THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION IN POLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRYPOLICY FORMULATION IN THE FISHING INDUSTRY
Fishery Research InstituteFishery Research InstituteTALCAHUANO CHILETALCAHUANO [email protected]
PARABLE OF LOAVES AND FISHES
TINTORETTO 1578 (Jacopo Robusti 1518-1594)
THE CHRISTIAN PARABLE
“FEEDING THE MULTITUDE”
Mark 6: 32 – 4
Matthew 14: 13 – 21
Luke 9: 10 – 17
John 6: 1 - 16
CONFLICT
“SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY VS CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES”
A MAJOR PROBLEM FOR DECISIONMAKERS DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IS SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY.
GOVERNMENT
INDUSTRY SCIENTIST
TRUST
The ocean, fishes and human society The ocean provides numerous ecosystem goods and services to mankind:- energy, transportation, recreation, biological and mineral resources
Chilean Hake (Merluccius gayi)
WHY DO WE CATCH FISH ?
BECAUSE WE NEED TO FEED PEOPLE
SCIENCES AND FISH INDUSTRY
1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF FISHERIES
2.- HOW FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION WORKS
3.- ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES
4.- BIOLOGICAL UNCERTAINTY IN FISHERIES
IMPLICATIONS : SOCIAL
ECONOMICAL
POLITICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
I.I.P.
FISHERY DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
DESEMBARQUE DE JUREL 1975-2000
0
500
10001500
2000
2500
30003500
4000
4500
AÑOS
TO
NEL
AD
AS
(m
iles
)
Initial pointgrowth
declination
estability
Peakmaximun
Jack Mackerel1975 - 2000
Duality of Fishery
In most Country
1.- CHARACTERISTICS OF
FISHERIES
STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY
STRENGTH:
1.- THERE IS HIGH DEMAND FOR FISH PRODUCTS, WHICH ARE RICH IN PROTEIN AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS.
2.- TECHNOLOGY HAS DEVELOPED THAT CAN SELECT TARGET SPECIES AND LOCATE INDIVIDUAL FISH. FACTORY VESSELS ARE CAPABLE OF PROCESSING OVER 100 TONNES OF FISH PER DAY.
3.- SOME STOCKS AROUND THE WORLD ARE STILL HEALTHY, AND THERE IS GROWING POLITICAL AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE VALUE OF THIS RESOURCE.
4.- AQUACULTURE PROVIDES ECONOMICS ACTIVITY IN RELATIVELY UNDEVELOPED AREAS.
STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY
WEAKNESSES:
1.- CURRENT LEVELS OF INDUSTRIAL FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM, INDICATED BY DRAMATIC DEPLETION OF FISH STOCK SINCE THE 80´S.
2.- POLITICAL FAILURE TO CONTROL THE DEPLETION OF STOCK HAS LED TO A WEAK ECONOMY, WHICH REDUCE THE INDUSTRY´S ABILITY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS.
3.- AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES BUT ITS BRING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS.
4.- AQUACULTURE IS AN IMMATURE, ECONOMICALLY UNSTABLE ACTIVITY WITH LOW PROFITS AND RELATIVELY LITTLE MONEY TO MITIGATE ANY ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE.
FISH ADMINISTRATION FISH ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
ObjetivosEstrategias
Ley de Pesca
PLANEACION
ConocimientoInfraestructura
Planificadores
Problemasde
desarrollo
Plan de Gestión
RegulacionesIndicadores
Programa de Evaluación y Manejo
CONTROL
Modelos
InfraestructuraEvaluadoresAdmnistradores
Base de Datos
ObjetivosEstrategias
Ley de Pesca
PLANEACION
ConocimientoInfraestructura
Planificadores
Problemasde
desarrollo
Plan de Gestión
RegulacionesIndicadores
Programa de Evaluación y Manejo
CONTROL
Modelos
InfraestructuraEvaluadoresAdmnistradores
Base de Datos
FISH PRODUCTION FACTORS:
K, L, I, STOCK
PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
FLEET
PLANTS
PRODUCTS
2.- HOW FISHERY MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION WORKS
MANAGEMENT FUNCTION
PLANINGNational DevelopmentProblems
National fish policy
Fish law
knowledge fish control:
Monitoring
Stock Assessment
Decision rule
Fiscalization
Management
Plan by
fisheries
Stock Assessment
Research Logistics
Fish Data base
Assessment Models
FISHERY
Regulation
Biological Reference Point
Research logistics
Research Planning
Catches observingBoat log compiling
BASIC DATA
Stock Size Estimation
Estimation of Biology indicator
Fishery Biology Indicator
Optimun EstrategyEstimation
Fishery Explotation
Strategy
STOCKSTOCKSIZESIZE
T.A.Q Determination
Catching QuotaFISHERYFISHERY
STOCKSTOCK FLEETFLEETfishingfishing
Biological Fish Annual Quota
WHAT ARE THE COMMON QUESTION WHAT ARE THE COMMON QUESTION DONE BY THE HEAD OF THE FISH DONE BY THE HEAD OF THE FISH INDUSTRY?INDUSTRY?
