Iroquois
Fought over land in the Ohio River Valley and domination of overseas trade (fur, sugar, etc.)
Results: Britain and the colonies nearly lost until British Secretary of
State William Pitt poured money and troops into the war won land in Ohio River Valley Britain was 147 million in debt, would need to tax colonies
to make up debt Colonies felt stronger after defeating the French
Two sides Britain and the colonies vs. France and many Indian tribes including the Iroquois
Fought over land in the Ohio River Valley and domination of overseas trade (fur, sugar, etc.)
Results: Britain and the colonies nearly lost until British Secretary of
State William Pitt poured money and troops into the war won land in Ohio River Valley Britain was 147 million in debt, would need to tax colonies
to make up debt Colonies felt stronger after defeating the French
British Colonies before and after the French and Indian WarBritish Colonies before and after the French and Indian War
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1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion
Indians had lost French and Indian War, colonists were settling on their land and discontinued French practice of giving annual gifts.
A group of Indian tribes, led by Pontiac, attacked colonists, killing many and destroying British forts.
Failed to take Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt (ran out of supplies and ammunition)
Result: colonists now had military control of Indian lands in the west
Indians had lost French and Indian War, colonists were settling on their land and discontinued French practice of giving annual gifts.
A group of Indian tribes, led by Pontiac, attacked colonists, killing many and destroying British forts.
Failed to take Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt (ran out of supplies and ammunition)
Result: colonists now had military control of Indian lands in the west
Pontiac’s RebellionPontiac’s Rebellion
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Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763
British barred colonial settlement east of the Appalachian Mountains because protecting the colonists was getting expensive.
Colonial reaction: angry because they had fought and died for this land in the Fr-Ind War and Pontiac’s Rebellion- it took away their god-given right/destiny to expand.
British barred colonial settlement east of the Appalachian Mountains because protecting the colonists was getting expensive.
Colonial reaction: angry because they had fought and died for this land in the Fr-Ind War and Pontiac’s Rebellion- it took away their god-given right/destiny to expand.
British Proclamation Line of 1763British Proclamation Line of 1763
Sugar Act of 1764Sugar Act of 1764
Lowered the tax on sugar from 6 pence to 3 pence but Britain began to enforce the tax.
Now colonists had to pay the tax whereas before they had ignored it.
Hurt colonial merchants and rum distillers who had been smuggling sugar from French and Spanish colonies.
Colonists saw it as an unfair tax, British felt the colonists needed to pay their fair share.
Lowered the tax on sugar from 6 pence to 3 pence but Britain began to enforce the tax.
Now colonists had to pay the tax whereas before they had ignored it.
Hurt colonial merchants and rum distillers who had been smuggling sugar from French and Spanish colonies.
Colonists saw it as an unfair tax, British felt the colonists needed to pay their fair share.
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Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765 British taxed paper documents (playing cards,
contracts, letters, newspapers) Colonists revolted-
Created Stamp Act Congress to discuss their options (united the upper classes)
Staged Stamp Act Riots protesting the tax (attacked property, threatened stamp distributors, hung people in effigy)- united lower classes British response
British response- Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766
British taxed paper documents (playing cards, contracts, letters, newspapers)
Colonists revolted- Created Stamp Act Congress to discuss their options
(united the upper classes) Staged Stamp Act Riots protesting the tax (attacked
property, threatened stamp distributors, hung people in effigy)- united lower classes British response
British response- Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766
Stamp Act Protest from Above & BelowStamp Act Protest from Above & Below
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Cartoon of a Stamp Act Riot
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Patrick Henry's speech on the Virginia Resolves (an 1851 painting by Peter F. Rothermel)
Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766
Parliament declares their full power and authority to make laws that are binding in the colonies.
Parliament declares their full power and authority to make laws that are binding in the colonies.
Townshend Acts of 1767Townshend Acts of 1767
Tax on lead, glass, paint/dyes and tea Created writs of assistance- allowed British
troops to search colonial homes to make sure people paid the tax.
Colonists were angered over invasion of privacy rights.
