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The roles of model-data fusion in carbon cycle science Michael Raupach CSIRO Land and Water,...

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The roles of model-data fusion in carbon cycle science Michael Raupach CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australia IGBP-IHDP-WCRP Global Carbon Project With thanks to: Damian Barrett, Peter Briggs, Pep Canadell, Helen Cleugh, Frank Dunin, John Finnigan, Dean Graetz, Kathy Hibbard, Heather Keith, Mac Kirby, Ray Leuning, Will Steffen, Brian Walker, YingPing Wang, Lu Zhang CDAS Workshop, Boulder, CO, USA, 19 May 2002
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  • The roles of model-data fusion in carbon cycle scienceMichael RaupachCSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, AustraliaIGBP-IHDP-WCRP Global Carbon Project With thanks to: Damian Barrett, Peter Briggs, Pep Canadell, Helen Cleugh, Frank Dunin, John Finnigan, Dean Graetz, Kathy Hibbard, Heather Keith, Mac Kirby, Ray Leuning, Will Steffen, Brian Walker, YingPing Wang, Lu Zhang

    CDAS Workshop, Boulder, CO, USA, 19 May 2002

  • Outline1.The Global Carbon Cycle2.Model-Data Fusion3.Multiple ConstraintsToolboxExamples4.The Global Carbon Project 5.Future directions

  • Atmospheric CO2: past and futureLast 420,000 years: Vostok ice core record (blue)Last 100 years: Contemporary record (red)Next 100 years: IPCC BAU scenario (red)

  • Global carbon budget 1980-1999Fluxes in GtC/year (IPCC Third Assessment Report, Vol 1) 1980s 1990s-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atmospheric C accumulation 3.3 0.1 3.2 0.2

    = Emissions (fossil, cement) 5.4 0.3 6.4 0.6 + Net ocean-air flux -1.9 0.5-1.7 0.5 + Net land-air flux -0.2 0.7-1.4 0.7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  • Spatial distributions of C sources and sinksSchimel et al. (2001) Nature 414, 169-172Latitude distribution of C sources from land, ocean, fossil-fuel emissionsFrom atmospheric inversions (mean of 8 different models and data sets)Left bars: 1980s; right bars: 1990s

  • Temporal variability in C sources and sinksRoger Francey, CSIRO Atmospheric Research

  • Major questionsPatterns and Variability: What are the current geographical and temporal distributions of the major stores and fluxes in the global carbon cycle?Processes, Controls and Interactions: What are the control and feedback mechanisms both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic that determine the dynamics of the carbon cycle over time?Carbon Futures: What are the likely dynamics of the global carbon cycle into the future?--------------------------------Space scales:Global to localTime scales:1 to >106 yearsInteractions between the natural C cycle and human influences on itCurrent relevance:Measurement and management of terrestrial C sinks (political issue)Future of the carbon-climate-human system over next century

  • Part 2: Model-data fusionWhat is it?Why is it important? The big questionsAtmospheric data assimilation at three scalesVegetation canopyAtmospheric boundary layerGlobe

  • What is model-data fusion?Some names:Inverse methods (atmospheric, oceanic, biogeochemical)Synthesis inversionData assimilationParameter estimationMultiple constraintsModel-data fusion

    Attempted definition: Model-data fusion = the introduction of observations into a modelling framework, to provide:Estimates of model parameters (numbers we'd like to know but don't)Uncertainties on parameters and model outputAbility to reject a model, through a measure of goodness of fit(Heimann and Kasibhatla 2000; Press et al 1992, "Numerical Recipes")

  • Why model-data fusion is important We cannot do manipulative experiments with the earth system Many parameters are not measurable at earth system scales, because ofHigh small-scale spatial variability (eg leaf area index, any soil property)High temporal variability (eg stomatal conductance)Physical inaccessibility (eg most roots, deep soil, aquifers, most of ocean)Model-data fusion is the counterpart for earth system science of manipulative experimentation for classical process science

  • Atmospheric data assimilation (DA) to find fluxes from concentration measurements: general (1)Surface-air fluxes (or sources and sinks) of water, CO2 and other entities alter atmospheric concentrations, leaving signals in the atmosphereAtmospheric DA methods seek to find fluxes (F) or sources and sinks (S) from measurements of perturbations in concentrations (C)C perturbations are:mixed by atmospheric diffusionshort-livedcontain inherent spatial averagingScales:canopy small plot region (ABL) continent globe

  • Atmospheric data assimilation (DA) to find fluxes from concentration measurements: general (2)InvertSources or fluxes at points (j)Measured C at points (i)Greens functionprobability of transport from j to i Depends on wind field onlyDetermined with an atmospheric transport and dispersion modelby minimising

  • Atmospheric DA at canopy scaleDispersion matrix or Greens functionDispersion matrix:Specifies C profiles from unit sources in a set of canopy layersCan be found with a forward Lagrangian model of canopy dispersion, either Eulerian (eg higher order closure) or Lagrangian (eg Localised Near Field)Dispersion matrix from Localised Near Field (analytic Lagrangian) theory

  • Atmospheric DA at canopy scaleConcentration profiles in Wagga wheat(Denmead et al 1995)

    TemperatureHumidity[CO2]

  • Canopy EXAMPLE: Rice (Leuning 2000) Inverse Lagrangian and eddy covariance estimates of latent heat and CO2 fluxes8-Aug-9611-Aug-96

  • Canopy EXAMPLE: Rice (Leuning 2000) Vertical distribution of water vapour and CO2 sources from Inverse Lagrangian 11-Aug-968-Aug-96

  • Atmospheric DA at boundary layer (ABL) scaleTemperature structure of CBLOASIS, Oct 1995, New South Wales (Cleugh and colleagues, CSIRO)

  • Atmospheric DA at ABL scaleCO2 structure in CBL

    Mid-day CO2 profile over a pasture landscape at Bungendore, NSW, in August 1973Garratt, Pearman and Denmead (1973, unpublished)

  • Atmospheric DA at ABL scaleUse of bulk Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) budgetsSlab CBL budget for scalar and isotope:Horizontally fixed column: wind blows through sides and roofColumn moving with wind: roof grows with h(t), sides deformUse this to infer surface scalar flux or ecosystem discrimination from diurnal course of concentration or isotopic composition

  • ABL EXAMPLE 1: Daytime CBL budget estimates of trace gas fluxes at OASIS 1995 (Denmead et al 1999)Comparison of time-integrated (ICBL) budget and micromet measurementsHeterogeneity (1 to 100 km) =>cant extrapolate accurately from near-surface C to mixed-layer C Should include advection term in Eulerian budget, or use Lagrangian measurements

  • Atmospheric DA at ABL scaleEffects of height-time concentration variation near the groundOASIS, Oct 1995, Wagga, NSW (Griffith and Jamie, Wollongong University)

  • Atmospheric DA at global scale

  • Global Example 1: Global CO2 flux distribution 1988-92Mean values (GtC/y) (Sum = - 2.9 GtC/y = - dCa/dt)

    Uncertainties (GtC/y)

    Peter Rayner, CSIRO Amospheric Research

  • Global Example 2: Better temporal resolution reduces uncertainty Peter Rayner, CSIRO Atmospheric Research

    77 CO2 sitesMonthly averageDaily average for Cape Grim77 CO2 sitesMonthly average

  • Part 3: Multiple ConstraintsEmphasis on terrestrial fluxesTechniques (a box of nuts and bolts)Kinds of observationAtmospheric compositionEddy fluxes and ecophysiologyEcology and pedologyRemote sensingExamples to date

  • Techniques for model-data fusionGeneral problemWe are givenWhat parameters (a) give best agreement between model and observations?What are the uncertainties in these parameters, given the uncertainties in observations and prior parameter estimates? What is the goodness-of-fit?

