The Russian RevolutionThe Russian RevolutionChapter 15Chapter 15

Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917)Czar Nicholas II (1894-1917) During Industrial Revolution, During Industrial Revolution,

90% of people depended on 90% of people depended on farmingfarming

20th Century times begin to 20th Century times begin to changechange– University students debate University students debate

thinkers like Darwin and Karl thinkers like Darwin and Karl MarxMarx

– Russian cities were growing Russian cities were growing and encouraged to and encouraged to industrializeindustrialize

– Begin Trans-Siberian Railroad Begin Trans-Siberian Railroad (completed in 1904)(completed in 1904)

Czar Nicholas II mistakesCzar Nicholas II mistakesTrade Unions outlawed, Trade Unions outlawed, miserable working conditions miserable working conditions existexist1. Bloody Sunday 1905- soldiers 1. Bloody Sunday 1905- soldiers fire on protestors for better working fire on protestors for better working conditions in factoriesconditions in factories2. 2. Not working with DumaNot working with Duma

- Want to limit Czar Power- Want to limit Czar Power

3. Entering World War I 3. Entering World War I -many killed-many killed

- Strain on resources- Strain on resources

4. Letting Rasputin influence 4. Letting Rasputin influence Czarina Alexandra’s political Czarina Alexandra’s political decisions while Nicholas at front decisions while Nicholas at front lines during WWIlines during WWI

A Nation in ChaosA Nation in ChaosDuring World War IDuring World War I Factories could not produce enough suppliesFactories could not produce enough supplies 1916-1917 food and fuel were in short supply1916-1917 food and fuel were in short supply prices were inflatedprices were inflated many deaths due to the war, more men being many deaths due to the war, more men being

drafteddrafted Transportation system broke down, not enough Transportation system broke down, not enough

supplies to troops- food, guns, ammunitionsupplies to troops- food, guns, ammunition Millions of soldiers killed or injured in warMillions of soldiers killed or injured in war Gregory Rasputin influenced Czarina Alexandra with Gregory Rasputin influenced Czarina Alexandra with

political decisionspolitical decisions– Government political appointments based on Rasputin’s Government political appointments based on Rasputin’s

adviceadvice– weakens the confidence of peopleweakens the confidence of people

The March Revolution 1917The March Revolution 1917 Protestors demand bread and Protestors demand bread and

Army didn’t stop protestArmy didn’t stop protest bread riots forced Nicholas II to bread riots forced Nicholas II to

return from the Warreturn from the War The Duma wanted to create a The Duma wanted to create a

constitutionconstitution Nicholas forced to abdicate the Nicholas forced to abdicate the

thronethrone The Duma set up a new The Duma set up a new

governmentgovernment Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky was the was the

dominant figure in provisional dominant figure in provisional governmentgovernment

Chose to continue war against Chose to continue war against GermanyGermany

Russian desertions from the front Russian desertions from the front lines continuelines continue

V. I. LeninV. I. Lenin

Read works of Karl MarxRead works of Karl Marx Adapted Marx’s ideas to fit Adapted Marx’s ideas to fit

Russian conditionsRussian conditions Predicts Russian working class Predicts Russian working class

will rise and overthrow capitalismwill rise and overthrow capitalism Join Bolshevik party who rejects Join Bolshevik party who rejects

slow transitionslow transition Exiled to SiberiaExiled to Siberia March 1917, felt time was right March 1917, felt time was right

and returns to Petrogradand returns to Petrograd People wanted democracy not People wanted democracy not

socialismsocialism Time wasn’t rightTime wasn’t right Suffering from War continues as Suffering from War continues as

Kerenski govt stays in warKerenski govt stays in war

Lenin takes controlLenin takes control Slogan Slogan “Peace, Land, and “Peace, Land, and

Bread”Bread” Rally people behind himRally people behind him In November 1917-In November 1917- Red Red

Guards (armed factory Guards (armed factory workers) attack provisional workers) attack provisional governmentgovernment

Red Guards quickly seize power Red Guards quickly seize power in other cities in Russiain other cities in Russia

Lenin quickly made peace with Lenin quickly made peace with Germany and leaves WWI Germany and leaves WWI Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk

Lenin takes all land, distribute Lenin takes all land, distribute to farmersto farmers

Workers were given control of Workers were given control of factories and minesfactories and mines

Civil WarCivil War Three years Civil War raged between Three years Civil War raged between

– ““Reds”Reds” -Communists -Communists– ““Whites”-Whites”- loyal to the czar loyal to the czar

Lenin forms the Lenin forms the ChekaCheka- secret police to execute - secret police to execute those against revolutionthose against revolution

