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A, An
THE RULE Use A before
words beginning with a consonant sound; use AN before words beginning with a vowel sound.
EXAMPLES A student walked
into the library. Our town needs A
hospital. May I please have
AN apple? Martha worked for
AN hour.
1
Accept, Except
THE RULE Accept is a verb;
it means “to receive.”
Except may be either a verb or a preposition. As a verb it means “to leave out” or “to omit.” As a prepostion, except means “excluding.”
EXAMPLES We accept your
apology. Senior citizens will
be excepted from the fee.
Everyone except me has seen the exhibit.
2
Affect, Effect
THE RULE Affect is a verb
meaning “to influence.”
Effect used as a verb means “to accomplish.”
Effect used as a noun means “the result of some action.”
EXAMPLES The bright colors
affect the patients beneficially.
The doctors hope the treatment will effect a cure for the disease.
The bright colors have a beneficial effect on the patients. 3
Ain’t
THE RULE Do not use this
word in speaking or writing; it is considered non-standard English.
4
and, etc.
THE RULE Etc. is an
abbreviation of the Latin phrase et cetera, meaning “and other things.” Thus, and etc. means “and and other things.”
Do not use and with etc.
EXAMPLE(S) My younger sister
collects string, bottle caps, stickers, etc. (not and etc.)
5
anywheres, everywheres, nowheres, somewheres
THE RULE Use these words
without the final –s.
EXAMPLES That bird is
described somewhere (not somewheres) in this book.
I searched everywhere (not everywheres) for a blouse to match that skirt.
6
At
THE RULE Do not use at after
where.
EXAMPLES INCORRECT: This
is where I live at. CORRECT: This is
where I live.
7
beside, besides
THE RULE Beside means “by
the side of” someone or something; it is always a preposition.
Besides as a preposition means “in addition to.”
Besides as an adverb means “moreover or further.”
EXAMPLES Sit beside me on
the couch. Besides songs and
dances, the show featured several comedy sketches.
I have a long walk home. Besides, it’s starting to snow.
9
between, among
THE RULE Use between when
you are thinking of two things at a time, even though they may be a part of a group consisting of more than two.
Use among when you are thinking of a group rather than of separate individuals.
EXAMPLES Stand between Alice and Noreen
in the third row. The Civil War is sometimes called
the War Between the States. (Although 35 states were involved, the war was between two sides.)
The manager could not decide which of the four players to select, as there was not much difference between them. (although there are more than two players, each one is being thought of and compared with the others separately.)
There was some confusion among the jurors about one part of the defendant’s testimony. (The jurors are thought of as a group.)
We collected only ten dollars among the four of us.
10
bring, take
THE RULE Bring means “to
come carrying something.”
Take means “to go carrying something.”
Think of bring as related to come, take as related to go.
EXAMPLES Bring that box over
here. Now take it to the
basement.
11
bust, busted
THE RULE Avoid using these
words as verbs. Use a form of either burst or break.
EXAMPLES The balloon burst
(not busted) loudly. The firefighters
broke (not busted) a window.
12
QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE
Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow.
The quiz will consist of 20 sentences to correct.
You may want to study some outside of class, too.
13
Glossary of Usage Quiz Today Take five minutes
to study your notes.
Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher.
Practice Quiz One
After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.
14
could of
THE RULE Could have sounds
like could of when spoken. Do not write of With the helping verb could. Write could have.
Also avoid ought to of, should of, would of, might of, and must of.
EXAMPLE Diane could have
(not of) telephoned us.
15
discover, invent
THE RULE Discover means
“to be the first to find, see, or learn about something that already exists.”
Invent means “to be the first to do or make something.”
EXAMPLES Marguerite Perey
discovered the element francium.
The zipper was invented in 1925.
16
don’t, doesn’t
THE RULE Don’t is the
contraction of do not
Doesn’t is the contraction of does not.
Use doesn’t, not don’t, with he, she, it, this and singular nouns.
EXAMPLES It doesn’t (not
don’t) matter. This doesn’t (not
don’t) make sense.
17
fewer, less
THE RULE Fewer is used with
plural words Less is used with
singular words. Fewer tells “how
many.” Less tells “how
much.”
EXAMPLES There are fewer
gypsy moths this year.
They have done less damage to the trees.
18
good, well
THE RULE Good is always an
adjective. Never use good to modify a verb; use well, which is an adverb.
Although well is usually used as an adverb, it can be used as an adjective to mean “healthy.”
EXAMPLES INCORRECT: Joey
Votto plays good. CORRECT: Joey Votto
plays well. She does not feel well
(used here to mean “healthy.)
NOTE: Feel good and feel well mean different things. Feel good means “to feel happy or pleased.” Feel well means “to feel healthy.”