1.- What are the status of the fishery?
2.- How much can we caught this year?
3.- Where can I find the fish?
4.- How can I detect the fish?
At least twice a year
At least once a year
Monthly, weekly
Daily
National management systems
Industry, Research Institute
CAUSE OF FISH ABUNDANCE CHANGES
1.- INTRA SPECIFIC DYNAMICS: SPAWNING vs RECRUITMENT
GROWTH DENSITY
CANNIBALISMS
2.- SPECIES COMPETITION.
3.- PREDATION.
4.- FISHING EXPLOTATION.
5.- ENVIRONMENTAL FLUCTUATIONS.
Time
Space
DecadeInter-annualMonth Season YearDay
Ocean
Local
Regional
Basin Stock condition before ENSO
Adapted reproduction
Fishery pressure
Local Upwelling
ENSO strength and duration
Inter-decadal regime
Large scale forcing
Small scale fo
rcing
3.- ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES
Chilean annual landings
19581963 1968 1973 19781983
19881993
19982003
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Lan
din
gs
(10
3 t
on
)
Total
jack mackerel
sardineanchovy
common sardine
mackerelLarge ecosystems
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001
YEAR
Lan
din
gs
(10
to
n)
Jack MackerelAnchovySardineHake
CHILEAN FISHERIES STATISTICS3
82- 83
97- 98
72 - 73
?
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY ?
1.- SIZE OF THE POPULATION
2.- ADULTS AGE ESTRUCTURE
3.- FISH MORTALITY
4.- NATURAL MORTALITY
5.- RECRUITMENT INTENSITY
6.- GROWTH RATE
7.- FECUNDITY EGGS AND LARVAE MORTALITY
FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ADDITION TO THE FISHERY ASSESSMENT
1.- PROSPECT IN ALTERNATIVE STOCKS AND “COST” OF SWITCHING.
2.- COST OF FISHING, CAPITAL, ETC.
3.- SHORE FACILITIES, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT.
4.- MARKETS, DEMAND AND PRICES.
Biological uncertainty in fisheriesBiological uncertainty in fisheries
THE ACTUAL STATE OF THE MAJOR FISHERIES IS NOT PRODUCT OF THE AZZARDS, BUT IS FAR AWAY OF A CONSEQUENCE OF SOMETHING PLANNED NEITHER FROM THE RESEARCH OR BY THE MANAGEMENT.
¿What we know? ¿What we would like to explain? And ¿What we know? ¿What we would like to explain? And ¿What do we need to know in order to reduce the biological ¿What do we need to know in order to reduce the biological uncertainty?uncertainty?
Types and levels of Biological UncertaintyTypes and levels of Biological Uncertainty
(a) Ecosystem Structure Uncertainty, deal with the biological system in a particular environment organization such us upwelling ecosystem.
(b) Funtional Ecosystem uncertainty, deal with the interaction degree between components of the ecosystems, and.
(c) Temporal & Spatial Uncertainty, deal with the coupling variables resulting from the function and structure of the ecosystems.
