The Scarlet Letter

• novel (notice title is italicized)

• written by Nathaniel Hawthorne (b. 1804)

• written about 1850

• set in Boston, Mass. about 1690

Boston(setting of The Scarlet Letter)

Plymouth(where Mayflower landed

in 1620/setting for Bradford’s memoir Of Plymouth Plantation)

Setting: The Scarlet Letter

• The setting of Hawthorne’s novel is critical to the plot of the novel.

• 1690’s Boston was a Puritan village

• Like other Puritan settlements in New England, the local and colonial governments were theocracies.

theocracy• word comes from Greek

• theo = God

• cratos = rule

• a theocracy is a government where the civil laws are based (in whole or in part) on religious laws; civil leaders in theocracies are probably also important religious leaders

theocracy, cont.• In Afghanistan before 2001,

the Taliban controlled religious and civil laws. Besides having to wear

burqas in public, women in Afghanistan were not

allowed to attend school or drive cars.

• In Saudi Arabia, women cannot drive or vote.

Because Islam forbids it, no place in Saudi Arabia sells

alcohol or pork.

Theocracy as Extremism

Ironically, it is largely because of the Puritans – who themselves established a theocratic government in the New World – that we in America tend to view most theocratic governments as extremist.

Puritanism• Began in England in the mid-1500’s• A sect of Calvinists

• Calvinism named after Swiss theologian John Calvin

• Calvinism =– predetermination– no religious authority BUT Scripture

“Puritans”• “Puritans” intended as a derogatory term• “Puritans” usually referred to themselves as “the Godly”

• Puritans fell quickly out of favor in England, where the king was the head of the Church of England.

• They recognized neither the king’s secular or religious authority, and so quickly became enemies of civil and religious leaders.

The Puritan Role in Development of “American” Character

• In 1600, the Puritans left England for Holland, which even in the 17th century was a very liberal society.

• It was too liberal for the Puritans, though, who disliked the government’s permissiveness and tolerance of behaviors/attitudes they found unacceptable.

• In 1620, the Puritans left Holland for the New World.

• Established Plymouth Plantation in the “savage wilderness” of New England.

• Retained those aspects of European society they liked; created new laws, policies, etc. to replace the elements of society they did not like.

The Puritan Role in Development of “American”

Character, cont.

• Because Scripture was central to religion and government, scholarship was a highly valued right (reserved, of course, to men only).

• The role of religious leaders was to present Scripture and guide other church members in its understanding and application.

• Puritan religious leaders were NEVER seen as intermediaries or intercessors.

The Puritan Role in Development of “American”

Character, cont.

• “Puritan leaders were highly trained scholars, whose education tended to translate into positions that were often authoritarian.” http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PURITAN/purhist.html

• “There was a built-in hierarchism in this sense, but one which mostly reflected the age.” http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PURITAN/purhist.html

• Very Important: Anybody (theoretically) could rise to the same level of authority.

The Puritan Role in Development of “American”

Character, cont.

So…The Puritan emphasis on:• self-reliance• independence• individual achievement• individual

responsibility• personal accountability• power through ability

(education)

• All of which were discouraged in the Old World become the basis of “American Rugged Individualism”

• This is probably why most Americans disagree so strongly with theocracies

Puritan “Crime and Punishment”• Because Puritan Boston c. 1690 was still a theocratic

society, crime against church (or God) was the equivalent of a crime against another person or against “the State.”

• Yes… it was illegal to miss church on Sabbath days. It was also illegal to sleep during sermons that could run 3 or more hours long – during each session (morning and afternoon) on a Sabbath.

http://www.materialreligion.org/objects/dec96obj.html

Puritan “Crime and Punishment”, cont.

• Virtually any offense could land you in the pillory, or stocks. The Puritans imported this punishment to New England from England.

• Entire purpose was public display and public humiliation.