  • Techniques for model-data fusionGeneral solutionProvided the errors are Gaussian, the optimum parameters areUse of prior estimates:omit -> maximum-likelihood parameter estimates include-> Bayesian parameter estimates (fold priors into measurement vector)Atmospheric data assimilation:y = (M predicted concentrations) a = (K sources) Problem is linear in a (for conserved species)Multiple constraints:y is a composite vector of multiple measurements a is a set of model parameters Problem is generally nonlinear in a

  • Techniques for model-data fusionThe linear case: solution for parametersModel (linear in parameters a):

    This is an overdetermined system (M>K), so the optimum a minimises

    Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of F:

    W = diag(w1,wK) is diagonalColumns of U with nonzero wj form an orthonormal basis for range of F (in y space)Columns of V with zero wj form an orthonormal basis for nullspace of F (in a space)

    Optimum solution for a:

  • Techniques for model-data fusionThe linear case: uncertainty in parametersUncertainty in a:

    Column vectors of the orthonormal matrix V are the principal axes of the error ellipsoid for the fitted parameters a

  • Techniques for model-data fusionThe linear case: goodness-of-fit of modelGoodness-of-fit: J(a*) has a chi-square distribution with M-K degrees of freedom

    Q(J(a*)|M-K) is the fraction of data realisations more scattered around optimised plot than the actual data:Q improbably poor fit => reject model (or Cmn underestimated)Q close to 1 => improbably good fit => Cmn is overestimated

  • Techniques for model-data fusionThe nonlinear caseNonlinear model (evaluated at M points where observations exist):

    Tangent Linear Model:

    Steepest descent:

    Newton's method:Levenberg-Marquardt: interpolates between steepest descent and NewtonUncertainty and goodness-of-fit: use quasilinear analysis around minimum

  • Techniques for model-data fusionSearch methodsLinear model (y = Fa): SVD returns minimum directly for small to moderate number of parameters KKalman filter: for finding optimum time-dependent parametersNonlinear model [y = f(a) with nonlinear f(a)]:Levenberg-MarquardtSimple versions requires Jacobian matrix A (= grada f)Good for small number of parameters KAdjoint of Tangent Linear ModelA method for finding grada JGood for large number of parameters KRequires adjoint linear model A* (obtained analytically or by symbolic differentiation)Used in meteorological data assimilationGenetic algorithm: good for lumpy objective functions J(a)

  • Multiple constraints: kinds of observationAtmospheric and oceanic compositionIn-situ atmospheric data(baseline stations, flask network, towers) In-situ oceanic data (cruises, buoys, ships of opportunity)Space-based observationsEddy fluxes and ecophysiological dataEcological and pedological dataRemote sensing of land and ocean surfaces

  • Atmospheric composition observationsCape Grim Baseline Air Pollution StationCSIRO Atmospheric Research and Bureau of MeteorologyLocated on the northwest Tasmanian coast to sample air from the Southern Hemisphere marine boundary layer

  • Atmospheric compositionGASLAB, CSIRO Atmospheric ResearchBaseline air at Cape Grim, NE Tasmania

  • Eddy fluxesOASIS 1995: Wagga Wagga region, NSWEddy covariance and routine weather measurements at Browning siteSurface: improved pasture, LAI about 1.5CSIRO Land and Water

  • Data: OASISModel: SCAM

  • FLUXNET Integrating Worldwide CO2 Flux Measurements

  • Biomass observationsCSIRO Forestry and Forest Products (Heather Keith)

  • Remote sensingNOAA AVHRR: the NDVI and Land Surface Temperature (LST) recordDean Graetz, CSIRO Earth Observation CentreTrajectory of the Australian continent in (LST, NDVI) space over 3 yearsNDVILST

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    0.243899

    0.242591

    0.241787

    0.239387

    0.237485

    0.233743

    0.227961

    0.22537

    0.223876

    0.22262

    0.223304

    0.222646

    0.220368

    0.218208

    0.216448

    0.212305

    0.20865

    0.203438

    0.199968

    0.195375

    0.190962

    0.185349

    0.182182

    0.179273

    0.178685

    0.177057

    0.170672

    0.163624

    0.150577

    &L&C&F &A &D &T&R

    Continental mean NDVI ('Vegetation Greenness')

    Master Chart 2

    19.637071896920.686541292925.2246264128

    19.66487674821.575998831725.5401251408

    19.733138550522.568250964526.1078918648

    19.771868862423.701134913926.759757844

    19.829741057824.983968579527.2885858686

    19.997046478826.033616593427.9246441648

    20.186381439226.726266990228.6832045619

    20.374138608327.078084688629.0349329514

    20.441953866126.986245324929.0216259188

    20.421531887726.547768181628.5624291006

    20.342344624326.221671458927.9912388671

    19.991568863625.849937866127.6503466294

    19.843703022725.24742996327.221514852

    19.74713028524.776235976726.7673491042

    20.001333308124.367915486626.3158923944

    20.125413200423.536300373725.8161195461

    19.981268565423.171592417725.294525546

    19.885320990422.368734784624.9013875763

    19.481138481421.627589631424.6506378324

    19.140097395521.102482812824.3071556354

    18.896194670620.648376604423.7894912287

    18.4591762420.172657631523.0385220918

    18.17106558819.602360487522.5032935929

    17.951127429619.228423940722.0280807041

    17.826273526518.896462597421.5231577067

    17.813561886818.710640455521.1791396561

    17.521610950318.648183734220.9969196415

    17.401936965918.733950089720.7203298432

    17.422388713918.885179900920.2343998812

    17.474009283318.902595144919.9440565056

    17.645154988919.000715904219.7203078323

    17.665160192219.21258648819.5625286986

    17.647477021419.424516611219.566130826

    17.747235111419.597537804519.5607425198

    17.857829353219.858826003819.495546991

    17.794420003320.228773417819.5414815576

    &A

    &L&"Geneva,Regular"&10&D&C&F&R&"Geneva,Regular"&10&T

    WinterRainfall

    SummerRainfall

    1985-86 (684 MtC)

    1988-89 (795 MtC)

    1984-85 (868 MtC)

    Vegetation year (Apr.1 - Mar. 30)

    Continental NPP (MtC)

