The Role of Atmospheric Nano Particles In Climate Forcing

8/8/2019 The Role of Atmospheric Nano Particles In Climate Forcing

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Prague, 3 June 2009 EuroNanoForum 1

The role of atmospheric nanoparticles in climate forcing

J.P. PutaudEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Climate Change Unit

I-21027 Ispra, Italy

The views expressed are purely those of the writer and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission.


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Outline

1- Sources, concentration and fate of nanoparticles in the atmosphere

2- Atmospheric particles and climate forcing

3- Consequences for European policy making

4- Remaining uncertainties and new approaches

5- Conclusions


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Sources of atmospheric particles


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0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1 10 100 1000 10000Dp (nm)

dN/dLo

g(Dp),#/cm Northern Italy, rural

0.01

0.1

1

10

1001000

10000

100000

1 10 100 1000 10000

Dp (nm)

dN/dLog(Dp),#/cm

North Atlantic, polluted

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000100000

1 10 100 1000 10000

Dp (nm)

dN

/dLog(Dp),#/cm

Size distribution of atmospheric particles

Ntot = 1100 cm-3 Nnano = 750 cm

-3

Ntot = 6200 cm-3 Nnano = 3100 cm

-3

Ntot

= 14000 cm-3 Nnano

= 9200 cm-3

North Atlantic, clean

R

t

l

A t

E i

2 0 0 0


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Concentration of atmospheric nanoparticles

cm-3

50000

25000

10000

7500

5000

2500

1000

500

250

E

V i

t i T M 5

M 7

d l

t t

2 0 0 9


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Atmospheric particles and climate


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0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000Dp (nm)

dN/dLogD

p,cm-3

Atmospheric particles and climate

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

10 100 1000 10000Dp (nm)

efficienc

yfactor

Q(sca)

Q(abs)

Q(bak)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000Dp (nm)

dN

/dLogDp,cm-3

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10 100 1000 10Dp (nm)

dQ

/dLogDp,

Mm-1cm-3

Scatteri

Absorpt

Backsca

Direct interaction with solar light (550 nm)

Influence on cloud properties

~ 50% of the nanoparticles

can form cloud droplets

60% ultra-fine

x =


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Because of suspected health adverse effects of atmospheric

particles, air quality legislation aim at reducing PM10 and

PM2.5 concentrations and population exposure

Air Pollution (AP) is regarded as a local to regional issue

Climate Change is regarded as a global issue

Policies tend to address these issues separately

But possible co-benefits and trade-offs should be considered

Air pollution and climate change

Climate effect of atmospheric particles

Climate effect


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Precipitation rate

Currrent (2000): 3.0 mm / d

2030 GHG 2000: +0.07 mm / d

2030 AP (MFR) 2000: +0.08 mm / d K l

t

t

l

A C P

2 0 0 9

Climate effect of atmospheric particles

Effect of particulate air pollution reduction(maximum feasible reduction)

Climate effectof atmospheric particles

Effect of greenhouse gas concentration increase

E ti t f l l b l di ti f i


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H

d

S

t

P N A S

9 8 1 4 7 7 8 1

4 7 8 3

2 0 0 1

Estimates of aerosol global radiative forcingfrom GCMs

Both direct and indirect radiative impacts of aerosols might be significant

The global forcing by aerosols in negative (cooling)

Past and future radiative effect


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Radiative forcing

2000 1750: -2.1 W / m cooling by aerossols

vs. +2.6 W / m warming by GHGs

2030 Current Legislation 2000: +0.02 W / m

K l

t

t

l

A C P

2 0 0 9

2030 Maximum Feasable Reduction 2000:+1.1 W / m

vs. +0.7 W / m from CO2

Past and future radiative effectof atmospheric particles

Effect of future particulate air pollution policies

Future climate effect


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Ground level temperature

2030 GHG 2000: +1.2 C

Future climate effectof atmospheric particles

2030 GHG + Aerosol Pollution (MFR) 2000: +2.2C K l

t

t

l

A C P

2 0 0 9

Greenhouse gas vs atmospheric particle


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tempera

ture

difference

from

1961-1

990(C)

tempera

ture

difference

from

1961-1

990(C)

tem

peraturechange

(C)

tem

peraturechange

(C) Temperature change simulated by a

simple climate model for the period18502100 (Andreae et al., 2005).The shading and the line within it representthe range and central projection given inIPCC-TAR, based on the same scenario A2.

A

d

M

O

P h i l T

R S

A 3 6 5

1 9

1 5

1 9 2 3

2 0 0

7

Greenhouse gas vs. atmospheric particleclimate effects


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H

d S

t

P N A S

9 8 1 4 7 7 8

1 4 7 8 3

2 0 0 1

Uncertainties in estimated climate forcings

Error bars are partly subjective 1 uncertainties.

Both direct and indirect radiative impacts of aerosols are affected by large uncertaintie


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Uncertainties in BC estimated climate forcing.

+ 0.27 W m-2 for externally mixed BC

+ 0.54 W m-2 for BC as a coated core

+ 0.78 W m-2 for BC as well internally mixed


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AerosolCharacteristics

ClimateForcing

in situ

measurements

Radiative

Transfer

Reducing uncertainties in aerosols climate forcingAbsorption

Scattering

Vertical profile


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0.01

0.1

1

10

0.0 1.0 2.0

Aerosol ext. at 532 nm (/ km)

Altitu

deag

l(km

)

Ispra

15/01/07 10:00

0.01

0.1

1

10

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2

radiative cooling rate (K/hr)

ispra-w inter-AOD038

ispra-w inter-SSA=1-AOD038

+ 100 ppm CO2

P

t

d

t l

b l i h d

2 0 0 7

Reducing uncertainties in aerosol climate forcing: Ispra case study


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AerosolCharacteristics

ClimateForcing

Radiative

Transfer

PM PollutionImpacts

Anticipating the effects of particulate air pollution changeon climate forcing

Atmospheric

Processes

PollutionSources

Abatement

Policies

C l i


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1- The sources of nanoparticles in the atmosphere are numerous(both natural and anthropogenic).

2- Nanoparticles are instable in the atmosphere wrt coagulation and

cloud activation and grow to 200 600 nm diameter particles.

3- Atmospheric particles exert a possibly large but still uncertain

climate forcing through direct and indirect interactions with sunlight.

4- The aerosol radiative forcing should not be forgotten when

designing European policies on air pollution and climate change.

5- An experimental approach is being developed for assessing the

aerosol radiative forcing from measurements.

Conclusions


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633

THANK YOU


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Recent relevant publications from JRC IES CCU staff:

Kloster S. et al., A GCM study of future climate response to aerosol pollution reductions, Climate

Dynamics, in press, 2009.

RaesF. and Swart R., Climate Assessment: Whats Next?, Science, 318, 1386, 2007.

Schulz M. et al., Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCompresent-day and pre-

industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5225 5246, 2006.Swart R. et al., A Good Climate for Clean Air: Linkages between Climate Change and Air Pollution. An

Editorial Essay, 66, 263 269, 2004.

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