The ‘s of GHGs

Josh Silverman Angela KoraOffice of Environmental Pacific Northwest National

Policy and Assistance Laboratory

‘s of GHGs

should you care about GHGs?

are GHGs?

do you measure GHGs?

A.

B.

C.

New Executive Order 13514: GHG Accounting and Reporting

Administration has established requirements for reducing Federal sector GHG emissions.This will require DOE to conduct regular, comprehensive GHG emissions inventories, establish GHG reduction goals, and establish and manage programs to achieve the reductions.This requirement will likely flow down to the site level, but implementation strategy is still under development.

GHG reduction activities are already required under existing policy and regulatory framework (DOE O 430.2B, O 450.1A, EISA)

Reporting Federal GHG Emissions

FEDERAL: E.O. 13514NATIONAL: EPA finalized its GHG reporting rule 9/09; data collection in 2010, reporting begins 2011. EPA proposed rules on PSD and CAA permitting under developmentNATIONAL: Proposed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACESA) – Waxman/MarkeyREGIONAL: e.g. RGGISTATE and LOCAL: e.g. CaliforniaGHG REGISTRIES: e.g. Climate Registry

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Source: World Resources Institute (WRI) www.wri.org

Where are you in this process?

Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. GHGs absorb and re-radiate some of the heat that would otherwise return to space. The primary GHGs include

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Methane (CH4)Nitrous Oxide (N20)Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3)

What are GHGs?

Source: Parks Canada http://www.pc.gc.ca/

Kyoto GHGs + 1

1100 year time span2Not a Kyoto GHG, but regulated in proposed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (aka Waxman/Markey)

Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential1

Current Concentration

Common Sources

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

1 384 ppm Fossil fuel combustion, land use and land use changes

Methane (CH4)

25 1735-1857 ppb

Cattle, waste water treatment (WWT), landfills, rice fields, natural gas

Nitrous Oxide (N20)

298 320-321 ppb Agriculture, mobile & stationary combustion, WWT, incineration

Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)

22,800 6.03-6.40 ppt Aluminum production, semiconductors, health imaging

Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)

124-14,800 3.2-197 ppt Refrigerant leaks, fire extinguishers, solvents

Perfluorocarbons(PFCs)

7,390-12,200 77-246 ppt Magnesium casting, transformers, switches, electron microscopes, other research equipment

Nitrogen Trifluoride(NF3)2

6,800 454 ppt Semiconductor manufacturing

Organic GHGs and some industrial gases: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/current_ghg.htmlHigh GWP gases: http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/scientific.html

GHG Emissions

• SCOPE 2: Direct GHG emissions from purchased utilities• Electricity• Heat• Steam

• SCOPE 1: Direct GHG emissions owned or controlled by Federal agency • Stationary External Combustion• Stationary Internal Combustion• Fleet Vehicles• Fugitive Emissions

• SCOPE 3: Indirect GHG emissions• Employee commuting• Business travel•Waste• Production & transport of purchased material• Other

How do you measure GHGs?

Select measurement protocol/GHG accounting principles

Which metrics will be used?Define inventory boundaries –organizational and operational

What should be included?Identify data sources needed for selected metrics

Who will you need to contact to get access to the needed data?

Calculate and report GHG emissions inventoryUse compiled data to set goals for GHG reduction

How will your site reduce its GHGs?

GHG Inventory Protocols/Guidance

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EPA Climate Leaders

Guidance

ISO 14064 Standards

CCAR Reporting Protocol

Public Sector Standard

WBCSD/WRI GHG Protocol

The Climate Registry Protocol

Scopes 1, 2, and 3

Source: World Resources Institute (WRI) www.wri.org

…and PURCHASED STEAM

…and FUGITIVE EMISSIONS…and EMPLOYEE COMMUTE

NF3

Transportation of Materials Purchased

Scopes 1, 2, and 3

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Business Travel

Employee Commuting

Upstream Emissions Downstream EmissionsOrganization Emissions

Fleet Vehicles

On-site Fuel Combustion Waste Transportation and Disposal

Production of Raw Materials Purchased

Scope 1 emissions

Scope 3 emissions

Scope 2 emissions

Distribution of ProductsProcessing of Materials Purchased

Outsourced Support

Product Use

Fugitive Emissions

> 4,100 staff

> 2 million sq foot campus in Richland

PNNL at a Glance

We deliver solutions

to America's most

intractable problems in

energy, national security

and the environment.

Through the power of

our interdisciplinary

teams, we advance

science and technology

to make the world a

better place.

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Washington, D.C.

Business Travel (Air and Car Rental)

Employee Commuting

Upstream Emissions Downstream EmissionsCorporate Emissions

PNNL Fleet Vehicles

Production of Electricity Consumed

On-site Fuel Combustion (NG, propane)

Waste Transportation and Disposal

Scope 1 emissions

Scope 3 emissions

Scope 2 emissions

Example: PNNL 2007 Carbon Footprint

Fugitive Emissions

Adding in 2008

PNNL Inventory (in progress)

PNNL’s initial inventory calculations used the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol

Defining Organizational Boundariesfor Multiple Reporting Requirements

EPA/State Sites

E.O. Boundaries

Washington, D.C.