    Master Chart 3

    0.25806325.24

    0.28535227.249

    0.28831129.152

    0.28845730.897

    0.28601333.292

    0.28029835.703

    0.27629938.479

    0.26948940.499

    0.26501941.783

    0.25898843.754

    0.2541845.337

    0.24801146.809

    0.24237848.108

    0.23878749.064

    0.23537549.987

    0.23502950.099

    0.23445250.901

    0.23341151.827

    0.23326952.027

    0.23395151.076

    0.23578950.57

    0.23758549.722

    0.24036248.233

    0.24485145.229

    0.25240443.902

    0.25829540.824

    0.26393939.6

    0.26602138.355

    0.26787635.535

    0.2705634.751

    0.27240134.884

    0.2736534.786

    0.27607632.61

    0.27638132.425

    0.27413532.308

    0.26806732.205

    0.26141932.16

    0.25524832.162

    0.24898932.325

    0.24325832.632

    0.23880933.526

    0.23366433.679

    0.22941934.935

    0.22550237.1

    0.22225139.58

    0.2167841.292

    0.2119243.515

    0.20716745.452

    0.20339947.062

    0.20021148.446

    0.19872849.041

    0.19822849.988

    0.19791350.206

    0.19818750.089

    0.19920949.847

    0.20030850.786

    0.20091651.307

    0.20234951.135

    0.20475549.579

    0.20783847.5

    0.21255344.395

    0.22244242.024

    0.23622239.755

    0.25459937.644

    0.2694836.746

    0.28208736.22

    0.29326335.96

    0.30379835.762

    0.31144335.649

    0.3166329.148

    0.31095528.374

    0.3098928.299

    0.30400928.295

    0.29818928.514

    0.29203328.923

    0.28788229.726

    0.28539330.964

    0.28080132.201

    0.27594634.029

    0.2677636.971

    0.26320738.485

    0.25866639.964

    0.25586741.724

    0.2503243.294

    0.24642844.307

    0.24522945.266

    0.24528445.966

    0.24603946.877

    0.2467347.851

    0.24802646.738

    0.25072446.124

    0.26039445.51

    0.26773545.08

    0.26945644.539

    0.27268642.886

    0.27908241.361

    0.28408338.637

    0.29213136.41

    0.29863234.648

    0.30236732.486

    0.30908930.214

    0.31680629.046

    0.32306728.204

    0.33059827.691

    0.33957827.411

    0.34374227.14

    0.34358526.929

    0.33814826.782

    0.33138626.7

    0.3273526.681

    0.32227326.795

    0.31689627.065

    0.31155227.637

    0.30563528.389

    0.2994629.333

    0.29480530.739

    0.29183733.51

    0.2877736.124

    0.28164237.83

    0.27275139.311

    0.26641541.172

    0.26078942.69

    0.25481143.75

    0.25073844.802

    0.24858145.527

    0.24530645.961

    0.23955346.375

    0.23611646.889

    0.23346747.755

    0.23159949.055

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    0.23157847.504

    0.23080646.649

    0.2313544.086

    0.23248242.505

    0.23281139.898

    0.23361935.939

    0.23407735.407

    0.23476334.354

    0.23674334.122

    0.23898533.907

    0.24120833.721

    0.2420133.557

    0.24176933.439

    0.24083133.354

    0.23667933.307

    0.23492833.393

    0.23378533.688

    0.23679434.485

    0.23826335.253

    0.23655636.532

    0.2354238.159

    0.23063640.862

    0.22659842.132

    0.2237143.29

    0.21853645.158

    0.21512647.217

    0.21252248.117

    0.21104448.845

    0.21089349.323

    0.20743749.607

    0.2060249.741

    0.20626250.09

    0.20687350.111

    0.20889950.147

    0.20913650.388

    0.20892749.725

    0.21010848.419

    0.21141746.74

    0.21066744.642

    0.21163541.71

    0.21403737.887

    0.21573336.064

    0.21762133.889

    0.22075733.209

    0.22421932.733

    0.22553932.284

    0.22581431.829

    0.22733131.471

    0.22963531.127

    0.23289830.79

    0.23848130.647

    0.24024530.703

    0.24064931.048

    0.24399431.608

    0.24398232.901

    0.24137634.532

    0.23842736.948

    0.23482938.44

    0.23266840.121

    0.22804241.809

    0.22343.843

    0.21906945.352

    0.2170846.617

    0.21420147.238

    0.21292747.91

    0.21285448.89

    0.2129149.297

    0.21360949.487

    0.21509549.035

    0.21856147.873

    0.22325246.464

    0.23050544.886

    0.24206743.393

    0.24654742.343

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    0.24861938.607

    0.25146436.327

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    0.27035730.539

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    0.32057527.325

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    0.31429726.784

    0.31043626.624

    0.30603526.616

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    0.29332427.127

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    0.27864428.759

    0.27432630.204

    0.26482232.225

    0.25604735.052

    0.2498337.57

    0.24445439.432

    0.23882244.1

    0.23207148.416

    0.22764350.907

    0.22371452.326

    0.22151452.603

    0.22077453.287

    0.2217953.405

    0.2235853.315

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    0.22494852.663

    0.22745652.051

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    0.23510744.38

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    0.27168434.93

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    0.29150233.904

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    0.27685234.435

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    0.25314121.872

    0.25197322.3

    0.25313522.805

    0.25529523.127

    0.25425824.059

    0.25400625.312

    0.2514427.31

    0.24971628.781

    0.24689230.218

    0.24410331.354

    0.23990632.813

    0.23622734.299

    0.23279335.364

    0.23085936.217

    0.22819336.728

    0.22620437.375

    0.22358238.22

    0.22211639.266

    0.22247240.401

    0.22391341.122

    0.22710141.463

    0.22966742.059

    0.2308542.662

    0.2329342.894

    0.23591642.415

    0.23700841.314

    0.23794939.947

    0.23937738.66

    0.2419336.977

    0.24474135.321

    0.24619933.276

    0.24512931.05

    0.24424128.855

    0.24389926.276

    0.24259124.086

    0.24178722.009

    0.23938720.233

    0.23748518.507

    0.23374317.557

    0.22796117.546

    0.2253717.79

    0.22387617.891

    0.2226218.514

    0.22330419.118

    0.22264619.477

    0.22036820.642

    0.21820821.603

    0.21644822.652

    0.21230524.661

    0.2086526.22

    0.20343827.677

    0.19996828.847

    0.19537529.553

    0.19096230.423

    0.18534931.813

    0.18218233.218

    0.17927334.324

    0.17868535.708

    0.17705736.634

    0.17067237.105

    0.16362437.36

    0.15057736.427

    &L&C&F &A &D &T&R

    NDVI

    LST (C)