Ecosystem structure
uncertainty: the biological
system
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!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(
!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
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!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
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!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
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!( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !( !(
100°W
100°W
95°W
95°W
90°W
90°W
85°W
85°W
80°W
80°W
75°W
75°W
70°W
70°W
50°S 50°S
45°S 45°S
40°S 40°S
35°S 35°S
30°S 30°S
25°S 25°S
20°S 20°S
15°S 15°S
10°S 10°S
5°S 5°S
0°N 0°N
Ecosystem structure
uncertainty: the biological
system
Jack Mackerel
0
50
100
150
200
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Años
CP
UE
(to
n/V
CP
E)
Observada
Estimada
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Años
CP
UE
(to
n/V
CP
E)
Observada
Estimada
01
2345
67
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Años
Bio
ma
sa (
106 t
on
)
Observada
Estimada
CPUE Zona norte
CPUE Zona centro-sur
Acoustics Biomass
Ecosystem function uncertainty:
Spatial & temporal uncertainty: Spawning vs population
processes
92° W 90° W 88° W 86° W 84° W 82° W 80° W 78° W 76° W 74° W
LONGITUD
42° S
40° S
38° S
36° S
34° S
32° S
LAT
ITU
D
1983
1985
1986
1987
1992
1997 1998
1999
1999
Acoustic surveysAcoustic surveys
-42
-40
-38
-36
-34
-32
-30
-28
-26
-85 -83 -81 -79 -77 -75 -73 -71
Latitud
Lo
ng
itu
d
Spatial & Temporal variability
Spatial & temporal Uncertaintypopulation processes
Onboard observation programCatch dataEffort dataSize and Age CompositionCatch rates
Recruitment ProgramRate of changesAbundance estimatesBiological dataDistributionRecruitment
Direct Stock AssessmentAbsolute Abundance EstimationAge Size compositionDistribution & Behaviour
Distribution of jack mackerel
-81 -80 -79 -78 -77 -76 -75 -74 -73 -72-42
-41
-40
-39
-38
-37
-36
-35
-34
0
5
10
25
50
75
100
250
500
750
1000
1500
2000
Abundance spot
-38
-37.8
-37.6
-37.4
-37.2
-37
-36.8
-36.6
-82.5 -82 -81.5 -81 -80.5
-39
-38.9
-38.8
-38.7
-38.6
-38.5
-38.4
-38.3
-38.2
-38.1
-38
-79.8 -79.6 -79.4 -79.2 -79 -78.8
-36.9
-36.85
-36.8
-36.75
-36.7
-36.65
-36.6
-77.4 -77.3 -77.2 -77.1 -77 -76.9 -76.8
82.00 W 80.00 W 78.00 W 76.00 W 74.00 W 72.00 W42.00 S
40.00 S
38.00 S
36.00 S
34.00 S
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001B
iom
asa
(mill
ones
de
t)
Total
Adulta
Desovante
Hidroacústica
MPDH
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Bio
mas
a (m
illon
es d
e t)
Total
Adulta
Desovante
Hidroacústica
MPDH
With HydroAcoustics
2002 y 2003
Without
HydroAcoustics
2002 y 2003
Stock Assessment
FISHERY SCIENCES vs DECISION MAKERS
1.- THERE IS A NEED TO BALANCE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FISHERIES WITH PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
2.- CURRENT LEVELS OF FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM. AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES, BUT MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
3.- THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY FISHING: FOR INSTANCE: Salmon aquaculture and deep water trawling.
4.- THE PRESSURE FOR FISH MEAL AND OIL WILL LIMIT THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE. ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL ARE BEING EXPLORED.
5.- EVIDENCE THAT CONSUMPTION OF FISH WOULD REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES IN HUMANS.
6.- FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SHOULD TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MARINE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGES, SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC CONCERN.
FISHERY SCIENCES vs DECISION MAKERS
1.- THERE IS A NEED TO BALANCE THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FISHERIES WITH PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
2.- CURRENT LEVELS OF FISHING CANNOT BE SUSTAINED IN THE LONG TERM. AQUACULTURE MAY COMPENSATE FOR DECLINING CATCHES, BUT MAY HAVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
3.- THERE ARE EVIDENCE OF DAMAGE TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT CAUSED BY FISHING: FOR INSTANCE: Salmon aquaculture and deep water trawling.
4.- THE PRESSURE FOR FISH MEAL AND OIL WILL LIMIT THE GROWTH OF AQUACULTURE. ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL ARE BEING EXPLORED.
5.- EVIDENCE THAT CONSUMPTION OF FISH WOULD REDUCE CARDIOVASCULAR DESEASES IN HUMANS.
6.- FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE SHOULD TAKE AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO MARINE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING THE ENTIRE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGES, SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC CONCERN.
Instituto de Investigación Pesquera
Coelorhyncus fasciatus
Genypterus maculatus
Genypterus blacodes
Merluccius gayi gayi
Callorhynchus callorhynchus
Epigonus CrassicaudusRaja spp
Seriolella spp
The End
Trachurus s. murphyi
