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Top Reasons for Research Top Reasons for Research MethodsMethods
Develop a critical thought process Develop research skills Distinguish fact from non-factual
evidence Develop an understanding for
research reports Develop an understanding for the
process of research
Distinguishing Between Fact and Distinguishing Between Fact and
FictionFiction Parity Claims -- The careful
wording of a statement that gives the impression that one item is better than the other. These don’t always mean that one item is statistically better than the other.
Processing Report Processing Report InformationInformation Research methods helps students
understand the data that a report or advertisement is claiming
Three Types of Information• Parity Claims• Testimonials• Statistical Information
Research and KnowledgeResearch and Knowledge
Research gathers the information necessary to answer questions and make decisions
The processes of gaining knowledge• Ask questions• Make initial observations• Conduct systematic investigations• Analyze the information gathered• Interpret the findings• Integrate the findings with previous
knowledge
TheoriesTheories
Theories are statements that explain a set of facts
Theories are strengthened by corroborating evidence collected from research
Review the theories on pages 16 - 22 A theory’s merit can be evaluated by:
• The precision of the theories description• The simplicity of the conditions needed to meet the
theory
• The testability of the theory through empirical research
Hypotheses and Hypotheses and KnowledgeKnowledge
A hypothesis is the prediction statement in research related to a theory
They determine the nature of the research to be conducted
They state the expected outcomes of the research
Types of ResearchTypes of Research Descriptive research
• Research that explains an occurrence without stating cause or prediction
Predictive research• Research that shows relationships between
variables and what will likely happen Control related research
• The natural step after predictive research that shows how outcomes can change by controlling variables
Explanative Research• Research that explains WHY the outcomes occur
The Use of Reason for The Use of Reason for AnswersAnswers
Inductive Reasoning• Observations from specific research that
can be generalized to a larger factors• Progress from the specific to the general
Deductive Reasoning• Observations from a general factors that
can explain specific factors• Progress from the general to the specific
The Types ResearchThe Types Research
Basic Research Applied Research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Descriptive Research Experimental Research Longitudinal Research Cross-sectional Research
The Nature of the The Nature of the ResearchResearch Introduction Review of Literature Trends in the Literature Determine Weak Areas in the
Literature Special Problems Special Populations
Choosing & Defining the Choosing & Defining the ProblemProblem
Interesting to YOU Enhancement of Previous Research New Technologies Areas of Weakness in Current
Research Current Trends Recent Discoveries
Review of the LiteratureReview of the Literature Introduction Describing Each Area
of the Literature Pertinent to Your Research
Subsections of Each Area• Summary of Each Article Pertinent to
the Area• Final Summary of the Overall Findings
from the Articles Summary that Links All Articles to
the Introduction and Your Research
Research DesignResearch Design
Time Frame Experimental Research Descriptive Research Historical Research Qualitative Research
Writing the ProposalWriting the Proposal
Introduction• Statement of the Problem• Purpose of the Study• Need for the Study• Limitations• Strong Points• Assumptions• Hypothesis• Definitions
Writing the Research Writing the Research ProposalProposal
Choosing & Defining the Problem The Nature of the Research Research Design Defining the Subjects Data Collection Methods Data Analysis
Data Collection MethodsData Collection Methods
Survey Cohort Data Cross Sectional Data Case Study Observational Previously Collected Data
Data AnalysisData Analysis Level of Significance Descriptive (Means & SD) Correlation Analysis ANOVA MANOVA Regression Categorical Modeling
Experimental ProceduresExperimental Procedures General Description of Procedures Subjects Specific Measurement Techniques Instrumentation Data Analysis Procedures
One Example of the Finished One Example of the Finished ProposalProposal
Assum ptions, Hypothesis, Definhitions
Strengths and W eaknesses
Need
Purpose
Problem
Introduction
Sum m ary of the Overall Review
Sum m ary of the Each Subsection of S tudies
Description of the Relevant Studies
Literature Review
Data Analysis M ethods
Description of Instrum ents INCLUDING Validity
Description of T esting Facilities
Subjects
G eneral Description of procedures
Experim ental Procedures
Finished Proposal
Second Example of the Finished Second Example of the Finished ProposalProposal
Assum ptions, Hypothesis, Definhitions
Strengths and W eaknesses
Literature Review and Need
Purpose
Problem
Introduction
Data Analysis M ethods
Description of Instrum ents INCLUDING Validity
Description of T esting Facilities
Subjects
G eneral Description of procedures
Experim ental Procedures
Finished Proposal
Ethical Aspects
Research Relevance
Significance of the Research
Experim ental Problem s
M ethods
Prelim inary Research
Background
Specific Aim s
Project Environm ent
Project Personnel
Project Sum m ary
Finished Proposal
Disseminating KnowledgeDisseminating Knowledge
Once data is collected, the findings must be distributed so that others can benefit from its knowledge
Three ways to disseminate research findings• Presentations• Poster Presentations• Written Reports
PresentationsPresentations Presentation of findings to groups
or organizations in a slide format The research can receive feedback
from peers prior to publishing the results
Current research and recent research can be presented in this manor
Poster PresentationsPoster Presentations
A brief written account of the research in a poster format
Usually presented in a forum with other researchers
Allows for personal feedback and questions from peers
Written ReportsWritten Reports The permanent record of the
research The research and results are
described in detail Publications can be accessed by
the general public
The Format of For Presenting The Format of For Presenting ResearchResearch
Abstract• A brief one page description of the research and the
findings Introduction and Literature review
• The lead in or “hook” that explains the previous research and the current hypothesis and research question
Methods and Procedures• A cookbook description of how the research was
conducted Results
• The data analyses and findings Discussion and Conclusions
• Relating the results to the hypotheses and research
question