Matrix – GHG Example

KEY:

“solid” circle = direct role of specified operation/activity in completing specified GHG activity

“open” circle = supporting role in completing specified GHG activity

● ○ ○

● ● ○ ○ ○

● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ●

● ○ ○

Tools Utilized

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PNNL used its EMS Core Team members* to identify data sources, and is using its EMS process to track progress and implement changes.

Scope and Emission Source Name Title ToolsScope 1

Facility Fuel: NG, Propane, Gas, Diesel, B5 Marc Berman* Energy Manager GHG ProtocolFleet Vehicles: Diesel, Gas, E85 Hipolito Velez* Fleet Manager GHG ProtocolFleet Vehicles: Jet Fuel Marc Berman* Energy Manager GHG Protocol

Fugitive Emissions: SF6, HFC, PFCRodger Woodruff/

Kevin Pfeifer

Air Quality/Refrigerants

Management EPA Climate LeadersScope 2

Purchased Electricity Marc Berman* Energy ManagerGHG Protocol/Clean Air-Cool

PlanetREC Purchases Marc Berman* Energy Manager GHG Protocol

Scope 3Business Travel: Air Data Tracy Stiles Travel Manager, TMP GHG ProtocolBusiness Travel: Rental Car Data Ken Blaine Travel Accounting GHG ProtocolBusiness Travel: Personal Car Data Ken Blaine Travel Accounting GHG ProtocolEmployee Commuting Vicki Watilo Survey Development GHG ProtocolWaste Disposal/Recycling Laurie True* Pollution Prevention EPA WARM

Data Collected

Data provided by members of environmental management team, others

Natural gas/propane use – total therms, gallons by buildingFleet vehicle fuel – total gallons diesel, gas, E85Electricity – kWh consumed by buildingRECs – kWh of RECs purchasedBusiness travel –miles traveled by air from travel agent, rental car gas receipts and personal car mileage reimbursement from travel expense reporting systemEmployee commuting – miles traveled by mode (bus, car, etc) from lab-wide commuting surveyWaste – estimated total pounds by waste type (e.g., office paper, mixed plastics) and disposal method (i.e. landfill, compost, recycle)

EPA Climate Leaders: http://www.epa.gov/stateply/resources/lowemitters.html

Scope 1 – Fugitive Emissions

Electricity – Which Emission Factors to use?

‐

5,000 

10,000 

15,000 

20,000 

25,000 

30,000 

35,000 

40,000 

45,000 

MTCO2 ‐e using local emission 

factor

MTCO2 ‐e using state emission 

factors

MTCO2 ‐e using regional 

emission factor

MTCO2 ‐e using national 

emission factor

PNNL 2007 GHG Emissions from Electricity Use Based on Local, State, Regl, Natl Emission Factors

eGRID Sub-regions

Example Calculation: Business Air Travel

Short haul miles(> 300 miles)

Distance Traveled

X 0.229kg CO2 /

passenger mile

CO2 EmissionFactor

Calculated Emissions

Total MTCO2e

kg CO2‐e by flight length

Medium haul miles (<=300 and <700 miles)

Long haul miles

(>=700 miles)

0.277kg CO2 /

passenger mile

0.185kg CO2 /

passenger mile

X

X

0.0000104kg CH4 /

passenger mile

CH4 EmissionFactor

0.0000104kg CH4 /

passenger mile

0.0000104kg CH4 /

passenger mile

0.0000085kg N2O/

passenger mile

N20 EmissionFactor

0.0000085kg N2O/

passenger mile

0.0000085kg N2O/

passenger mile

Short haul(> 300 miles)

Distance Traveled

Medium haul

(<=300 and <700 miles)

Long haul (>=700 miles)

X

X

XShort haul

(> 300 miles)

Distance Traveled

Medium haul

(<=300 and <700 miles)

Long haul (>=700 miles)

X

X

X

+

+

+

+

+

+

=

=

=

GWP

25

25X

X

X

25

298

298

298

X

X

X

Short haul

kg CO2‐e 

GWP

Medium haul

kg CO2‐e 

Long haul

kg CO2‐e 

+

+

=

CO2 Calculation CH4 Calculation N2O Calculation

1000 kg / MT

Conversion

/kg CO2e=

Example: PNNL 2008 CO2 Emissions(in progress)

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GHG Inventories at Multiple DOE Sites

Site 1

Site 4

Site 3Site 2

Site 5

Available Support

Briefings and General information

Public Sector Standard (PSS) (http://www.ghgprotocol.org/the-public-sector-works-with-ghg-protocol-to-develop-a-new-standard)Environmental Sustainability Network

DOE Training and Technical assistanceInventory and reporting tools

Where to Find Tools

EPA Climate Leaders:http://www.epa.gov/stateply/resources/lowemitters.html

GHG Protocol Tools:http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/service-sector

Clean Air-Cool Planet:http://www.cleanair-coolplanet.org/toolkit/inv-calculator.php

EPA WARM:http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html

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Josh SilvermanOffice of Environmental Policy and Assistancejosh.silverman@hq.doe.gov(202) 586-6535

Angela KoraPacific Northwest National Laboratoryangela.kora@pnl.gov509-372-4191