    NDVI

    LST

    Master Chart 4

    25.24

    27.249

    29.152

    30.897

    33.292

    35.703

    38.479

    40.499

    41.783

    43.754

    45.337

    46.809

    48.108

    49.064

    49.987

    50.099

    50.901

    51.827

    52.027

    51.076

    50.57

    49.722

    48.233

    45.229

    43.902

    40.824

    39.6

    38.355

    35.535

    34.751

    34.884

    34.786

    32.61

    32.425

    32.308

    32.205

    32.16

    32.162

    32.325

    32.632

    33.526

    33.679

    34.935

    37.1

    39.58

    41.292

    43.515

    45.452

    47.062

    48.446

    49.041

    49.988

    50.206

    50.089

    49.847

    50.786

    51.307

    51.135

    49.579

    47.5

    44.395

    42.024

    39.755

    37.644

    36.746

    36.22

    35.96

    35.762

    35.649

    29.148

    28.374

    28.299

    28.295

    28.514

    28.923

    29.726

    30.964

    32.201

    34.029

    36.971

    38.485

    39.964

    41.724

    43.294

    44.307

    45.266

    45.966

    46.877

    47.851

    46.738

    46.124

    45.51

    45.08

    44.539

    42.886

    41.361

    38.637

    36.41

    34.648

    32.486

    30.214

    29.046

    28.204

    27.691

    27.411

    27.14

    26.929

    26.782

    26.7

    26.681

    26.795

    27.065

    27.637

    28.389

    29.333

    30.739

    33.51

    36.124

    37.83

    39.311

    41.172

    42.69

    43.75

    44.802

    45.527

    45.961

    46.375

    46.889

    47.755

    49.055

    49.032

    47.504

    46.649

    44.086

    42.505

    39.898

    35.939

    35.407

    34.354

    34.122

    33.907

    33.721

    33.557

    33.439

    33.354

    33.307

    33.393

    33.688

    34.485

    35.253

    36.532

    38.159

    40.862

    42.132

    43.29

    45.158

    47.217

    48.117

    48.845

    49.323

    49.607

    49.741

    50.09

    50.111

    50.147

    50.388

    49.725

    48.419

    46.74

    44.642

    41.71

    37.887

    36.064

    33.889

    33.209

    32.733

    32.284

    31.829

    31.471

    31.127

    30.79

    30.647

    30.703

    31.048

    31.608

    32.901

    34.532

    36.948

    38.44

    40.121

    41.809

    43.843

    45.352

    46.617

    47.238

    47.91

    48.89

    49.297

    49.487

    49.035

    47.873

    46.464

    44.886

    43.393

    42.343

    40.529

    38.607

    36.327

    33.504

    31.357

    30.659

    30.539

    30.328

    30.062

    29.824

    29.613

    29.444

    29.377

    29.395

    29.622

    30.301

    31.544

    33.572

    36.662

    38.485

    40.241

    42.041

    43.397

    44.532

    45.563

    46.643

    48.322

    48.605

    48.803

    48.928

    48.141

    47.206

    46.312

    45.871

    43.941

    40.923

    39.027

    33.83

    32.78

    31.511

    29.733

    28.394

    28.047

    27.685

    27.325

    27.036

    26.784

    26.624

    26.616

    26.84

    27.127

    27.733

    28.759

    30.204

    32.225

    35.052

    37.57

    39.432

    44.1

    48.416

    50.907

    52.326

    52.603

    53.287

    53.405

    53.315

    53.199

    52.663

    52.051

    51.284

    50.19

    44.38

    42.167

    40.272

    38.691

    36.307

    34.93

    34.483

    34.216

    33.904

    33.684

    33.481

    33.305

    33.263

    33.277

    33.426

    33.747

    34.435

    36.228

    38.517

    41.429

    43.459

    45.41

    46.731

    47.719

    49.188

    50.603

    51.813

    52.589

    53.342

    53.947

    54.018

    53.719

    52.412

    52.61

    52.384

    50.89

    47.228

    45.538

    42.345

    38.184

    36.883

    36.596

    35.414

    35.104

    34.869

    34.642

    34.438

    34.246

    34.081

    33.972

    34.109

    34.486

    34.879

    35.923

    37.436

    39.804

    42.245

    44.273

    46.596

    48.617

    49.856

    50.805

    51.03

    51.623

    52.188

    51.773

    51.94

    51.161

    50.755

    50.212

    49.419

    47.825

    46.412

    44.045

    41.655

    38.631

    36.53

    34.728

    34.278

    34.019

    33.734

    33.462

    33.214

    33.035

    32.896

    32.851

    32.945

    33.228

    33.799

    35.164

    36.164

    38.588

    41.349

    43.554

    45.252

    46.195

    47.395

    48.522

    49.114

    49.496

    50.175

    50.134

    50.135

    49.527

    49.9

    49.57

    47.924

    46.849

    44.713

    42.333

    37.824

    35.504

    33.706

    32.844

    30.98

    30.393

    29.793

    29.637

    29.283

    28.997

    28.769

    28.778

    28.928

    29.386

    30.102

    31.263

    32.438

    33.923

    35.706

    37.874

    39.839

    41.379

    42.502

    43.632

    44.933

    46.038

    47.018

    47.807

    48.837

    48.517

    47.87

    45.751

    43.846

    42.418

    41.261

    38.301

    37.143

    34.678

    32.801

    29.807

    29.056

    28.697

    28.306

    27.966

    27.617

    27.284

    27.003

    26.849

    26.873

    27.097

    27.626

    28.808

    30.182

    31.83

    33.584

    34.713

    36.282

    38.093

    40.236

    42.084

    43.906

    44.531

    45.179

    46.231

    48.491

    48.34

    47.749

    45.661

    43.777

    42.371

    41.24

    38.296

    37.141

    34.677

    32.801

    29.808

    29.056

    28.697

    28.306

    27.966

    27.617

    27.284

    27.003

    26.849

    26.873

    27.096

    27.626

    28.811

    30.27

    31.894

    33.592

    34.702

    36.275

    38.098

    40.264

    42.161

    43.992

    44.697

    45.425

    46.682

    48.271

    50.598

    54.787

    52.897

    51.599

    50.477

    48.835

    47.058

    45.067

    42.637

    40.317

    38.196

    36.083

    34.752

    34.034

    33.621

    33.275

    32.986

    32.728

    32.519

    32.422

    32.442

    32.558

    32.845

    33.472

    34.643

    36.284

    38.281

    39.896

    41.49

    43.101

    44.749

    46.144

    46.546

    47.038

    47.955

    48.379

    49.082

    49.652

    50.18

    50.226

    50.511

    50.175

    49.823

    49.148

    48.685

    47.584

    46.145

    44.713

    43.411

    41.162

    38.415

    36.876

    34.629

    32.62

    30.624

    29.744

    28.429

    27.387

    26.376

    25.847

    26.003

    26.873

    27.712

    29.188

    30.696

    33.159

    35.663

    37.335

    38.614

    40.298

    42.483

    44.423

    45.785

    46.258

    47.284

    47.736

    48.4

    48.861

    49.204

    49.137

    49.249

    49.157

    48.983

    48.625

    48.327

    48.259

    46.618

    45.281

    43.63

    41.446

    39.213

    37.397

    34.854

    31.916

    29.705

    27.694

    25.972

    25.19

    24.668

    24.217

    24.161