19
QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE
Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow.
The quiz will consist of 10 sentences to correct.
You may want to study some outside of class, too.
20
Glossary of Usage Quiz Today Take five minutes
to study your notes.
Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher.
Practice Quiz Two
After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.
21
Glossary of Usage Review Test coming.
Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test.
The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far.
You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary.
Date of Test This test will be for a
grade in the grade book. The value of this test is 40
points. You probably should study
outside of class to do the best you can.
The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.
22
Glossary of Usage Review Test coming.
Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test.
The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far.
You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary.
Date of Test This test will be for a
grade in the grade book. The value of this test is 40
points. You probably should study
outside of class to do the best you can.
The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.
23
Glossary of Usage Review Test coming.
Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test.
The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far.
You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary.
Date of Test This test will be for a
grade in the grade book. The value of this test is 40
points. You probably should study
outside of class to do the best you can.
The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.
24
Glossary of Usage Review Test TODAY!
Study five minutes for Review Test.
Are there any questions? Be ready to ask at the end of five minutes.
Tests will be distributed by the teacher.
GOOD LUCK!
25
had ought, hadn’t ought
THE RULE Unlike other verbs,
ought is not used with had.
EXAMPLES INCORRECT: Lee had
ought to plan better; he hadn’t ought to have left his packing until the last minute.
CORRECT: Lee ought to plan better; he ought not to have left his packing until the last minute. OR Lee should plan better; he shouldn’t have left his packing until the last minute.
26
he, she, they
THE RULE Do not use an
unnecessary pronoun after a noun. This error is called a double subject.
EXAMPLES INCORRECT: My
mother she grows all her own herbs.
CORRECT: My mother grows all her own herbs.
27
kind, sort, type
THE RULE The demonstrative
words this, that, these, and those must agree in number with the words kind, sort, type: this type, these types.
EXAMPLES I like this kind of
jeans better than any of those other kinds.
28
learn, teach
THE RULE Learn means “to
acquire knowledge.”
Teach means “to instruct” or “to show how.”
EXAMPLES Some coaches
teach classes in gymnastics, where young gymnasts can learn many techniques.
29
leave, let
THE RULE Leave means “to
go away” or “to depart from.”
Let means “to allow” or “to permit.”
EXAMPLES INCORRECT: Leave
her speak if she insists.
CORRECT: Let (allow) her speak if she insists.
CORRECT: Let’s leave on time for a change.
30
like, as
THE RULE Like is a
preposition. In informal English like is often used as a conjunction meaning “as” ; but in formal English as is always preferable.
EXAMPLES She looks like her
sister. (The preposition like introduces the phrase like her sister.)
We should do as our coach recommends. (As our coach recommends is a clause and needs the conjunction as- not the preposition like- to introduce it.
31
like, as if
THE RULE In formal written
English, like should not be used for the compound conjunctions as if or as though.
EXAMPLES Toto looks as
though (not like) he has been in the creek again.
32
of
THE RULE Do not use of with
prepositions such as inside, off, outside, beneath, etc.
Of is also unnecessary with had.
EXAMPLES He fell off (not off
of) the ladder outside (not outside of) the garage.
What’s inside (not inside of) that box?
If I had (not had of) seen you, I would have waved. 33
QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE
Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow.
The quiz will consist of 10 sentences to correct.
You may want to study some outside of class, too.
This quiz is worth 12 points.
34
Glossary of Usage Quiz Today Take five minutes
to study your notes.
Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher.
Practice Quiz Three
After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.
35
Rise, Raise
THE RULE The verb rise means
“to go in an upward direction.” Its principal parts are rise, rising, rose, (have risen). The verb rise never has an object.
The verb raise means “to move something in an upward direction.” It’s principal parts are raise, raising, raised, and (have) raised.
EXAMPLES I always rise early. Someone will raise
that question. The price index rose
sharply. The publisher raised
the price of paper.
36
Number your paper 1-10, and write the correct form of rise or raise for each of the following blanks.
1. Please _____ and face the class.2. After the speech, the reporters _____ several
questions.3. Will the governor _____ the sales tax again?4. The price of fuel has _____ steadily.5. Let’s get there before the curtain _____.6. Jerry, one of the stagehands, will _____ the
curtain.7. The bread has _____ beautifully.8. The moon _____ and slipped behind a cloud.9. The candidate _____ to address her supporters.10.The children _____ when the bell rang.
37
Sit, Set
THE RULE The verb sit means
“to rest in an upright, seated position.” The principle parts of sit are sit, sitting, sat, (have) sat. Sit almost never has an object.
The verb set means “to put,” “to place” (something). The principle parts of set are set, setting, set, (have) set. It may take an object.