Boycotts involving “Daughters of Liberty” Spinning bees- women’s contribution to
boycotts
Tax on lead, glass, paint/dyes and tea Created writs of assistance- allowed British
troops to search colonial homes to make sure people paid the tax.
Colonists were angered over invasion of privacy rights.
Boycotts involving “Daughters of Liberty” Spinning bees- women’s contribution to
boycotts
Colonial Women SpinningColonial Women Spinning
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Quartering Acts of 1765Quartering Acts of 1765
Colonists were required to provide food and housing to British soldiers sent to enforce taxes/laws in the colonies.
Angered at loss of privacy, right to be secure in their homes
New York Assembly refused to comply Parliament suspended the Assembly Colonists saw it as an attack on their right to
rule themselves
Colonists were required to provide food and housing to British soldiers sent to enforce taxes/laws in the colonies.
Angered at loss of privacy, right to be secure in their homes
New York Assembly refused to comply Parliament suspended the Assembly Colonists saw it as an attack on their right to
rule themselves
Boston Massacre-March 1770Boston Massacre-March 1770
General Thomas Gage sent British troops to Boston in 1768 to quell colonial rebellion.
Colonists harassed British troops, moonlighting troops fought with mainly Irish dockworkers over jobs, pub brawls
March 5 curfew broken when Sons of Liberty rang fire bells.
People out in streets saying, “Fire, fire…”
General Thomas Gage sent British troops to Boston in 1768 to quell colonial rebellion.
Colonists harassed British troops, moonlighting troops fought with mainly Irish dockworkers over jobs, pub brawls
March 5 curfew broken when Sons of Liberty rang fire bells.
People out in streets saying, “Fire, fire…”
Henry Pelham’s engraving of the Boston Massacre
Paul Revere’s Engraving of the Boston Massacre
Boston MassacreBoston Massacre
One crowd surrounded sentry Hugh White who was guarding the Customs House (tax collection building)
One crowd surrounded sentry Hugh White who was guarding the Customs House (tax collection building)
Committees of Correspondence 1772Committees of Correspondence 1772 Led by Samuel Adams, 21 members Formed to keep colonists and the world
informed about violations of the colonist’s rights by the British
British saw it as ungrateful rebellion It was propaganda (trying to convince people
that the colonists were justified) Colonists would see it as a peaceful exercise
of free speech
Led by Samuel Adams, 21 members Formed to keep colonists and the world
informed about violations of the colonist’s rights by the British
British saw it as ungrateful rebellion It was propaganda (trying to convince people
that the colonists were justified) Colonists would see it as a peaceful exercise
of free speech
Boston Tea Party Dec. 1773Boston Tea Party Dec. 1773
Protested Tea Act of 1773, which excused British East India Company from paying taxes on tea (lowered the price of tea)
Colonists felt it gave the BEIC a monopoly Colonists dressed as Indians poured tea into
Boston harbor British saw it as an attack on property Colonists saw it as a legitimate form of protest
Protested Tea Act of 1773, which excused British East India Company from paying taxes on tea (lowered the price of tea)
Colonists felt it gave the BEIC a monopoly Colonists dressed as Indians poured tea into
Boston harbor British saw it as an attack on property Colonists saw it as a legitimate form of protest
Source: http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=96175&rendTypeId=4
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1774 Intolerable (Coercive) Acts1774 Intolerable (Coercive) Acts Punished Boston and MA. for the tea party &
strengthened British control over colonies1. Closed the Port of Boston2. Revoked the MA. Charter and forbade town meetings
without Governor’s consent (took away their right to govern themselves)
3. British officials charged with crimes in Boston would be tried elsewhere
4. Renewed the Quartering Act Colonists saw it as an attack on their freedoms to self
govern and trade freely, & an effort to create unfair trials.
British saw it as a way of maintaining order and punishing the colonists for destruction of property.
