The “Roaring Twenties” The Great Depression

The Post War Years

Post war Problems:

• Germany-

1. Unhappy w/ Treaty of Versailles

2. Major Inflation of German $$$

3. Dawes Plan- reduced reparations & provided $200 million loan

• The United States-

1. Failed to join League of Nations

• France-

1. Wanted strict enforcement of Treaty

2. Occupied Ruhr Valley for $$$

German Inflation•Owed $33 Billion

•Only made 1 payment in 1921

•Workers strike

•German Mark loses value:

•1914 - 4.2 marks = $1 U.S.

•1923 - 130 billion marks = $1 U.S.

•1924 - 4.2 trillion marks = $1 U.S.

The Treaty of Locarno

•1925

•“New Era of Peace”

•Guaranteed German borders w/ France & Belgium

1926 Germany joins League of Nations Kellogg-Brand Pact

•1928

•Signed by 63 Nations

•Agreement to renounce War

The DepressionA period of low economic activity & rising unemployment

Two Factors:

1. Overproduction & Economic downturn in mid 1920’s

2. International Financial Crisis including U.S. Stock Market Crash of 1929

Crisis Spreads

Caused people to pull $$ from U.S. Banks, then International Banks

Response to Depression•1932 - Worst year of the Depression

•1/4 of British Unemployed

•40% of Germans Unemployed

•Increased Govt. activity in Economy

Lowered wages & raised tariffs - made it worse!!!

•Renewed Marxist Ideas

•Increased rise of dictators

Germany•Weimar Republic created 1918

•Paul von Hindenburg - President

•1930 Depression sets in

•4.38 million unemployed

•Inflation rises

The Weimar Republic 1918

France•Needs to Rebuild

•1932 Depression hits

•Form 6 cabinets in 19 months

•1936 Popular Front Govt. forms

•French “New Deal” -based on U.S.

•“Collective Bargaining”

•40 hour work week

•Vacation time

•Minimum wage

•1938 Low confidence in French Government

New European SUPERPOWER!

Great Britain

•Lost industries to U.S. & Japan

•Coal, Steel, & Textiles

•1921 - 2 Million Britons Unemployed

•John Maynard Keynes - British Economist

•Encouraged deficit spending

The United States1920’s - “Roaring Twenties”

•October 29, 1929 “Black Tuesday”

•Stock Market Crashes

•1933 - 12 million Unemployed

•1932 - F.D.R. Elected President

•“New Deal”

•WPA employed 3 million Americans

•1935 Social Security Act

Franklin D. Roosevelt

New Deal Programs•FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration

•CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps

•PWA - Public Works Administration

•WPA - Works Progress Administration

•RA - Resettlement Administration

•FSA - Farm Security Administration

•NRA - National Recovery Association

•AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act

•FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

•REA- Rural Electrification Administration

•TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority

•CWA - Civil Works Administration

•FEMA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration

•NYA - National Youth Administration

•NIRA - National Industrial Recovery Act

•SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission

•Emergency Banking Act

The Rise of Dictators•Totalitarian State- Government which aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual & cultural lives of its citizens.

• single leader & single party

• mass propaganda & communication

•Reject limited govt. & individual freedomsGermany

Russia Italy Spain

Italy•Economic Problems:

•Inflation, Industrial & Agricultural strikes

•Fear of a Socialist Revolution

•Fascism- the State is above all & controls the people

•Benito Mussolini- First Fascist leader in Europe

•“Il Duce” or “The Leader”

•1922- becomes PM of Italy

Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel III

•1929- Lateran Accords

•Vatican City Independent

•Catholicism official “Religion of State”

•$$ given to support Fascism

Pope Pius XI

Fascist Italy•“Blackshirts” armed fascists

•OVRA- secret police group

•Propaganda

•Youth Groups

•Family centered

The Soviet Union•War Communism begins to fail

•1921 Lenin creates New Economic Policy (NEP)

•Small business - private ownership

•Large Industry- govt. controlled

•1922 U.S.S.R. Created

•1924 Lenin diesLenin Moseleum

Joseph Stalin•General Secretary of Communists

•Rival of Leon Trotsky - Commissar of War

•Politburo- Policy making body

•Stalin appoints officials loyal to him

•Overpowers the Politburo & creates a powerful dictatorship

Joseph Stalin

Leon Trotsky

Stalin’s Programs•5 Year Plans:

•Switch from Agriculture to Industy

•Replaced (NEP)

•Collectivization- Govt. owns ALL land

The Results:•10 Million+ die of famine

•8 Million+ purged from Govt. & Military

•Forced Labor Camps in Siberia

•Reversed social legislation of 1920’s

Spain•Democracy fails

•1936 Civil War begins

•Germany & Italy support fascists

•1939 Gen. Franco captures Madrid

•Authoritarian dictatorship favoring upper class

General Francisco Franco

1937 Guernica by Pablo Picasso

Adolf Hitler•Born April 20, 1889 in Austria

•Art School failure

•Served 4 years on front lines of WWI

•1919 joined German Workers Party

•1921 renamed National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi Party

•1923 Beer Hall Putsch - Hitler jailed

•Mein Kampf- Hitler’s anti-semitic views and plan for a superior nation

SA- “Brownshirts”

Nazism•1929 - 800,000 Nazi members

•Reichstag - German Parliament

•1932 - Largest Party in Reichstag Economic Struggles

•1932 - 6 million unemployed

•Extremists more attractive

•Hitler promised a New Germany

1933 - Reichstag Fire

The Nazi State 1933-1939•1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor

•1933 Enabling Act- Power to ignore constitution for 4 years

•ALL institutions under Nazi control

•ALL Jews removed from Civil Service

•Trade Unions dissolved

•Political Parties abolished

•Concentration Camps set up

•1934 President Hindenburg dies

•Hitler now Dictator AKA “Fuhrer”

•Aryan - Indo-European Language

•NOT Ancient Greek, Roman, or “Master” Race

•Hitler wanted to create the 3rd Reich

•Heirich Himmler- leader of SS

•Schutzstaffeln- “SS” used terror & ideology

Nuremberg Rally

Nazi Policies•1935 - Nuremburg Laws: Excluded Jews from citizenship & forbid marriage between Germans & Jews

•1938 - Nov. 9 Kristallnacht “Night of shattered Glass”

•7,000 Jewish synagogues & business destroyed

•30,000 Jewish males arrested

•1941 - Jews required to wear yellow Stars of David & ID cards

•Jews barred from public buildings

•Jews encouraged to “emigrate from Germany”

Radio and Movies•1920 Radio Broadcasting expands

•New form of communication:

•Entertainment

•News

•AdvertisingJoseph Goebbels

Leni Riefenstahl

•1934 - “The Triumph of the Will” Nazi Propaganda Film

Joseph Goebbels- Nazi Propaganda Minister

•1939 - 40% adults attend movies weekly

Art & Literature•Dark & Abstract Art becomes popular

•Dada Movement- “life has no purpose”

•Surrealism- “world of the unconscious”

•Slavador Dali- Spanish Surreal Artist

Photomontage by Hannah Hoch

•Germany thought they could create new & genuine art

Literature•1922- James Joyce writes Ulysses

•Inner thoughts of ordinary people of Dublin

•1920’s- Hermann Hesse - German

•Writes Siddhartha & Steppenwolf

•Confusion of modern existence

•Wins Nobel Prize in 1946

Charles Lindbergh - The Spirit of St. Louis

World War II Memorial

World War II Memorial

World War II Memorial

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

World War II Memorial

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum