14 ROBERT SCHUMAN ROBERT SCHUMAN aim the service of peace. A united Europe was not achieved and we had war. Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. lt will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de {acto solid.a.rity.The coming rogether of rhe nations oE Enrope requires the elimination oEthe age-old opposirion of France and Ger- many. Any action taken musr in rhe firsr place conceen rhese two counrries. Wirh this aim in view, the French governmenr pro poses rhar ac- tion be taken immediately on one limired bur decisive poim. Ir pro- poses rhar Franco-German production oEcoal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority, within rhe Eramework oEan organization oPen to the participarion of the other countries oE Eu- rope. . The pooling oE coal and steel production should immediately provide Eor the setting up oE common foundations for economic de- velopmenr as a firsr step in the federation of Europe, and will change the destinies oE rhose regions which ha ve long been devoted to the manufacrure of munitions of war, of which they have been the most constant victims. The solidarity in production thus established will make ir plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely un- thinkable, but materially impossible. The setting up of this powerful productive unit, open to all countries wjIJing to take part and bound ultimate)y to provide all the member counrries with rhe basic ele- ments of industrial production on the same terms, will laya true foundation for their economic unification. This production will be offered to the world as a whole without distinction or exception, with the aim oE contributing to raising liv- ing standardsand to promoting peaceEul achievements. In this way, there will be realized simply and speedily that fu- sion of interests which is indispensable to the establishment of a com- mon economic system; it may be the leaven from which may grow a wider and deeper community between countries long opposed to one another bysa,nguinarydivisions. . By pooling basic production and by instituting a new High Au- thority, whose decisions will bind France, Germany and other mem- ber countries, thi~ proposal willlead to the realizarion of the Eirsr concrete foundation of a European federation indispensable to the preservation of péace. . The Schuman Declaration Ef(orts in the 1940s to realíze Churchill's vision o( a unitOO Europe 100 lo increasOO economic and political cooperatíon bul did not yield anylhíng like a UnilOO Stales o( Europe. European leaders needed a new stralegy to achieve such a goal. On 9 May 1950, RobM Schu- man (1886-1963), France's (oreign minister, outl;nOO a plan to unite under a single author;ty the coal and steel ;ndustries o( Europe's b;t- terest enemies, France and Germany. The purpose of the plan, whích .. was developed by lean Monnel, was to begín build;ng a peaceful, united Europe one step at a time. European governments would start with two industr;es essent;al to Ihe making of war, coal and steel, then add other economic and polítical sectors until al/ major ded- s;ons were taken at a European level. This would create, in Schu- man's words, a "de {acto solídarity" that would ult;mately make war between France and Germany "mater;ally impossible. " The practical approach o( Schuman and Monnet won (avor on the European cont;- nent; France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries eventually responded by creatíng the European CoaJ and Steel Communily ;n 1952. World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making oEcre- ative efforts proportionatc to the dangers which threaten it. The contribürion which an organized and living Europe can bring to civilizarion is indispensable to rhe maintenance of peaceful relations. In taking upon herself for more rhan 20 years the role of champion of a united Europe, France has always had as her essenrial Reprintcd with permission from Europe-A Fresh Start: The Schuman Dec- laration, 1950-90 (Office for Official Publications oEthe European Commu- nities, 1990). Copyright 1990 by the Europcan Communities.
Transcript
14 ROBERT SCHUMAN
ROBERT SCHUMAN
aim the service of peace. A united Europe was not achieved and wehad war.
Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a singleplan. lt will be built through concrete achievements which first createa de {acto solid.a.rity.The coming rogether of rhe nations oE Enroperequires the elimination oEthe age-old opposirion of France and Ger-many. Any action taken musr in rhe firsr place conceen rhese twocounrries.
Wirh this aim in view, the French governmenr pro poses rhar ac-tion be taken immediately on one limired bur decisive poim. Ir pro-poses rhar Franco-German production oEcoal and steel as a whole beplaced under a common High Authority, within rhe Eramework oEanorganization oPen to the participarion of the other countries oE Eu-rope. .
The pooling oEcoal and steel production should immediatelyprovide Eor the setting up oEcommon foundations for economic de-velopmenr as a firsr step in the federation of Europe, and will changethe destinies oE rhose regions which have long been devoted to themanufacrure of munitions of war, of which they have been the mostconstant victims.
The solidarity in production thus established will make ir plainthat any war between France and Germany becomes not merely un-thinkable, but materially impossible. The setting up of this powerfulproductive unit, open to all countries wjIJing to take part and boundultimate)y to provide all the member counrries with rhe basic ele-ments of industrial production on the same terms, will laya truefoundation for their economic unification.
This production will be offered to the world as a whole withoutdistinction or exception, with the aim oEcontributing to raising liv-ing standardsand to promoting peaceEulachievements.
In this way, there will be realized simply and speedily that fu-sion of interests which is indispensable to the establishment of a com-mon economic system; it may be the leaven from which may grow awider and deeper community between countries long opposed to oneanother by sa,nguinarydivisions. .
By pooling basic production and by instituting a new High Au-thority, whose decisions will bind France, Germany and other mem-ber countries, thi~ proposal willlead to the realizarion of the Eirsrconcrete foundation of a European federation indispensable to thepreservation of péace.