Punished Boston and MA. for the tea party & strengthened British control over colonies
1. Closed the Port of Boston2. Revoked the MA. Charter and forbade town meetings
without Governor’s consent (took away their right to govern themselves)
3. British officials charged with crimes in Boston would be tried elsewhere
4. Renewed the Quartering Act Colonists saw it as an attack on their freedoms to self
govern and trade freely, & an effort to create unfair trials.
British saw it as a way of maintaining order and punishing the colonists for destruction of property.
Quebec Act 1774Quebec Act 1774
Extended Quebec’s boundary south to OH River (land claimed by CT, MA, VA)
Gave religious freedom to Catholics in former New France
Extended Quebec’s boundary south to OH River (land claimed by CT, MA, VA)
Gave religious freedom to Catholics in former New France
First Continental Congress 1774First Continental Congress 1774 All colonies except Georgia attended To discuss their grievances and consider
their options Some for independence, some wanted to
remain British colonies Created a Declaration of Resolves that
expressed loyalty to Britain but also declared their rights as British subjects
Called for a ban on trade with Britain King George III saw it as “a State of
Rebellion, blows must decide whether they are to be… independent.”
All colonies except Georgia attended To discuss their grievances and consider
their options Some for independence, some wanted to
remain British colonies Created a Declaration of Resolves that
expressed loyalty to Britain but also declared their rights as British subjects
Called for a ban on trade with Britain King George III saw it as “a State of
Rebellion, blows must decide whether they are to be… independent.”
Battle of Lexington and ConcordBattle of Lexington and Concord
April 1775, 1st battle of the Revolution British troops left Boston Paul Revere’s ride… 70 minutemen met the
British soldiers at Lexington village green “Shot heard round the world” fired (who?) Firing from British- 8 colonists dead, 10 wounded Brits marched to Concord, destroyed supplies On way back to Boston attacked from behind
stone walls Pats: <100 casualties, Brits: 273 killed/wounded
April 1775, 1st battle of the Revolution British troops left Boston Paul Revere’s ride… 70 minutemen met the
British soldiers at Lexington village green “Shot heard round the world” fired (who?) Firing from British- 8 colonists dead, 10 wounded Brits marched to Concord, destroyed supplies On way back to Boston attacked from behind
stone walls Pats: <100 casualties, Brits: 273 killed/wounded
Second Continental Congress 1775Second Continental Congress 1775
Met in Philadelphia Radicals pushed to declare independence Others urged restraint Had to establish army- led by George Washington
Met in Philadelphia Radicals pushed to declare independence Others urged restraint Had to establish army- led by George Washington
Dunmore’s Proclamation 1775Dunmore’s Proclamation 1775
Offered freedom to slaves who fought for Britain
Offered freedom to slaves who fought for Britain
Prohibitory Act 1775 Prohibitory Act 1775
Prohibited trade in the colonies British blockaded the colonies, in an attempt to
hurt their economy Would seize any ship that attempted to trade
with the colonies
Prohibited trade in the colonies British blockaded the colonies, in an attempt to
hurt their economy Would seize any ship that attempted to trade
with the colonies
Common Sense January 1776Common Sense January 1776
By Thomas Paine, one of the radical patriots Argued for independence
By Thomas Paine, one of the radical patriots Argued for independence
Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence
July 4, 1776 By Thomas Jefferson Declared independence from Britain Still needed to win the war
July 4, 1776 By Thomas Jefferson Declared independence from Britain Still needed to win the war
The Peoples of Eastern North America in 1776
The Peoples of Eastern North America in 1776
5%17%
17%
17%24%
20%
Radical Patriots
Moderate Patriots
ConservativePatriotsLoyalists
African-Americans
Native Americans
Thomas Peters
William Franklin
Ben Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
John Adams
Joseph Brant
5%17%
17%
17%24%
20%
Radical Patriots
Moderate Patriots
ConservativePatriotsLoyalists
African-Americans
Native Americans
Thomas Peters
William Franklin
Ben Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
John Adams
Joseph Brant
Source: Gary Nash. (lecture on book) The Urban Crucible. Newberry Library, Chicago. September or October 2005.