    24.969

    26.775

    28.23

    29.395

    31.141

    33.315

    35.577

    38.007

    40.252

    41.928

    44.304

    45.27

    45.714

    46.87

    48.242

    48.962

    49.535

    49.948

    50.141

    50.479

    50.577

    50.041

    50.14

    49.682

    49.108

    48.109

    46.832

    44.604

    42.161

    39.587

    36.18

    33.045

    31.73

    30.23

    28.719

    26.997

    25.08

    23.341

    22.282

    22.479

    23.337

    23.908

    24.46

    26.872

    28.667

    30.061

    31.771

    33.14

    34.782

    37.289

    38.68

    39.995

    41.224

    42.637

    44.037

    44.602

    45.464

    46.467

    47.04

    47.249

    47.471

    47.74

    47.45

    46

    44.961

    44.056

    43.048

    40.64

    37.708

    35.514

    34.044

    32.069

    29.503

    28.265

    26.941

    25.441

    23.851

    22.769

    22.445

    21.872

    22.3

    22.805

    23.127

    24.059

    25.312

    27.31

    28.781

    30.218

    31.354

    32.813

    34.299

    35.364

    36.217

    36.728

    37.375

    38.22

    39.266

    40.401

    41.122

    41.463

    42.059

    42.662

    42.894

    42.415

    41.314

    39.947

    38.66

    36.977

    35.321

    33.276

    31.05

    28.855

    26.276

    24.086

    22.009

    20.233

    18.507

    17.557

    17.546

    17.79

    17.891

    18.514

    19.118

    19.477

    20.642

    21.603

    22.652

    24.661

    26.22

    27.677

    28.847

    29.553

    30.423

    31.813

    33.218

    34.324

    35.708

    36.634

    37.105

    37.36

    36.427

    Master Chart 5

    32.16239.75536.41

    32.32537.64434.648

    32.63236.74632.486

    33.52636.2230.214

    33.67935.9629.046

    34.93535.76228.204

    37.135.64927.691

    39.5829.14827.411

    41.29228.37427.14

    43.51528.29926.929

    45.45228.29526.782

    47.06228.51426.7

    48.44628.92326.681

    49.04129.72626.795

    49.98830.96427.065

    50.20632.20127.637

    50.08934.02928.389

    49.84736.97129.333

    50.78638.48530.739

    51.30739.96433.51

    51.13541.72436.124

    49.57943.29437.83

    47.544.30739.311

    44.39545.26641.172

    42.02445.96642.69

    39.75546.87743.75

    47.85144.802

    46.73845.527

    46.12445.961

    45.5146.375

    45.0846.889

    44.539

    42.886

    41.361

    38.637

    36.41

    A Drying Continent

    1982-83 (Drought)

    1983-84 (Transition)

    1984-85 (Wet)

    NDVI

    LST (C)

    Master data sheet v1

    BandFinish dateChannelCu DoYDoY (Calendar)DoY (ENSO)Mean NDVITotal NDVICusum NDVIDoY (ENSO)NPP (MtC)Cusum NPP (MtC)ENSO yearCusum NDVICu DoYTotal NDVIMean LST (C)Mean LST (K)VarianceSkewKurtosis

    119-Jul11981.540.540.310.25873222732220.3121.8221981-82187674818767481981.540.25825.22980.0140.8640.508

    230-Jul21981.570.570.340.285809651541860.3424.1461982-83236935723693571981.570.28527.23000.0170.873-0.104

    39-Aug31981.590.590.360.288818042359910.3624.4701983-84273131327313131981.590.28829.23020.0180.821-0.333

    419-Aug41981.620.620.390.288818463178360.3924.4951984-85291729429172941981.620.28830.93040.0190.809-0.434

    530-Aug51981.650.650.420.286811523989880.4224.21191985-86229727822972781981.650.28633.33060.0200.815-0.492

    69-Sep61981.680.680.450.280795314785190.4523.71421985-87232048723204871981.680.28035.73090.0200.848-0.457

    719-Sep71981.710.710.480.276783965569150.4823.31661987-88250390725039071981.710.27638.53110.0200.879-0.398

    829-Sep81981.730.730.500.269764646333790.5022.81891988-89267020126702011981.730.26940.53130.0190.951-0.204

    99-Oct91981.760.760.530.265751957085740.5322.42111989-90260437426043741981.760.26541.83150.0190.999-0.065

    1019-Oct101981.790.790.560.259734847820580.5621.92331990-91256054725605471981.790.25943.83170.0181.0640.146

    1130-Oct111981.820.820.590.254721208541790.5921.52541991-92241211524121151981.820.25445.33180.0181.1250.339

    129-Nov121981.850.850.620.248703709245480.6220.92751992-93253696025369601981.850.24846.83200.0181.1680.523

    1319-Nov131981.870.870.640.242687719933200.6420.52961993-94293138829313881981.870.24248.13210.0171.2000.665

    1429-Nov141981.900.90.670.2396775210610720.6720.23161994-95296332729633271981.900.23949.13220.0161.2180.750

    159-Dec151981.930.930.700.2356678411278560.7019.93361995-96284487228448721981.930.23550.03230.0161.2250.809

    1619-Dec161981.960.960.730.2356668611945420.7319.93561996-97279687927968791981.960.23550.13230.0161.2130.787

    1730-Dec171981.990.990.760.2346652312610650.7619.83751997-98271150427115041981.990.23450.93240.0161.1960.739

    189-Jan181982.010.010.790.2336622713272920.7919.73951998-99291993829199381982.010.23351.83250.0161.1930.753

    1919-Jan191982.040.040.810.2336618713934790.8119.74151999-00270440027044001982.040.23352.03250.0161.1790.717

    2030-Jan201982.070.070.840.2346638014598590.8419.8435Mean26553411982.070.23451.13240.0161.1630.679

    219-Feb211982.100.10.870.2366690215267610.8719.9455Median2,687,3011982.100.23650.63240.0171.1490.662

    2219-Feb221982.130.130.890.2386741215941720.8920.1475NPP800,000,0001982.130.23849.73230.0171.1150.595

    2327-Feb231982.150.150.920.2406819916623720.9220.3495NDVI multiplier (tC/NDVI)2981982.150.24048.23210.0171.0660.497

    249-Mar241982.180.180.950.2456947317318450.9520.7516Maximum29633271982.180.24545.23180.0171.0060.387

    2519-Mar251982.200.20.970.2527161618034610.9721.3537Min22972781982.200.25243.93170.0170.9080.188

    2630-Mar261982.230.231.000.2587328818767481.0021.85591982.230.25840.83140.0170.8660.128

    279-Apr271982.260.260.030.26474889748890.0322.3221982-831982-831982.260.26439.63130.0170.8250.105

    2819-Apr281982.290.290.060.266754801503690.0622.5451982.290.26638.43110.0170.8110.111

    2929-Apr291982.320.320.090.268760062263750.0922.6671982.320.26835.53090.0170.8210.167

    309-May301982.340.340.110.271767683031430.1122.9901982.340.27134.83080.0180.8490.248

    3119-May311982.370.370.140.272772903804330.1423.01131982.370.27234.93080.0180.8780.302

    3230-May321982.400.40.170.274776444580770.1723.11361982.400.27434.83080.0180.9000.377

    339-Jun331982.430.430.200.276783335364100.2023.31601982.430.27632.63060.0180.9250.436

    3419-Jun341982.450.450.220.276784196148290.2223.31831982.450.27632.43050.0180.9560.488

    3529-Jun351982.480.480.250.274777826926110.2523.22061982.480.27432.33050.0170.9860.563

    369-Jul361982.510.510.280.268760607686710.2822.62291982.510.26832.23050.0171.0230.648

    3719-Jul371982.540.540.310.261741748428450.3122.12511982.540.26132.23050.0161.0760.796

    3830-Jul381982.570.570.330.255724239152680.3321.62721982.570.25532.23050.0161.0990.828

    399-Aug391982.590.590.360.249706479859150.3621.02941982.590.24932.33050.0151.1430.903

    4019-Aug401982.620.620.390.2436902110549360.3920.53141982.620.24332.63060.0151.1700.914

    4130-Aug411982.650.650.420.2396775911226950.4220.23341982.650.23933.53070.0151.1940.927