Czar Nicholas and family executedCzar Nicholas and family executed War Communism- War Communism- Government took over mines, Government took over mines,

farms, and railroads- Production output droppedfarms, and railroads- Production output dropped Many people starving Many people starving Reds win but by 1921 Lenin needs to rebuild Reds win but by 1921 Lenin needs to rebuild

countrycountry

Lenin’s National Economic PolicyLenin’s National Economic Policy (NEP) 1921(NEP) 1921

farmers allowed to sell surplusfarmers allowed to sell surplus Individuals allowed to buy and sell for profitIndividuals allowed to buy and sell for profit Allow private ownership of small businessAllow private ownership of small business Lenin created self-governing republics (states)Lenin created self-governing republics (states) Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (USSR) 1918 moved capital from Petrograd to Moscow1918 moved capital from Petrograd to Moscow

– safer from invaderssafer from invaders Bolsheviks call selves Communist Party from Bolsheviks call selves Communist Party from

Marx’s ideas of central planning by states that Marx’s ideas of central planning by states that would exit after workers seize controlwould exit after workers seize control

Struggle to succeed LeninStruggle to succeed LeninLenin Dies in 1924Lenin Dies in 1924

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky Important figure in Important figure in

revolution behind revolution behind LeninLenin

Mean and CruelMean and Cruel Many enemies fear Many enemies fear

he become a dictatorhe become a dictator

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin Cold, harsh, impersonalCold, harsh, impersonal Party secretary responsible Party secretary responsible

for appointmentsfor appointments Appointed key members to Appointed key members to

positions positions Stalin isolated other Stalin isolated other

members from positions of members from positions of power and stood totally in power and stood totally in command of the partycommand of the party

The Party elects StalinThe Party elects Stalin

Stalin Became a DictatorStalin Became a Dictator1929 broke with Lenin’s ideas1929 broke with Lenin’s ideas Goal= Goal= Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Five-Year Plan to develop Russia’s Five-Year Plan to develop Russia’s EconomyEconomy All economic decisions were made All economic decisions were made by the Governmentby the Government Set production targets almost impossible to Set production targets almost impossible to

achieveachieve Investment in state owned mines, industry, Investment in state owned mines, industry,

railroad, and energy resourcesrailroad, and energy resources Secret police arrest or execute those who did not Secret police arrest or execute those who did not

contributecontribute

Stalin’s Five Year PlansStalin’s Five Year Plans Most goals were not met in Most goals were not met in first 5-Year Planfirst 5-Year Plan (1928-1932) (1928-1932)

but production rosebut production rose Second 5-Year PlanSecond 5-Year Plan (1932-1938) was also successful (1932-1938) was also successful By 1938 Russia was a major industrial powerBy 1938 Russia was a major industrial power

1927 1932 1937 % Change

Coal 35 million tons 64 mt (75 mt target) 128 mt (152 mt target) 200%Oil 12 million tons 21 mt (22 mt target) 29 mt (47 mt target) 130%

Iron Ore 5 million tons 12 mt (19 mt target) unknown

Pig Iron 3 million tons 6 mt (10 mt target) 15 mt (16 mt target) 250%Steel 4 million tons 6 mt (10 mt target) 18 mt (17 mt target) 300%

Automobiles 23,000 211,000 917%Tractors 50,000 176,000 352%

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Based on centralized planningBased on centralized planning Abolish all private owned farmsAbolish all private owned farms Collective farms-Collective farms- large farms large farms

worked by hundreds of familiesworked by hundreds of families To produce more goods with To produce more goods with

fewer workersfewer workers Many farmers destroy crops Many farmers destroy crops

and tools in protest, sent to and tools in protest, sent to SiberiaSiberia

Export crops to fund industrial Export crops to fund industrial importsimports

1931-1932 Brought terrible 1931-1932 Brought terrible faminesfamines

A Totalitarian StateA Totalitarian State Stalin was an absolute dictatorStalin was an absolute dictator Great PurgeGreat Purge destroyed all challenges to his power destroyed all challenges to his power

– Millions killed included political figures, military leaders, Millions killed included political figures, military leaders, and dissenting citizensand dissenting citizens

1929 many churches, synagogues, and mosques 1929 many churches, synagogues, and mosques were closed to repress religionwere closed to repress religion

Arrested if practicing any religionArrested if practicing any religion Russia’s standard of living slowly roseRussia’s standard of living slowly rose Education increasedEducation increased Powerful to stand against Germany in World War IIPowerful to stand against Germany in World War II People sufferPeople suffer