The role of e-health in responding to health system pressures
Dr Brian RichardsPrincipal Medical AdviserDepartment of Health & Ageing
Health care in Australia
• Australia’s health sector is complex:
- service delivery split across public, private and not-for-profit sectors
- financing arrangements split between public (Australian / State / Territory Governments) and private sectors
- antiquated information systems
• Patients (and providers) encounter discontinuities across sectoral boundaries (eg hospital / community interface) and between regions (eg rural/urban)
Intergenerational Report (2002)
• The Treasurer released a report in the 2002 Budget that warned that the standard of living of the next generation of Australians would be lower than we currently enjoy unless we address issues relating to:– Population– Participation– Productivity
• Much of the fiscal pressure arises from increasing health program expenditure in the context of an ageing population with rising levels of chronic illness
Growth in expenditure
Source: Intergenerational Report
Growth in health programs
Source: Intergenerational Report
Population ageing
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
Rate of population ageing
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
Health expenditure rises with age
Source: AIHW
Examples of age-related costs
Source: Productivity Commission
Burden of disease 1996
Source: AIHW
Burden of disease 2003
Source: AIHW
Cost of disease burden
Source: AIHW
Socio-demographic change
• Key points – the percentage of the population aged over
65 years will more than double between 2001 and 2051
– the number of people aged 60-64 is expected to double in the next ten years
– health care costs for people aged over 65 are triple that of the general population
– the highest rate of growth of the over 65 age group will be in 2012
Changing models of health care
• New models of care emerging to address chronic illness (80% of current burden of disease) – multidisciplinary teams– supported self-management– home-based and ambulatory care– care plans, recalls, reminders– remote monitoring
• These models of care are heavily dependent on access to and sharing of information
A mud map of Australia
Health system coverage
• 99.6% of Australia’s population resides within 80 kilometres of the nearest primary health care service;
• 99.2% of Australia's population resides within 80 kilometres of the nearest GP;
• 99.2% of Australia's population over 65 years of age resides within 80 kilometres of an aged care facility (95.2% live within 20 kilometres);
• 99.2% of Australia's population resides within 80 kilometres of the nearest pharmacy and dispensing agency;
• 98.9% of Australia's population resides within 80 kilometres of the nearest Home and Community Care services (95.9 live within 20 kilometres);
• 98.8% of Australia’s population resides within 80 kilometres of a hospital;
• 98.3% of Australia's population resides within 80 kilometres of the nearest Medicare facility.
…so what does this look like in reality?
Practitioner : population ratio
Policy considerations
• Government policies are increasingly addressing socioeconomic issues in terms of:
– Employment (participation and productivity)
– Social participation (mutual obligation)
– Government services (accessible and seamless)
– Industry (development and sustainability)
– Infrastructure
– Environment
Effect of health care on economy
• Increased participation– Increased capacity for full-time work (less time
off work)– Longer working life (ill health is the largest
reason for early retirement)• Increased productivity
– Increased hourly work output per worker– 70% of absences from work are due to ill health
• Reduced reliance on income support (welfare)– 44% of disability pensions are paid due to
musculoskeletal disorders, and 24% due to mental health disorders
GDP contributions
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
Average productivity growth
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
GP workforce projections
Joyce CM, McNeil JJ and Stoelwinder JU, More doctors, but not enough: Australian medical workforce supply 2001–2012, MJA 2006; 184 (9): 441-446
Information revolution – health impacts
• Rapid growth in scientific medical knowledge and in available diagnostic and therapeutic technologies
• Better informed consumers, reduced ‘tyranny of distance’
• Increasing proportion of GDP spent on health care (from 4.2% in 1961, to 8.4% in 1996, and to 9.7% in 2005)
• Increased scrutiny of health system efficiency (value for money) and effectiveness (quality and safety)
e-Health and productivity
• Use of information and communications technology (ICT) underpins productivity growth, as well as empowering citizens and improving their quality of life
• The use of ICT in health care (e-health) improves health outcomes (quality and effectiveness of care), safety (reduced adverse events), and efficiency (value for money)
How does e-health help?
• Improves quality of care by– Prompting adherence to guidelines– Enhancing disease surveillance– Decreasing medication errors
• Major effect shown in primary care and in secondary prevention
• Improves health sector efficiency, particularly by reducing utilisation (reduced inappropriate services)
Source: Chaudry et al, Systematic Review: Impact of Health Information Technology on Quality, Efficiency, and Costs of Medical Care, Annals of Internal Medicine, 144 (10), 16 May 2006
e-Health ‘movement’
• Both internationally and in Australia, the health sector is adopting information and communication technologies
• Public and private health care providers are investing to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health services
• However, without an interoperability framework and a change management strategy, this investment could result in islands of disconnected health data
• Adopt agreed national interoperability standards
• Promote electronic clinical records at point of care
• Exchange clinical data electronically between providers (with patient consent)
• Develop a shared summary EHR over time (with patient consent and access)
e-Health pathway
Levels of Interoperability
Level 1: Non-electronic data (eg mail, telephone)
Level 2: Machine-transportable data (eg faxed or scanned documents)
Level 3: Machine-organisable data (eg e-mail, proprietary file formats)
Level 4: Machine-interpretable data (eg structured data within standardised messages)
Source: Walker et al, 2005
$(200)
$(100)
$-
$100
$200
$300
$400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years
Return by Interoperability Level – US net cumulative estimates
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3Level 4
in
$US
bil
lio
ns
Source: US Centre for IT Leadership
Sources of savings
Managing change
NEHTA
Standards
Interoperabilityarchitecture
Core national infrastructure
NationalGovernance
(Health Ministers)
Safer care
Efficiency
Change Management
Regional priorities
Industryinnovation
Clinical adoption
e-Health outcomes
Consumer support
Involved consumers
Betterhealth
Safety and Quality
HealthOutcomes
Health Needs
Health Services
HealthFinancing
Mechanisms
HealthInformation
Management
HealthWorkforce
Organisation
ChangeManagement
Risk Management
Performance Management
Access and equity(including rural/remote
and indigenous)
E-health
Accreditation
Evidence-BasedPractice
Health System Infrastructure
HealthFacility
Operation
StructuralReform
Structural context
Conclusion
• The Australian health sector is under pressure from an ageing population, an increase in chronic disease, increasing health care costs, and workforce shortages
• e-health provides some potential opportunities to respond to these pressures, provided that it is aligned in a structural context with health financing, workforce and facility management
• Change management (workflow, roles, skills) is critical in making the most of this opportunity
• Leadership is required to optimise the productivity gains available from e-health to respond to health system pressures