EXAMPLES Sit down. Set it down here. Cups sit on the tray. I set the cups there.
38
Number your paper 1-10. for each of the blanks in the following sentences, write the correct form of sit or set.
1. Please _____ here, Ms. Brown.2. Have you ____ the seedlings in the sun?3. We were _____ in the park during the fireworks?4. Someone has already _____ the kettle on the
stove.5. Grandfather is busily _____ tomato plants in the
garden.6. At the concert, Keith _____ near Isabella.7. My cat rarely _____ on my lap.8. They were _____ on the rocks, watching the surf.9. We had _____ still for almost an hour.10. Have you ever _____ on the beach at sundown?
39
So
THE RULE This word is
overworked in writing. Avoid using it whenever you can.
EXAMPLES NOT GOOD – The
basketball tryouts lasted all day, so the coach could not post the results by noon.
BETTER - Because the basketball tryouts lasted all day, the coach could not post the results by noon. 40
Some, Somewhat
THE RULE In writing, do not
use some for somewhat as an adverb.
EXAMPLES INCORRECT - My
grammar has improved some.
CORRECT – My grammar has improved somewhat.
41
Than, Then
THE RULE Do not confuse
these words. Than is a
conjunction, a word that joins words or groups of words.
Then is an adverb a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
EXAMPLES This box is heavier
than that one. We wrapped the
presents. Then we hid them in the closet.
NOTE: then usually tells when – notice the similarity in spelling.
42
Them
THE RULE Them should not
be used as an adjective. Use these or those.
EXAMPLE I like these (not
them) shoes, don’t you?
43
this here, that there
THE RULE The here and the
there are unnecessary.
EXAMPLE I’m buying this
(not this here) cd instead of that (not that there) one.
44
Way, Ways
THE RULE Use way, NOT
ways in referring to a distance.
EXAMPLE We hiked a long
way (not ways).
45
When, Where
THE RULE Do not use when
or where incorrectly in writing a definition.
EXAMPLES INCORRECT –
A “bomb” in football is when/ where a quarterback throws a long pass.
CORRECT - A “bomb” in football is a long pass thrown by the quarterback. 46
Where
THE RULE Do not use where
for that.
EXAMPLE I read in this
magazine that (not where) Marie Ledbetter is a champion parachutist.
47
Which, That, Who
THE RULE Remember that the
relative pronoun who refers to people only; which refers to things only; that refers to either people or things.
EXAMPLES Here is the man who
will install the new carpet. (person)
That is the color which we selected. (thing)
It is the kind of carpet that will wear well. (thing)
The dealer is a person that stands behind a product. (person) 48
Who, Whom
THE RULE The words who and whom are both
pronouns. To know whether to use who or whom, it is
necessary to understand the difference between subjects and objects because who is used when referring to the subject of a clause and whom is used when referring to the object of a clause.
The subject of the sentence is the person doing something and the object of the sentence is having something done to them.
EXAMPLEI stepped on the book. ( I is the subject and
the book is the object)49
Who, Whom – Quick and Dirty Tip
Like whom, the pronoun him ends with m. When you're trying to decide whether to use who or whom, ask yourself if the answer to the question would be he or him.
If you can answer the question being asked with him, then use whom, and it's easy to remember because they both end with m.
EXAMPLES "Who (or whom) do you love?" (The answer would be "I
love him." Him ends with an m, so you know to use whom.) "Who (or whom) stepped on Squiggly?" (The answer would
be "He stepped on Squiggly." There's no m, so you know to use who.
50
Number your paper 1-10. After the proper number write the correct pronoun.
1. Mrs. James, (who, whom) I work for, owns a pet shop.2. Is there anyone here (who, whom) needs a bus pass.3. She is the only one (who, whom) everybody trusts.4. Her grandmother, to (who, whom) she sent the flowers, won
the over-fifty marathon.5. I helped Mr. Thompson, (who, whom) was shingling his porch
roof.6. Eileen couldn’t guess (who, whom) it was.7. It was John Adams (who, whom) founded the American Society
of Arts and Letters.8. Both of the women (who, whom) ran for election to the city
council were elected.9. That author (who, whom) you admire is scheduled to visit the
local bookstore next Tuesday.10. Edgar Degas (who, whom) we are studying in art class, is well
known for his painting of Parisian theater scenes.
51
Number your paper 1-10. After the proper number write the correct pronoun.
1. Choose whoever/whomever you want. 2. Show the door to whoever/whomever
disagrees. 3. Who/whom did you see? 4. A man who/whom I recognized left the
theater. 5. He is the one who/whom we think will give
up first. 6. We don't know who/whom you are talking
about.7. I never met anyone who/whom looked so
tired as she/her.8. Who/Whom do you trust? 9. Who/Whom do you think should stay
behind? 10. The game ball will be given to whoever/
whomever displays superior sportsmanship.