. The Schuman Declaration
Ef(orts in the 1940s to realíze Churchill's vision o( a unitOOEurope 100
lo increasOO economic and political cooperatíon bul did not yieldanylhíng like a UnilOO Stales o( Europe. European leaders needed anew stralegy to achieve such a goal. On 9 May 1950, RobM Schu-man (1886-1963), France's (oreign minister, outl;nOO a plan to uniteunder a single author;ty the coal and steel ;ndustries o( Europe's b;t-terest enemies, France and Germany. The purpose of the plan, whích..was developed by lean Monnel, was to begín build;ng a peaceful,united Europe one step at a time. European governments would startwith two industr;es essent;al to Ihe making of war, coal and steel,then add other economic and polítical sectors until al/ major ded-s;ons were taken at a European level. This would create, in Schu-man's words, a "de {acto solídarity" that would ult;mately make warbetween France and Germany "mater;ally impossible. " The practicalapproach o( Schuman and Monnet won (avor on the European cont;-nent; France, Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries eventuallyresponded by creatíng the European CoaJ and Steel Communily ;n1952.
World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making oEcre-ative efforts proportionatc to the dangers which threaten it.
The contribürion which an organized and living Europe canbring to civilizarion is indispensable to rhe maintenance of peacefulrelations. In taking upon herself for more rhan 20 years the role ofchampion of a united Europe, France has always had as her essenrial
Reprintcd with permission from Europe-A Fresh Start: The Schuman Dec-laration, 1950-90 (Office for Official Publications oEthe European Commu-nities, 1990). Copyright 1990 by the Europcan Communities.
. Preambles to the
Treaties Establishing theEuropean Communities(Treatiesof Paris and Rome)
In Rome on 25 March 1957, the si" member coúntries of the Euro-pean Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) signed treaties establishingthe European Economic Community (EEC)and the Euro~an AtomicEnergy Community (EURATOM). These two treaties are often calledthe "Treaties of Rome" (the ECSC treaty was signed in Paris). The EECtreaty is also sometimes refe«ed to as the "Treaty of Rome. N
The preambles to each of the three original treaties reflect thefounders' vision (or building, through economic integrafion, "an evere/oser union among the peoples of Europe.H The deep deslre far peaceon the Continent runs through each o( the pr.eambles and links them tothe visions articulated by Spinelli and Rossi, Churchill, Schuman, Mon-net, and many others. But the documents also represent a subt/e shift inemphasis away from peace to economic prosperity as the driving mo-tive for unity. We can detect the shift in the Schuman Declaration andits parallel, the preamble to the ECSC treaty, but it becomes more evi-dent in the preamble to the EEC treaty, where "economic and socialprogress" seems to take precedence over preserving and strengthening"peace and liberty." European leaders, while mind(ul of the dangers ofviolent conllict in Westem Europe, were becoming more con cernedwith the material improvement of life on a peace(ul continent.
Reprinted with permission from Treaties Establisbing tbe European Com-munities (ECSC. EEC. EAEC), Single European Act, Otber Bosic lnstru-ments, abridged edition (Office for Official Publications of the EuropeanCommunities,1987}. Copyright 1987 by the European Communiti~s.
. EUROPEANCOALAND STEELCOMMUNITY DESIRING to contribute, by means of a common commercialpolicy, to the progressive abolition of restrictions on intemationaltrade,
INTENDlNG to confirm the solidarity whicb binds Europeand the overseas countries and desiring to ensure the development oftheir prosperity, in accordance with the principies of the Charter ofthe United Nations,
RESOLVED by thus pooling their resources to preserve andstrengthen peace and liberty, and calling upon the other pcoples ofEurope wbo share their ideal to ¡oin in their efforts,
HAVE DECIDED to create a European Economic Community.
CONSIDERING that world peace can be safeguarded only bycreative efforts commensurate with the d.mgers that threaten it,
CONVINCED that the contributiol1 which an organized andvital Europe can make to civilization is indispensable to the mainte-nance of peaceful relations,
RECOGNIZING that Europe can be built only through practicalachievements which will 6rst of all create real solidarity, and throughthe e$tablishment of cornmon bases for economic development,
ANXIOUS to help, by expanding their basic production, toraise the stand.ard of living and further the works of peace,
RESOLVED to substitUte for age-old rivalries the merging oftheir essential imérests; to create, by establishing an economic com-rnunity, the basis for a broa.der and deeper community among peo-pies long divided by bloody conflicts; and to lay the foundations forinstitutions which will give direction tO a destiny henceforwardshared,
HAVE DECIDED to crea te a European Cóal and SteelCommunity.
. EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY
. EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
RECOGNIZING that nuclear energy represents an essential re-source for the developrnent and invigoration of industry and will per-mit the advancement of the cause of peace, ..
CONVINCED tha~ only a joint effort undertaken without de-lay can offer the prospect of achievements commensurate with thecreative capacities of their countries,
RESOLVED to create the conditions necessary for the develop-ment of a powerful nuclear industry which will provide extensive en-ergy resources, lead to the modernization of technical processes andcontribute, through its many other applications, tO the prosperity oftheir peoples,
ANXIOUS to create the conditions of safety necessary to elimi-nate hazards to the life and health of the public,
DESIRING to associate other countries with their work and to
cooperate with international organizations concerned with the peace-fui development of atomic energy,
HAVE DECIDED to create a European Atomic Energy Com-munity (EURATOM).
DETERMINED to lay the foundations of an ever closer unionamong the peoples of Europe,. RESOLVEDto ensure the economic and socialprogress of theircountries by common action to eliminate the barriers which divideEurope,
AFFIRMING as the essential objective of :heir efforts the con-stant improvernent,of the living and working conditions of their peo-pies, . ..
RECOGNIZING that the removal ol existing obstacles Collisfor concerted act¡on in order to guarantee steady expansion, bal-anced trade and fair competition,
ANXlOOS to strengthen the unity of their economies and toensure their harmonious development by reducíng the differences ex-isting between the various regions and the backwardness of the lessfavored regions,