    429-Sep421982.680.680.450.2346629911889940.4519.73541982.680.23433.73070.0151.2180.977

    4319-Sep431982.710.710.470.2296509512540880.4719.43731982.710.22934.93080.0151.2761.122

    4429-Sep441982.730.730.500.2266398313180710.5019.03921982.730.22637.13100.0141.3241.261

    459-Oct451982.760.760.530.2226306113811320.5318.84111982.760.22239.63130.0141.3531.384

    4619-Oct461982.790.790.560.2176150814426400.5618.34291982.790.21741.33140.0131.4151.700

    4730-Oct471982.820.820.580.2126012915027700.5817.94471982.820.21243.53170.0131.4721.913

    489-Nov481982.850.850.610.2075878115615500.6117.54651982.850.20745.53180.0131.5072.091

    4919-Nov491982.870.870.640.2035771216192620.6417.24821982.870.20347.13200.0121.5392.276

    5029-Nov501982.900.90.670.2005680716760690.6716.94991982.900.20048.43210.0121.5392.325

    519-Dec511982.930.930.700.1995638617324550.7016.85161982.930.19949.03220.0121.5462.352

    5219-Dec521982.960.960.720.1985624517887000.7216.75321982.960.19850.03230.0121.5462.345

    5330-Dec531982.990.990.750.1985615518448550.7516.75491982.990.19850.23230.0121.5372.290

    549-Jan541983.010.010.780.1985623319010880.7816.75661983.010.19850.13230.0121.5112.156

    5519-Jan551983.040.040.810.1995652319576100.8116.85831983.040.19949.83230.0121.4721.946

    5630-Jan561983.070.070.830.2005683520144450.8316.96001983.070.20050.83240.0131.4521.841

    579-Feb571983.100.10.860.2015700720714520.8617.06171983.100.20151.33240.0131.4121.680

    5819-Feb581983.130.130.890.2025741421288660.8917.16341983.130.20251.13240.0131.3811.582

    5927-Feb591983.150.150.920.2055809621869620.9217.36511983.150.20549.63230.0141.3431.456

    609-Mar601983.180.180.940.2085897122459330.9417.66691983.180.20847.53210.0141.2961.312

    6119-Mar611983.200.20.970.2136030923062420.9718.06871983.200.21344.43170.0141.2221.088

    6230-Mar621983.230.231.000.2226311523693571.0018.87051983.230.22242.03150.0151.0820.695

    639-Apr631983.260.260.030.2366702500.0320.001983-841983-841983.260.23639.83130.0150.9420.437

    6419-Apr641983.290.290.060.25572239722390.0621.5221983.290.25537.63110.0160.7660.172

    6529-Apr651983.320.320.090.269764611487000.0922.8441983.320.26936.73100.0160.649-0.017

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    6719-May671983.370.370.140.293832093119480.1424.8931983.370.29336.03090.0180.564-0.276

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    7019-Jun701983.450.450.220.317898395763530.2226.71721983.450.31729.13020.0200.457-0.644

    7129-Jun711983.480.480.250.311882296645820.2526.31981983.480.31128.43010.0210.519-0.688

    729-Jul721983.510.510.280.310879277525090.2826.22241983.510.31028.33010.0210.533-0.709

    7319-Jul731983.540.540.310.304862588387680.3125.72501983.540.30428.33010.0200.590-0.644

    7430-Jul741983.570.570.330.298846079233750.3325.22751983.570.29828.53020.0210.637-0.623

    759-Aug751983.590.590.360.2928286010062350.3624.73001983.590.29228.93020.0210.676-0.616

    7619-Aug761983.620.620.390.2888168310879180.3924.33241983.620.28829.73030.0210.700-0.625

    7730-Aug771983.650.650.420.2858097611688940.4224.13481983.650.28531.03040.0220.718-0.637

    789-Sep781983.680.680.450.2817967312485670.4523.73721983.680.28132.23050.0220.739-0.642

    7919-Sep791983.710.710.470.2767829613268630.4723.33951983.710.27634.03070.0220.777-0.587

    8029-Sep801983.730.730.500.2687597314028360.5022.64181983.730.26837.03100.0210.819-0.483

    819-Oct811983.760.760.530.2637468114775180.5322.24401983.760.26338.53110.0210.838-0.435

    8219-Oct821983.790.790.560.2597339315509110.5621.84621983.790.25940.03130.0200.885-0.304

    8330-Oct831983.820.820.580.2567259916235090.5821.64831983.820.25641.73150.0200.925-0.195

    849-Nov841983.850.850.610.2507102516945340.6121.15041983.850.25043.33160.0190.977-0.010

    8519-Nov851983.870.870.640.2466992017644540.6420.85251983.870.24644.33170.0181.0040.072

    8629-Nov861983.900.90.670.2456958018340350.6720.75461983.900.24545.33180.0181.0070.088

    879-Dec871983.930.930.700.2456959619036310.7020.75671983.930.24546.03190.0181.0070.106

    8819-Dec881983.960.960.720.2466981019734410.7220.85871983.960.24646.93200.0181.0090.126

    8930-Dec891983.990.990.750.2477000620434470.7520.86081983.990.24747.93210.0180.9980.122

    909-Jan901984.010.010.780.2487037421138210.7821.06291984.010.24846.73200.0180.9870.120

    9119-Jan911984.040.040.810.2517114021849600.8121.26501984.040.25146.13190.0170.9530.063

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    939-Feb931984.100.10.860.2687596623348100.8622.66951984.100.26845.13180.0160.829-0.074

    9419-Feb941984.130.130.890.2697645424112640.8922.87181984.130.26944.53180.0170.789-0.147

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    969-Mar961984.180.180.940.2797918625678200.9423.67641984.180.27941.43140.0180.705-0.354

    9719-Mar971984.200.20.970.2848060526484250.9724.07881984.200.28438.63120.0180.710-0.334

    9830-Mar981984.230.231.000.2928288827313131.0024.78131984.230.29236.43090.0180.694-0.321

    999-Apr991984.260.260.030.29984733847330.0325.2251984-851984-851984.260.29934.63080.0180.640-0.427

    10019-Apr1001984.290.290.060.302857931705250.0625.5511984.290.30232.53050.0190.644-0.399

    10129-Apr1011984.320.320.090.309877002582250.0926.1771984.320.30930.23030.0190.652-0.387

    1029-May1021984.340.340.110.317898893481140.1126.81041984.340.31729.03020.0200.627-0.419

    10319-May1031984.370.370.140.323916664397800.1427.31311984.370.32328.23010.0200.610-0.408

    10430-May1041984.400.40.170.331938025335830.1727.91591984.400.33127.73010.0200.583-0.433

    1059-Jun1051984.430.430.200.340963516299330.2028.71881984.430.34027.43000.0200.539-0.467

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    10729-Jun1071984.480.480.250.344974878249520.2529.02461984.480.34426.93000.0210.525-0.554

    1089-Jul1081984.510.510.280.338959459208970.2828.62741984.510.33826.83000.0210.514-0.533

    10919-Jul1091984.540.540.310.3319402610149230.3128.03021984.540.33126.73000.0210.529-0.545

    11030-Jul1101984.570.570.330.3279288111078040.3327.73301984.570.32726.73000.0210.534-0.522