52
Number your paper 1-10. After the proper number write the correct pronoun.
1. Kerry Ann, __________ hates spiders, wears bug-stomping boots wherever she goes.
2. Professor Borglum glared at Reggie, __________ spent the entire class drawing space aliens in the margins of the lecture outline.
3. Into the dark apartment walked David, __________ we nearly killed with surprise when everyone shouted “Happy Birthday”and jumped from behind the furniture.
4. In desperation, Belinda sought help from Professor White, __________ she knew preferred playing solitaire on his computer to assisting students during office hours.
5. The doctor explained that Rex, __________ we had rushed to the veterinary clinic, would not die after eating eight bananas that he stole off the kitchen counter.
6. Tim was too embarrassed to say anything to Deidre, __________ had sautéed spinach caught between two teeth.
7. Grandma bought Freddie, __________ wears black T-shirts exclusively, a button-down white oxford shirt and a navy blue blazer for Christmas.
8. Grandma, __________ Freddie loves despite her bad taste in clothing, believes that a blue blazer is an essential component of a young man’s wardrobe.
9. __________ believes that Kyle will eat the tarantula fried in garlic and olive oil?
10. Kyle, __________ will take anyone’s dare, no matter how outrageous, smacked his lips in anticipation of the fried tarantula.
53
1. Kerry Ann, __________ hates spiders, wears bug-stomping boots wherever she goes.
2. Professor Borglum glared at Reggie, __________ spent the entire class drawing space aliens in the margins of the lecture outline.
3. Into the dark apartment walked David, __________ we nearly killed with surprise when everyone shouted “Happy Birthday”and jumped from behind the furniture.
4. In desperation, Belinda sought help from Professor White, __________ she knew preferred playing solitaire on his computer to assisting students during office hours.
5. The doctor explained that Rex, __________ we had rushed to the veterinary clinic, would not die after eating eight bananas that he stole off the kitchen counter.
54
Number your paper 1-5. Write the correct pronoun for each blank. Use either who or whom.
1. Tim was too embarrassed to say anything to Deidre, __________ had sautéed spinach caught between two teeth.
2. Grandma bought Freddie, __________ wears black T-shirts exclusively, a button-down white oxford shirt and a navy blue blazer for Christmas.
3. Grandma, __________ Freddie loves despite her bad taste in clothing, believes that a blue blazer is an essential component of a young man’s wardrobe.
4. __________ believes that Kyle will eat the tarantula fried in garlic and olive oil?
5. Kyle, __________ will take anyone’s dare, no matter how outrageous, smacked his lips in anticipation of the fried tarantula.
55
Number your paper 1-5. Write the correct pronoun for each blank. Use either who or whom.
Number your paper 1-10. Write the entire sentence and fill in the blank with either who or whom. Underline your answer.1. To ____________ did you give the book?2. ____________ will you ask to help you with
all this work?3. I can't remember ____________ told me
that.4. I can't figure out ____________ I should
blame for this.5. ____________ shall I say is calling?6. To ____________ should I address this
question?7. I don't care _______ takes responsibility for
this accident, but somebody should.8. Of all her athletes, ____________ did Coach
Carter like most?9. Congressman Smith is the candidate
____________ the voters feel is best qualified.
10. I really don't care _______ she's going out with.
Without, Unless
THE RULE Do not use the
preposition without in place of the conjunction unless.
EXAMPLE I will not be able to
sing unless (not without) my cold gets better.
57
QUIZ TOMORROW OVER GLOSSARY OF USAGE
Review the Glossary of Usage Terms we have studied so far for five minutes in preparation for a practice quiz tomorrow.
The quiz will consist of 20 sentences to correct.
You may want to study some outside of class, too.
58
Glossary of Usage Quiz Today Take five minutes
to study your notes.
Quizzes will be distributed by the teacher.
Practice Quiz Four
After completing the quiz, turn it face down on your desk and wait quietly, until everyone is done.
59
Glossary of Usage Review Test coming.
Study Glossary of Usage Terms for five minutes in preparation for Review Test.
The Review Test will consist of 20 sentences that cover the most important usage problems we’ve discussed so far.
You will need to evaluate each sentence, determine if there is an error in usage, and correct if necessary.
Date of Test – Thursday, Nov. 10, 2009
This test will be for a grade in the grade book.
The value of this test is 80 points.
You probably should study outside of class to do the best you can.
The purpose of this test is to assess YOUR learning.
60
Glossary of Usage Review Test TODAY!
Study five minutes for Review Test.
Are there any questions? Be ready to ask at the end of five minutes.
Tests will be distributed by the teacher.
GOOD LUCK!
61