• Stocks were built on a scaffold in the center of the village, where townspeople could mock the offender, and throw rotten vegetables or stones. Aside from the offender’s hands being immobilized, his ears would frequently be nailed to the board behind his head.

http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/2100/2111/pillory_1_md.gif

The Stocks

Puritan “Crime and Punishment”, cont.

• After serving time in a jail and then on the pillory, a convicted criminal would often be required to wear some outward sign of his or her offense.

• In 1637, as punishment for writing an essay that criticized the archbishop, William Prynne (no relation to the central character in The Scarlet Letter) – after being put in the stocks – had the letters “SL” (for “seditious libeler”) branded onto his cheeks.

http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-06.htm

The “scarlet letter” of the novel’s title refers to a scarlet letter “A” that the novel’s main character is made to wear on her clothing

as punishment for her crime of adultery.

“The Custom House” and The Scarlet Letter

• The introductory chapter to The Scarlet Letter is called “The Custom House”.

• Nathaniel Hawthorne tells of his time as a clerk in the Salem, Mass. Government Custom House.

• He claims to have found a letter written by Hester Prynne (the novel’s main character) and an embroidered scarlet A. The letter tells of Hester’s experiences, which Hawthorne relates in the novel.

• The novel is NOT based in historical fact, but Hawthorne uses “The Custom House” to give his story credibility.

• Hawthorne’s family came from Boston. He was descendant of a judge in the Salem witch trials (named Hathorne). Hawthorne changed the spelling of his name to distance himself from his relative’s unsavory reputation. http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org/Life&Times/BiographicalInfo/Adultlife/MMD1114.html

The Custom House

• Describes the interior/exterior of the Custom House

• Describes Hawthorne’s feelings about his native town of Salem

• Makes critical comments about the Whig party/ reveals Hawthorne’s involvement as a Democrat

• Describes his early attempts to write Hester’s story.

The story…

• Deals with the strange and mysterious

• Involves symbolic imagination

• Turns to the past for subject matter

Focus

• The story is focused on the problem of evil and the nature of sin.

• It analyzes the human mind and heart through the simple concept of GUILT

• Hawthorne analyzes the effects of sin on the four main characters

Themes

• Moral Law versus Civil Law

• Sin

• Nature of Evil

• Nature versus Society

Moral Law versus Civil Law• The sin of adultery, in the book, is a crime

against the civil law, but not necessarily the moral law.

• She loves the man she has an affair with and therefore, in the eyes of nature is not a committing a crime.

• In the eyes of the church, and the law therefore, she is violating a civil law though.

Sin

• Sin results in the book in the physical deterioration of the sinner.

• Each character commits sin and each character deals with sin differently.

• The act of not learning from their sin results in the downfall of the individual.

Nature of Evil

• Asks the questions?– Who is evil?– Who represents evil?– What is true evil?

Nature

• Civilization versus the Wilderness– Where are people more civilized?

Symbol• The Scarlet Letter

– Symbolizes sin, shame, and identity

• The color red– Symbolizes beauty and untamed nature

• Pearl– She symbolizes her mother’s sin

• The Meteor– Symbolizes the Puritan's ignorance of nature

Hester Prynne

• Book’s protagonist

• Wears a scarlet A to symbolize her adultery

• Is married, but has an affair with the reverend.

• Hester will not reveal the name of her lover

• Hester is the embodiment of the top levels of morality

Pearl

• Hester’s illegitimate daughter by Dimmsdale

• Moody, mysterious, and has an ability to perceive things others do not perceive

• People believe her father is the devil

Reverend Arthur Dimmsdale

• A young reverend

• Intelligent and emotional, Dimmsdale still hides his affair and lets Hester take the punishment

• Suffers his sin silently

Roger Chillingworth

• Hester’s true husband

• He disguises himself as a doctor so that no one in the colony knows he is alive except Hester

• He spends his life trying to find out who Hester’s lover is so that he may punish the man