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    11219-Aug1121984.620.620.390.3178991512891600.3926.83841984.620.31727.13000.0200.644-0.503

    11330-Aug1131984.650.650.420.3128839813775580.4226.34101984.650.31227.63010.0190.674-0.494

    1149-Sep1141984.680.680.450.3068672014642780.4525.84361984.680.30628.43010.0190.698-0.493

    11519-Sep1151984.710.710.470.2998496815492450.4725.34611984.710.29929.33020.0190.712-0.529

    11629-Sep1161984.730.730.500.2958364716328920.5024.94861984.730.29530.73040.0190.743-0.516

    1179-Oct1171984.760.760.530.2928280517156970.5324.75111984.760.29233.53070.0190.769-0.492

    11819-Oct1181984.790.790.560.2888165117973470.5624.35351984.790.28836.13090.0190.815-0.383

    11930-Oct1191984.820.820.580.2827991218772590.5823.85591984.820.28237.83110.0190.869-0.216

    1209-Nov1201984.850.850.610.2737738919546490.6123.05821984.850.27339.33120.0180.935-0.012

    12119-Nov1211984.870.870.640.2667559120302400.6422.56041984.870.26641.23140.0180.9880.155

    12229-Nov1221984.900.90.670.2617399521042350.6722.06261984.900.26142.73160.0171.0280.315

    1239-Dec1231984.930.930.700.2557229921765340.7021.56481984.930.25543.83170.0171.0790.499

    12419-Dec1241984.960.960.720.2517114322476780.7221.26691984.960.25144.83180.0161.1210.630

    12530-Dec1251984.990.990.750.2497053123182090.7521.06901984.990.24945.53190.0161.1410.686

    1269-Jan1261985.010.010.780.2456960223878110.7820.77111985.010.24546.03190.0161.1500.747

    12719-Jan1271985.040.040.810.2406797024557810.8120.27311985.040.24046.43190.0161.1790.809

    12830-Jan1281985.070.070.830.2366699525227760.8319.97511985.070.23646.93200.0161.1720.755

    1299-Feb1291985.100.10.860.2336624325890190.8619.77711985.100.23347.83210.0161.1670.738

    13019-Feb1301985.130.130.890.2326571326547320.8919.67901985.130.23249.13220.0161.1570.691

    13127-Feb1311985.150.150.920.2326572527204570.9219.68101985.150.23249.03220.0161.1360.621

    1329-Mar1321985.180.180.940.2326570727861640.9419.68291985.180.23247.53210.0171.1270.575

    13319-Mar1331985.200.20.970.2316548828516520.9719.58491985.200.23146.63200.0171.1170.543

    13430-Mar1341985.230.231.000.2316564229172941.0019.58681985.230.23144.13170.0171.1000.505

    1359-Apr1351985.260.260.030.23265963659630.0319.6201985-861985-861985.260.23242.53160.0171.0810.426

    13619-Apr1361985.290.290.060.233660571320200.0619.7391985.290.23339.93130.0171.0640.353

    13729-Apr1371985.320.320.090.234662861983060.0919.7591985.320.23435.93090.0181.0420.286

    1389-May1381985.340.340.110.234664162647230.1119.8791985.340.23435.43080.0181.0350.259

    13919-May1391985.370.370.140.235666113313330.1419.8991985.370.23534.43070.0171.0370.273

    14030-May1401985.400.40.170.237671733985060.1720.01191985.400.23734.13070.0181.0170.240

    1419-Jun1411985.430.430.200.239678094663140.2020.21391985.430.23933.93070.0180.9880.155

    14219-Jun1421985.450.450.220.241684395347540.2220.41591985.450.24133.73070.0180.9940.161

    14329-Jun1431985.480.480.250.242686676034210.2520.41801985.480.24233.63070.0181.0090.166

    1449-Jul1441985.510.510.280.242685996720190.2820.42001985.510.24233.43060.0181.0240.200

    14519-Jul1451985.540.540.310.241683337403520.3120.32201985.540.24133.43060.0181.0340.204

    14630-Jul1461985.570.570.330.237671548075060.3320.02401985.570.23733.33060.0181.0700.260

    1479-Aug1471985.590.590.360.235666588741630.3619.82601985.590.23533.43060.0181.0570.201

    14819-Aug1481985.620.620.390.234663339404970.3919.72801985.620.23433.73070.0181.0450.134

    14930-Aug1491985.650.650.420.2376718710076840.4220.03001985.650.23734.53070.0191.000-0.067

    1509-Sep1501985.680.680.450.2386760410752870.4520.13201985.680.23835.33080.0200.990-0.168

    15119-Sep1511985.710.710.470.2376712011424070.4720.03401985.710.23736.53100.0211.010-0.162

    15229-Sep1521985.730.730.500.2356679712092040.5019.93601985.730.23538.23110.0211.046-0.085

    1539-Oct1531985.760.760.530.2316544012746440.5319.53791985.760.23140.93140.0211.1010.082

    15419-Oct1541985.790.790.560.2276429413389380.5619.13991985.790.22742.13150.0201.1580.273

    15530-Oct1551985.820.820.580.2246347514024130.5818.94171985.820.22443.33160.0201.2030.433

    1569-Nov1561985.850.850.610.2196200714644190.6118.54361985.850.21945.23180.0191.2420.608

    15719-Nov1571985.870.870.640.2156103915254580.6418.24541985.870.21547.23200.0181.2700.740

    15829-Nov1581985.900.90.670.2136030015857580.6718.04721985.900.21348.13210.0171.2840.826

    1599-Dec1591985.930.930.700.2115988116456390.7017.84901985.930.21148.83220.0171.2890.894

    16019-Dec1601985.960.960.720.2115983817054770.7217.85081985.960.21149.33220.0171.2740.877

    16130-Dec1611985.990.990.750.2075885717643340.7517.55251985.990.20749.63230.0161.3050.990

    1629-Jan1621986.010.010.780.2065845518227900.7817.45431986.010.20649.73230.0161.3061.019

    16319-Jan1631986.040.040.810.2065852418813140.8117.45601986.040.20650.13230.0161.3051.028

    16430-Jan1641986.070.070.830.2075869719400110.8317.55781986.070.20750.13230.0161.2730.955

    1659-Feb1651986.100.10.860.2095927219992830.8617.65951986.100.20950.13230.0171.2290.847

    16619-Feb1661986.130.130.890.2095934020586230.8917.76131986.130.20950.43230.0171.1950.725

    16727-Feb1671986.150.150.920.2095928021179030.9217.66301986.150.20949.73230.0171.1740.657

    1689-Mar1681986.180.180.940.2105961521775180.9417.76481986.180.21048.43210.0181.1550.587

    16919-Mar1691986.200.20.970.2115998722375050.9717.96661986.200.21146.73200.0181.1380.561

    17030-Mar1701986.230.231.000.2115977422972781.0017.86841986.230.21144.63180.0181.1640.632

    1719-Apr1711986.260.260.030.21260049600490.0317.9181986-871986-871986.260.21241.73150.0181.1600.625

    17219-Apr1721986.290.290.060.214607301207790.0618.1361986.290.21437.93110.0181.1470.591

    17329-Apr1731986.320.320.090.216612111819900.0918.2541986.320.21636.13090.0181.1380.568

    1749-May1741986.340.340.110.218617472437370.1118.4731986.340.21833.93070.0191.1040.466

    17519-May1751986.370.370.140.221626373063740.1418.6911986.370.22133.23060.0191.0580.327

    17630-May1761986.400.40.170.224636193699930.1718.91101986.400.22432.73060.0191.0190.234

    1779-Jun1771986.430.430.200.226639944339860.2019.11291986.430.22632.33050.0191.0160.222

    17819-Jun1781986.450.450.220.226640714980570.2219.11481986.450.22631.83050.0191.0200.228

    17929-Jun1791986.480.480.250.227645025625600.2519.21671986.480.22731.53040.0201.0200.224

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    18419-Aug1841986.620.620.390.241682818979090.3920.32671986.620.24131.03040.0190.9820.023

    18530-Aug1851986.650.650.420.244692309671390.4220.62881986.650.24431.63050.0190.978-0.031

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    18719-Sep1871986.710.710.470.2416848711048520.4720.43291986.710.24134.53080.0201.009-0.080

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    1899-Oct1891986.760.760.530.2356662912391320.5319.83691986.760.23538.43110.0201.0780.081

    19019-Oct1901986.790.790.560.2336601613051480.5619.73891986.790.23340.13130.0201.1210.208

    19130-Oct1911986.820.820.580.2286470413698520.5819.34081986.820.22841.83150.0191.1910.464

    1929-Nov1921986.850.850.610.2236327314331250.6118.84271986.850.22343.83170.0181.2700.730

    19319-Nov1931986.870.870.640.2196215814952830.6418.54451986.870.21945.43180.0171.3220.941

    19429-Nov1941986.900.90.670.2176159315568760.6718.34631986.900.21746.63200.0171.3491.079

    1959-Dec1951986.930.930.700.2146077716176530.7018.14821986.930.21447.23200.0161.3581.148

    19619-Dec1961986.960.960.720.2136041516780680.7218.05001986.960.21347.93210.0161.3751.244

    19730-Dec1971986.990.990.750.2136039417384620.7518.05181986.990.21348.93220.0161.3801.264

    1989-Jan1981987.010.010.780.2136041017988730.7818.05361987.010.21349.33220.0151.3901.300

    19919-Jan1991987.040.040.810.2146060918594810.8118.05541987.040.21449.53220.0151.3891.309

    20030-Jan2001987.070.070.830.2156103019205110.8318.25721987.070.21549.03220.0161.3791.289

    2019-Feb2011987.100.10.860.2196201419825250.8618.55901987.100.21947.93210.0161.3391.197

    20219-Feb2021987.130.130.890.2236334520458700.8918.96091987.130.22346.53190.0161.2701.029

    20327-Feb2031987.150.150.920.2316540321112720.9219.56291987.150.23144.93180.0161.1870.821

    2049-Mar2041987.180.180.940.2426868321799560.9420.46491987.180.24243.43160.0161.0650.482

    20519-Mar2051987.200.20.970.2476995422499100.9720.86701987.200.24742.33150.0161.0440.437

    20630-Mar2061987.230.231.000.2497057823204871.0021.06911987.230.24940.53140.0161.0350.398

    2079-Apr2071987.260.260.030.24970542705420.0321.0211987-881987-881987.260.24938.63120.0161.0690.491

    20819-Apr2081987.290.290.060.251713501418920.0621.2421987.290.25136.33090.0171.0620.449

    20929-Apr2091987.320.320.090.254721792140700.0921.5641987.320.25433.53070.0171.0460.401

    2109-May2101987.340.340.110.259735022875720.1121.9861987.340.25931.43040.0181.0250.335

    21119-May2111987.370.370.140.266754973630690.1422.51081987.370.26630.73040.0190.9570.129

    21230-May2121987.400.40.170.270767104397790.1722.81311987.400.27030.53040.0190.9280.062

    2139-Jun2131987.430.430.200.267756455154250.2022.51531987.430.26730.33030.0190.9030.021

    21419-Jun2141987.450.450.220.267757075911320.2222.51761987.450.26730.13030.0190.893-0.008

    21529-Jun2151987.480.480.250.269762166673480.2522.71991987.480.26929.83030.0190.884-0.045

    2169-Jul2161987.510.510.280.269763717437180.2822.72211987.510.26929.63030.0190.871-0.079

    21719-Jul2171987.540.540.310.268761588198770.3122.72441987.540.26829.43020.0200.864-0.126

    21830-Jul2181987.570.570.330.267757448956200.3322.52671987.570.26729.43020.0200.858-0.183

    2199-Aug2191987.590.590.360.267756439712640.3622.52891987.590.26729.43020.0210.856-0.275

    22019-Aug2201987.620.620.390.2647481210460750.3922.33111987.620.26429.63030.0210.867-0.334

    22130-Aug2211987.650.650.420.2617407611201520.4222.13331987.650.26130.33030.0210.874-0.361

    2229-Sep2221987.680.680.450.2587329311934440.4521.83551987.680.25831.53050.0220.883-0.388

    22319-Sep2231987.710.710.470.2557221212656560.4721.53771987.710.25533.63070.0220.916-0.326

    22429-Sep2241987.730.730.500.2497076013364160.5021.13981987.730.24936.73100.0210.985-0.134

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    22619-Oct2261987.790.790.560.2396770814734470.5620.24391987.790.23940.23130.0201.0990.219

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    23219-Dec2321987.960.960.720.2216267318584220.7218.75531987.960.22148.33210.0171.2600.926

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    39719-Jul3971992.540.540.310.266755997678340.3122.52291992.540.26628.83020.0130.698-0.099

    39830-Jul3981992.570.570.330.266754388432710.3322.52511992.570.26628.83020.0140.713-0.162

    3999-Aug3991992.590.590.360.264748069180780.3622.32731992.590.26428.93020.0140.753-0.185

    40019-Aug4001992.620.620.390.262742689923450.3922.12951992.620.26229.43020.0150.784-0.195

    40130-Aug4011992.650.650.420.2587334210656880.4221.83171992.650.25830.13030.0150.830-0.142

    4029-Sep4021992.680.680.450.2567275811384450.4521.73391992.680.25631.33040.0150.856-0.150

    40319-Sep4031992.710.710.470.2557239812108430.4721.63601992.710.25532.43050.0150.882-0.160

    40429-Sep4041992.730.730.500.2527155712824000.5021.33821992.730.25233.93070.0150.913-0.115

    4059-Oct4051992.760.760.530.2517125913536590.5321.24031992.760.25135.73090.0160.948-0.046

    40619-Oct4061992.790.790.560.2497068314243420.5621.04241992.790.24937.93110.0160.9790.032

    40730-Oct4071992.820.820.580.2477019014945320.5820.94451992.820.24739.83130.0151.0330.233

    4089-Nov4081992.850.850.610.2426859915631310.6120.44651992.850.24241.43140.0141.0770.434

    40919-Nov4091992.870.870.640.2386752016306510.6420.14851992.870.23842.53160.0141.1200.588

    41029-Nov4101992.900.90.670.2366691416975650.6719.95051992.900.23643.63170.0141.1310.659

    4119-Dec4111992.930.930.700.2356658717641530.7019.85251992.930.23544.93180.0131.1330.690

    41219-Dec4121992.960.960.720.2346651918306710.7219.85


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